Dans un contexte de transformation du champ médical, la prise en charge hospitalière de la fin de vie devient un objet central de préoccupation dans les années 1970. La médecine palliative, qui s’institutionnalise en 1986, vise à y répondre en développant des accompagnements holistiques de la souffrance (physique, sociale, psychique et spirituelle) des patients en fin de vie et de leurs proches. Cette approche globale du soin modifie l’organisation du travail et fait primer la temporalité des phénomènes pathologiques sur leur spatialité, interrogeant l’épistémologie médicale dans son ensemble. Les Unités de Soins Palliatifs (USP), dédiées aux patients dont les traitements à visée curative ont été arrêtés, conservent une place caractéristique parmi les différentes structures palliatives. À partir d’une enquête qualitative menée au sein d’une USP, cette recherche a d’abord cherché à faire entendre la voix des professionnelles qui, bien souvent, aspirent en premier lieu à retourner le stigmate attaché à leur activité. Ce travail ethnographique s’est, en particulier, attaché à analyser la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux. Conçu comme des dispositifs de lutte contre le « tabou de la mort » et, par là, d’annonce de la mort à venir, les USP matérialisent le temps par l’espace. Cet aménagement se double, dans les prises en charge, d’une matérialisation par les corps. Ainsi, le corps du patient devient le support autour duquel vont se tisser les liens et s’affirmer les identités. Ce faisant, les USP posent la question de la ritualité contemporaine, non pas tant par leur forme que par leur fonction. Du fait de sa position liminale, le cadavre cristallise ici des désirs ambivalents de maîtrise et de déprise. Le travail spécifique des soignantes paramédicales, de l’agonie à l’exposition post mortem du corps, est à ce titre révélateur. À travers l’analyse de leurs pratiques, l’enquête montre une résistance anthropologique, par-delà tous les changements sociologiques qui entourent les conditions de la fin de vie et les recompositions des logiques institutionnelles et de la division du travail à l’approche de la mort. / Hospital end of life care becomes an object of concern since the 1970’s, in the context of major transformations of the medical field. Institutionalised in 1986, palliative medicine intends to address this concern, by developing care that offers a holistic approach, taking into account different aspects of the suffering (physical, social, psychological and spiritual) of end of life patients and their relatives. Such a global approach to care modifies work organization. It places the temporality of the pathological phenomena over their spatiality, thus questioning medical epistemology as a whole. This research focuses on Palliative Care Units, exclusively dedicated to patients whose curative treatments have been stopped. It is based on a qualitative inquiry within one of these Units. First aimed at making the professionals’ voices heard, it conveys their wish to reverse the stigma attached to their activity. This ethnographic work focuses in particular on the analysis of the spatial and material dimension of social relations. Palliative care units are conceived to fight the “taboo of death”. Thus, they announce the upcoming death as they materialise the progression of time through the organisation of space. This materialisation occurs also through the bodies, as the patient’s body becomes the location upon which relationships and identities are structured. Studying the function of Palliative Care Units thus allows to question contemporary rituality. Because of its liminal position, the corpse crystallises ambivalent desires of control and disengagement. The work of paramedical caregivers, from the agony to the post mortem exhibition, is in that aspect especially revealing. Through the analysis of caregivers’ practices, this work shows an anthropological resistance, despite the major sociological changes surrounding end of life such as the transformations of the institutional logics and of the division of labour.

Please read the abstract in the front section of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Medical Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Medical Microbiology / unrestricted

The purpose of this research was to offer a description of the complexity of nurses’ medication administration practices in relationships with technology. The clinical situations and circumstances in which nurses administer medications today are comprised of rapidly changing technological initiatives that are intended to support safe, efficient care. Nurses’ medication administration practices are not immune to a rapidly changing technological health care environment. Research and literature has documented medication administration occurs in complex situations and nurses apply particular knowledge that supports decision-making and clinical practices for patient safety. Praxiographic methodology was used to describe deeply embedded knowledge and values that shape and guide contemporary nursing practice. Lack of attention to knowledge and values that shape and guide nursing practice and care, may contribute to the risk that those practices may be lost as nurses retire amongst a rapidly changing healthcare environment. A highly technical Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) was the location for the study. Participants included twelve NICU nurses and a pharmacist. The research findings included the significance of understanding NICU nurses’ use of local and universal maps to navigate the complexity of medication administration. Furthermore, the research documented NICU nurses’ medication administration practices as inseparable from technology. Further practice-based research is recommended to support the development of technologies that incorporate nurses’ medication administration practices. / Graduate

Bakgrund: Av de ca 110 000 – 120 000 barn som föds årligen i Sverige, behöver drygt tio procent vård på neonatalavdelning. Att amma sitt barn har väldokumenterade fördelar och är särskilt anpassat för det individuella barnets behov vilket ger fördelar både på fullgångna och prematurfödda barn. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att belysa faktorer vilka påverkar det amningsfrämjande arbetet på neonatalavdelningar. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt som innefattar totalt 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Samtliga artiklar vilka inkluderats i resultatet har granskats enligt kvalitetsmall. Resultat: Amning och bröstmjölk väcker starka och blandade känslor hos vårdpersonalen. Vårdpersonal som genomgått någon form av utbildning inom området amning var generellt mer positivt inställda till att ge amningsstöd trots påverkan på arbetsbördan. Flaskmatning sågs som ett bekvämt alternativ även om bröstmjölkens fördelar var väl kända. Slutsats: I vilken utsträckning amningsstöd utförs och vilken kvalitet det har beror på stor del på vårdpersonalens egna upplevelser och känslor gällande amning. Då få studier fanns att tillgå är det en indikation på att vidare forskning inom området behövs. / Background: In Sweden, approximately 110,000 – 120,000 babies are born every year. More than ten percent of all newborn babies born in Sweden are in need of care in neonatal care units. Breastfeeding has well-documented benefits and is specifically tailored to the needs of the individual child, providing benefits for both full-term and premature born babies. Aim: The purpose of the study is to shed light on factors that affect breastfeeding work in neonatal wards. Method: General literature review. Including a total of 16 scientific articles. All articles included in the results have been reviewed according to the quality template.  Results: Breastfeeding and breast milk triggered strong and mixed feelings in the health care workers. Healthcare professionals who had undergone some form of training in the field of breastfeeding were generally more positive towards providing breastfeeding support despite the impact on the workload. Bottle feeding was seen as a convenient option although the benefits of breast milk were well known. Conclusion: The extent to which breastfeeding support is performed and the quality of it depends largely on the healthcare staff's own experiences and feelings regarding breastfeeding. Since few studies were available, it is an indication that further research in the field is needed.

Bakgrund: Delirium hos intensivvårdspatienten är ett komplext neuropsykiatriskt syndrom med fluktuerande karaktär som kan leda till sämre prognos och ökat vårdlidande för patienten. Dessutom leder tillståndet till ökade samhällskostnader. Genesen tros vara multifaktoriell där risk och utlösande faktorer kan påverka förekomsten. Farmakologiska åtgärder har hittills tillämpats med otillräcklig framgång varför även omvårdnadsåtgärder rekommenderas. Syfte: Att sammanställa evidens för omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan förebygga delirium hos patienten på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Metoden: Metoden utgjordes av en integrativ litteraturstudien för att kartlägga och sammanställa aktuell forskning om omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan förebygga delirium. Totalt 15 artiklar från CINAHL och PubMed inkluderades. Resultat: Utifrån de inkluderade artiklarnas resultat kunde preventiva omvårdnadsåtgärder identifieras vilka presenteras i fyra huvudkategorier; Involvera närstående, Kognitivt stimulera patienten, Fysiskt stimulera patienten och Främja patientens sömn. Konklusion: Det framkommer att intensivvårdssjuksköterskan med till synes enkla omvårdnadsåtgärder kan förebygga delirium hos patienten. Flertalet omvårdnadsåtgärder kan ses som kopplade till människans fundamentala omvårdnadsbehov som idag redan är implementerade i vården. En viktig del i intensivvårdssjuksköterskans preventiva arbete är således att identifiera faktorer som kan utlösa delirium, och ständigt arbeta strukturerat och medvetet genom sina omvårdnadshandlingar. För att möjliggöra det behövs ett personcenterat förhållningssätt med utgångspunkt i patientens resurser. / Background: Intensive care unit delirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with a fluctuating nature that can impair the prognosis and increase suffering for the patient. In addition, the permit leads to increased societal costs. The genesis is considered multifactorial where risk and triggering factors may affect the occurrence. Common experiences among healthcare professionals is that the condition can be difficult to identify, manage and treat. Pharmacological interventions implemented have resulted in insufficient success, therefore nursing interventions are also recommended. Aim: To compile evidence about nursing interventions to prevent intensive care delirium. Method: The method consisted of an integrative literature study to map and compile current research involving delirium. A total of 15 articles from CINAHL and PubMed were included. Results: Based on the results of the included articles, preventive interventions could be identified into four main categories; Involve next of kind to the patient, Cognitively stimulate the patient, Physically stimulate the patient and Promoting patients normal sleep cycle. Conclusion: It appears that the intensive care nurse, with seemingly simple nursing measures, can prevent delirium in the patient. Most nursing measures can be seen as linked to the person's fundamental nursing needs that are already implemented in healthcare today. An important part of the intensive care nurse's preventive work is to be able to identify factors triggering delirium, and continuing structured work in a conscious way through their nursing actions. To enable this, a person-centered approach based on the patient's resources is needed.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of children who died and their modes of dying in a South African Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Design: Retrospective review of data extracted from the Child Healthcare Problem Identification Programme (Child PIP)and the PICU summary system (admission and death records) on children of any age who died in the PICU between 01 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. Setting: Single-centre tertiary institution. Patients: All children who died during PICU admission were included. Measurements and Main Results: Four-hundred and fifty-one (54% male; median (IQR) age 7 (1-30) months) patients died in PICU on median (IQR) 3 (1-7) days after PICU admission; 103 (22.8%) had a cardiac arrest prior to PICU admission. Mode of death in 23.7% (n=107) was withdrawal of life sustaining therapies; 36.1% (n=163) died after limitation of life sustaining therapies; 22.0% (n=99) died after failed resuscitation and 17.3% (n=78) were diagnosed brain dead. Ultimately, 270 (60%) children died after the decision to limit or withdraw life sustaining therapies. There was no difference in the number of deaths during office and after-hours periods (45.5% vs. 54%; p = 0.07). Severe sepsis (21.9%) was the most common condition associated with death, followed by cardiac disease (18.6%).Ninety-four (20.8%) patients were readmitted to the PICU within the same year; 278 (61.6%) had complex chronic disorders. During the last phase of life, 75.0% (n=342) were on inotropes, 95.9% (n=428) were ventilated, 12.0% (n=45) received inhaled nitric oxide and 10.8% (n=46) renal replacement therapy. Only 1.5% (n=7) of children became organ donors and postmortems were done in 47.2% (n=213) of the patients. Conclusions: Most PICU deaths occurred after a decision to limit or withdraw life-sustaining therapy. Severe sepsis was the most common condition associated with death. Referral for organ donation was extremely rare.

Family-centered care (FCC) is considered the gold standard for care delivery in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). However, there are challenges with the implementation of FCC in practice and there is limited literature about how to tailor this approach for specialized NICU populations. To explore FCC for surgical neonates in the NICU, the concept was explored using Roger’s evolutionary concept analysis. Results illustrate that FCC in the NICU is a philosophy or care, rather than a set of interventions. The subsequent cross-sectional descriptive exploratory study showed that the surgical infants in our sample (n=11) received a limited amount of skin-to-skin care (median 0 mins/day) and parents reported challenges to being involved in their infant’s care. This thesis supports the challenges with the implementation of FCC in practice and both the need to consider multiple perspectives and the need for broader systemic change in order to support a FCC philosophy.

Clinical social workers have roles in providing end-of-life care in the United States. Although clinical social workers are present in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting and have expertise to address end-of-life care dynamics, social workers are not consistently included in end-of-life discussions in the ICU setting. The purpose of this action research study was to explore the barriers that prevent clinical social workers from being included in end-of-life discussions in the ICU and how clinical social workers perceive their roles in end-of-life discussions in the adult ICU setting. Open-ended questions were used to gather data by facilitating 4 focus groups with 17 clinical social workers employed at a Florida hospital. This study was guided by complexity theory, which is concerned with complex systems and how systems can produce order while simultaneously creating unpredictable system behavior. A thematic analysis coding technique was used to analyze the data collected. Three themes emerged from data analysis: the ICU setting as chaotic, complex, and unpredictable; role ambiguity; and lack of confidence of social workers to perform expected roles in end-of-life discussions. The implications of this study for social work practice and social change relate to closing the gap between the patient, family members, social workers, and the medical team by developing protocols that consistently include social workers in end-of-life discussions, including education for the multidisciplinary team in the ICU on the skill set and role of clinical social workers in end-of-life discussions and formal training and education for clinical social workers regarding end-of-life care.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is an incurable lung disease often complicated by other comorbidities. Research is limited for hospitalized COPD exacerbations with LTOT and palliative care services. The purpose of this quantitative research study was to determine the correlation between palliative care interventions and COPD patient outcomes specific to an intensive care unit (ICU) stay, invasive mechanical ventilator support, physician orders for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) code status, and hospital discharge to hospice care. The theoretical base for this study was Donabedian's quality improvement theory. The quasi-experimental, nonequivalent groups design divided COPD hospitalized patient sample into 2 groups, those with and those without palliative care, for comparison. An independent-samples t test, one-way MANOVA, and follow-up univariate ANOVAS was done to compare the means of ICU days and ventilator days; a cross tabulation, chi-square test of independence, and Fisher exact test was done to compare code status and place of hospital discharge. The mean number of the ICU days and ventilator days for palliative care patients was significantly higher than patients who did not receive palliative care. A significant interaction was found for palliative care and code status change from CPR to no CPR; however, data relating to palliative care and hospital discharge to hospice was insignificant. In conclusion, palliative care does not reduce costs by limiting the number of days spent in an ICU or the number of days on invasive mechanical ventilation; although, it may have an important role in the code status order change from CPR to no CPR to align with the patient's end of life care preference.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18885号 / 医博第3996号 / 新制||医||1009(附属図書館) / 31836 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 福原 俊一, 教授 小池 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM