This thesis examines the mapping of eighteenth-century Scotland in relation to the British state’s imperatives to know the spaces of the nation. It examines the idea of the ‘military landscape’—that conjunction of forts, roads, and barracks—represented and constructed by the military engineers, surveyors, and draughtsmen of the Board of Ordnance between 1689 and 1815. In total, 940 maps constitute the Board of Ordnance ‘archive’ housed mainly in the National Library of Scotland, the British Library, the National Archives (Kew), and the Royal Library at Windsor. The study of the Board of Ordnance military maps of Scotland is considered in relation to the epistemological foundations of map making in the Enlightenment, particular focus being paid to the relations between government institutions and military cartography. The thesis considers how political and military power was embodied in the engineers’ maps and plans. It explores the extent to which the Scottish landscape—especially the Highlands—was an unknown territory demanding intellectual and material civilisation in cartographic form. In its main chapters on forts, movement, and battles, the thesis is organised to reflect the purpose behind the creation of military maps. It includes representations of military activities that consistently had recourse to mapping—fortifying, intelligence, reconnaissance, marching, encamping, and battle—and explains why military maps were conceived thus and how they were used. Fortification cartography dominates the representation of Scottish military landscapes: 73% of the archive constitutes maps, plans, sections, and views of forts, barracks, and coastal batteries; 22% maps associated with military movement; and 5% battle maps. By examining the different genres of military mapping, the thesis offers an evaluation of the Board’s endeavours to rationalise and to codify military cartography in order to bring it in line with wider European practices. This review of the nature and extent of military mapping of eighteenth-century Scotland reveals the practice to be a result of institutional imperatives to assert territorial control rather than simply a cartographic enterprise. In (re)constructing the military landscape, the thesis extends current knowledge of military mapping in eighteenth-century Scotland and provides for the first time a substantive examination of the Board of Ordnance as an agency of state and cartographic authority.

The 1585 Relación Geográfica Map of Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala gives scholars a rare glimpse of sixteenth- century southern Guatemala. The map displays the use of Spanish, Nahua, and Maya perspectives. The coexistence of indigenous Nahua versus Spanish or European iconographies and narratives is a theme constantly explored in the studies of the Relaciones Geográficas maps. However, the opposition of two different indigenous narratives and iconographies, as well as Spanish, is not. This project examines the convergences and conflicts among these narratives and iconographies as evidenced on the map and in the accompanying text. The individual discussion of each narrative is followed by a critical discussion to provide theoretical and authorial contexts for the map. In effect, this study complicates the view of sixteenth-century Mesoamerican Relaciones Geográficas maps.

Hachures in Digital Cartography Abstract This thesis deals with the possibilities of creating hachures, especially slope and shadow, in digital cartography. First part focuses on utilization of hachures and its construction in classic cartography. The rules that should be observed by the mapmaker are described. In the next section are delineated the current possibilities how to create hachures in digital cartography. The existing algorithms are evaluated. On the basis of the rules and research of literature is designed own methodology. Emphasis is put on automation using digital terrain model. The work as well contains testing the algorithm on the real data. Key words: hachures, digital cartography, hypsography

Algorithm for automated building simplification using aggregation Abstract Diploma thesis deals with automated cartographic generalization. The main aim is to propose a new generalization algorithm for building aggregation. The first part brings summary of existing algorithms for building aggre- gation. Then the new algorithm is presented: at first, auxiliary data structu- res and algorithms are presented, then cartographic and geometric require- ments are defined. New algorithm is based on the principle of straight skeleton construction. Outer vertices are removed from constructed straight skeletons and those structures are aggregated. The aggregated polygon is reconstructed from ag- gregated structures. The second part is focused on implementation and results evaluation. The algorithm is implemented using open-source libraries CGAL, Boost and Shapelib. The results and confrontation with SW ArcGIS are discus- sed in conclusion of the thesis. 1

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1975 K85

Orientador: Mauricio Galo / Banca: Daniel Rodrigues dos Santos / Banca: Aluir Porfírio Dal Poz / Resumo: As nuvens de pontos provindas de Sistemas de Varredura a LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Aerotransportados (SVLA) representam a superfície com um grande detalhamento, sendo registrada a vegetação e as feições antrópicas, como edificações e rodovias, por exemplo. A automação da tarefa de classificação da nuvem de pontos é importante para a redução de custos em aplicações práticas relacionadas a atividades de mapeamento. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal o estudo, implementação e avaliação de técnicas de processamento e análise de imagens visando a classificação da nuvem de pontos LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), e a obtenção, de forma automática, do MDT (Modelo Digital do Terreno) e dos pontos pertencentes a edificações e vegetação. Inicialmente são apresentados os conceitos necessários para o entendimento do método proposto, o qual é detalhado na sequência, assim como os conjuntos de dados utilizados para as avaliações. Além da revisão conceitual sobre tópicos como Morfologia Matemática, Análise de Componentes Principais e algoritmo RANSAC, estudou-se a necessidade de redução da quantidade de iterações do RANSAC e uma alternativa para obtenção de alguns dos parâmetros do método a priori. Foram realizados experimentos sobre a escolha do interpolador (para a geração da grade regular) e para a seleção da forma e dimensão do elemento estruturante (usado nas operações morfológicas). A classificação final foi avaliada em termos de compl... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The point clouds acquired by ALS (Airborne LASER Scanning) systems represent the surface with great level of detail, recording both natural vegetation and anthropic features, such as buildings and roads, for example. The automation's task of point clouds classification is important to reduce costs in practical applications related to mapping activities and production. This work is primarily focused in the study, implementation and evaluation of image processing and analysis techniques, aiming the automatic cloud point classification, generation of the DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and the detection of roof plane and vegetation points. Besides the conceptual review about Mathematical Morphology, Principal Component Analysis and RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus), it was studied the need to reduce the quantity of iterations and an alternative to obtain some of the parameters required by RANSAC algorithm considering one preliminary classification based on Principal Component Analysis. Some experiments were conducted in order to select both the interpolation method (to generate the grid) and the shape and size of the structuring element (used in the morphological operations). The final classification was evaluated in terms of completeness and correctness, computed with respect to a manually generated reference. / Mestre

Orientador: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Banca: João Francisco Galera Monico / Banca: Valdir Gil Pillat / Resumo: O uso das tecnologias GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), principalmente do GBAS (Ground-Based Augumentation System) e SBAS (Satellite-Based Augmentation System), permite melhorar as exigências de desempenho operacionais de navegação aérea. Essas tecnologias são associadas a funções de guiagem e vigilância, uma vez que melhores níveis de segurança, eficiência e capacidade no sistema de transporte aéreo nos aeroportos podem ser alcançados. Com o crescimento da demanda do tráfego aéreo e devido ao GBAS ser considerado uma tecnologia relativamente barata, compacta e autônoma, a organização da Aviação Civil Internacional (ICAO) propôs a substituição do ILS (Instrument Landing System - Sistema de instrumentos para aproximação e pouso) pelo uso do GBAS. Entretanto, apesar do melhor desempenho do GBAS, as bolhas de plasma, causadas pelas irregularidades na densidade de elétrons presente na ionosfera, degradam a integridade do mesmo. Assim, determinar a velocidade de deriva com que as bolhas de plasma se deslocam é de fundamental importância para aviação civil, uma vez que este constitui parâmetro significativo para avaliar o desempenho do GBAS. Ademais, a pesquisa proposta visa obter uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica e morfologia das bolhas de plasma de forma que auxilie o entendimento do comportamento da ionosfera brasileira, que se encontra na região equatorial, que é fortemente afetada, e contribuir para sua mitigação. Para isto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para dete... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technologies use mainly GBAS (Ground-Based Augmentation System) and SBAS (Satellite-Based Augmentation System), allows to improve air navigation operational performance requirements. These technologies are associated with guiding and vigilance functions, once that airports air transport system can achieve better levels of safety, efficiency and capacity. Considering the air traffics demand increasing and due to GNSS be considered a relatively inexpensive, compact and stand-alone technology, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has proposed the replacement of Instrument Landing System (ILS) by GBAS. However, despite GBAS better performance, plasma bubbles, caused by irregularities in the ionosphere electron density, can degrade its integrity. Thus, plasma bubbles drift velocity determination is of fundamental importance for civil aviation, once it is a significant parameter to evaluate GBAS performance. In addition, proposed research aims to obtain a better understanding of plasma bubbles dynamics and morphology, helping to understanding of the Brazilian ionosphere behavior, located in the equatorial region, strongly affected, and furthermore contribute to mitigation ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Maria Garcia Tommaselli / Banca: Edson Aparecido Mitishita / Banca: Daniel Rodrigues dos Santos / Banca: Mauricio Galo / Banca: Antero Kukko / Abstract: This research proposes a new technique for close-range mobile data acquisition and processing, consisting of a backpacked light-weight low-cost system. This system integrates an omnidirectional camera and a GPS/IMU system (Global Positioning Systems/Inertial Measurement Unit System) with a tailored photogrammetric processing chain to obtain sensor location and 3D points coordinates using the fisheye images. Omnidirectional systems, based on multiple cameras covering a full-spherical field of view, have been used in close range photogrammetry applications. The use of omnidirectional systems is especially motivated by their 360° coverage around the sensor, which allows more features to be tracked in a single image shot, and by the light weight and low cost of some off-the-shelf omnidirectional cameras. This kind of systems have been named as Personal Mobile Terrestrial System (PMTS). There are only few studies focusing on PMTS using omnidirectional systems. This research assessed the performance of an omnidirectional PMTS based exclusively on low-cost technologies to indirectly estimate forest and outdoor urban features. An accuracy evaluation of GPS and IMU sensors and the development of rigorous photogrammetric processing considering fisheye geometry were performed. PMTS data, i.e fisheye images and navigation data, are input information for the photogrammetric process. The proposed photogrammetric process focused on omnidirectional camera modelling, feature-based matching an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma nova técnica para aquisição e processamento de dados obtidos com um sistema de mapeamento móvel terrestre leve e de baixo custo embarcado em mochila, conhecido como PMTS (Personal Mobile Terrestrial System - Sistema de Mapeamento Móvel Pessoal). O sistema de mapeamento móvel proposto é composto por uma câmara omnidirecional (imagens fisheye) e um sistema de navegação GPS/IMU (Global Positioning Systems/ Inertial Measurement Unit System). As imagens do tipo fisheye e os dados de navegação coletados com o PMTS são utilizados em um processo fotogramétrico adaptado para a geometria das imagens fisheye para obter a posição do sensor e as coordenadas tridimensionais (3D) do ambiente mapeado (nuvem de pontos). Sistemas omnidirecionais baseado em múltiplas câmaras vêm ganhando visibilidade em diversas aplicações na Fotogrametria a curta distância, como a navegação autônoma e o mapeamento móvel de cidades, floresta e ambientes internos. O uso de múltiplas câmaras é principalmente motivado pelo seu amplo campo de visada (360°), sua portabilidade, o baixo custo de algumas câmaras disponíveis no mercado e seu sistema óptico compacto, sem a necessidade de espelhos externos (sistema catadióptricos) ou dispositivos rotativos (câmaras de varredura por rotação). No entanto, existem poucos estudos voltados ao desenvolvimento de PMTS usando sistemas omnidirecionais. O imageamento de 360° em torno do sensor permite que mais feições sejam mapeadas em uma única imagem, sen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Orientador: Daniele Barroca Marra Alves / Banca: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Banca: Claudia Pereira Krueger / Resumo: Os GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) têm sido cada vez mais empregado em atividades que necessitam de estimativas de posição. Além do difundido sistema norte-americano GPS (Global Positioning System), orbitam a Terra satélites de outros três sistemas similares: o GLONASS, desenvolvido pela antiga União Soviética e que se encontra com constelação completa, o europeu Galileo e o chinês BDS, os dois últimos em fase de implantação e com previsão de dispor de constelação completa em 2020. Nas mensagens de navegação, os sistemas GPS e Galileo enviam também parâmetros para correção do atraso ionosférico a nível global, os quais são utilizados nos modelos de Klobuchar e NeQuick G, respectivamente. A tendência é que esses quatro sistemas funcionem em conjunto a nível de usuário, melhorando a disponibilidade e acuracidade do posicionamento. Na presente pesquisa avaliou-se a acurácia do Posicionamento por Ponto com uso de pseudodistância e efemérides precisas considerando os sistemas e frequências de forma separada, bem como o seu uso integrado no posicionamento denominado multi-GNSS. Além disso, o desempenho dos modelos de Klobuchar e NeQuick G na região brasileira e a nível global foram analisados. Três experimentos foram realizados; no primeiro deles, verificou-se que o posicionamento multi-GNSS em relação ao posicionamento GPS pode apresentar uma melhoria de aproximadamente 11% em ambientes desobstruídos e de até 60% em ambientes com alto grau de obstrução. Verificou-se que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) have been increasingly employed in activities that require position estimates. In addition to the widespread North American GPS (Global Positioning System), satellites from three similar systems are currently orbiting the Earth: GLONASS, developed by the former Soviet Union, which has now a full constellation, and the European Galileo and Chinese BDS, both under implementation phase and with plans to reach full constellation by 2020. Through their navigation messages, GPS and Galileo send parameters for ionospheric delay correction at global level, which are used in the Klobuchar and NeQuick G models, respectively. The tendency is for these four systems to work together at the user level, improving the positioning availability and accuracy. In this research we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Point Positioning (with pseudoranges and precise ephemeris) using the different systems and frequencies separately, as well as their integration in the so-called multi-GNSS positioning. In addition, the performance of the Klobuchar and NeQuick G models in the Brazilian region and worldwide was analyzed. Three experiments were performed; in the first one, it was verified that the multi-GNSS positioning in relation to GPS positioning can show an improvement of approximately 11% in unobstructed environments and up to 60% in environments with a high degree of obstruction. It was verified that the improvement rate is directly linked to the multi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as diferentes formas de representação do território Guarani localizado na Serra do Mar no estado de São Paulo. Visa a compreensão de como é possível apreender o território do outro - do Guarani- como esse outro é capaz de representá-lo, constituindo-se as representações desse território o objeto de estudo. As representações são as geradoras das questões que serão discutidas e problematizadas. Para isso, este trabalho contou com a produção e análise de diferentes representações do território Guarani, constituído por mapas com a delimitação a partir da concepção Guarani do que eles denominam de território, com entrevistas formais e informais, pesquisa bibliográfica e observação em campo. O conceito de território foi central nessa pesquisa devido ao contexto territorial que as aldeias da Terra Indígena Tenondé Porá estão inseridas. Atualmente, somente o núcleo habitacional de 26 hectares da aldeia Tenondé Porá e Krukutu estão demarcados, o que tem como consequência a impossibilidade do desenvolvimento do modo de ser tradicional Guarani, baseado no Nhadereko. Desse modo, há cerca de 20 anos a FUNAI desenvolve estudos voltados para o processo de ampliação dos limites da Terra indígena Tenondé Porá. Essa ampliação possibilitaria a união dos limites administrativos das Terras indígenas da Serra do Mar, as Terras Indígenas do Aguapeú, Rio Branco, Itaóca e Tenondé Porá, constituindo essa união o que os Guarani da Aldeia Tenondé Porá denominam de fragmento do território Guarani da Serra do Mar, por ser um território contínuo e contíguo, incorporando a área destinada à caça, pesca e coleta de materiais. Esta pesquisa possibilitou constatar que os territórios Guarani são ligados por meio das redes de parentesco, bem como por meio das redes de trocas de mercadoria, cultura e conhecimento, o que não anula, mas reforça a necessidade de garantia das áreas destinadas à caça, à pesca e à coleta de materiais por meio da circulação e mobilidade. Por serem fundamentais para entender o que se denomina território Guarani, alguns conceitos geográficos como Terra, distância, fronteira, mobilidade e rede foram problematizados. O resultado da pesquisa demonstra que há a necessidade de entender as representações a partir dos seus contextos, de pesquisa bibliográfica e, principalmente, do diálogo com o produtor, bem como sua relação com outras representações. / This research aims to investigate the different forms of representation of the Guarani territory located in the Serra do Mar states of São Paulo and doing so to understand how it is possible to apprehend the territory of the other - Guarani\'s - and to understand how this other is able to represent it. Our object of study is the representations of this territory. Representations are the generators of the issues that will be discussed and questioned. For this purpose, the work involved the production and analysis of different representations of this territory, constituted by maps with the delimitation from the Guarani conception of what they call \"territory\", formal and informal interviews, bibliographical field research and observation. The concept of territory is central due to the territorial context that the villages of Tenondé Porá Indigenous Land are inserted. Currently only the 26-hectare housing complex of the Tenondé Porá and Krukutu villages are demarcated, resulting in the impossibility of developing the traditional Guarani mode based on Nhadereko. Thus, about 20 years ago, FUNAI developed studies aimed at expanding the boundaries of Tenondé Porá indigenous land. This extension would allow the union of the administrative boundaries of the indigenous lands of the Serra do Mar, the Indigenous Lands of Aguapeú, Rio Branco , Itaóca and Tenondé Porá. This union is what the Guarani of the Tenondé Porá Village denominate as a fragment of the Guarani territory of the Serra do Mar, because it is a continuous and contiguous territory, incorporating the area destined to hunting, fishing and collecting materials. This research made it possible to verify that the Guarani territories are linked through kinship networks, as well as through networks of merchandise, culture and knowledge exchange, which does not nullify, but reinforces the need to guarantee areas for hunting, fishing and collection of materials through circulation and mobility. Some geographical concepts were problematized because they are fundamental to understand what is called Guarani territory, they are: land, distance, frontier, mobility and networks. The result of the research shows that there is a need to understand the representations from their contexts, bibliographical research and mainly the dialogue with the producer, as well as their relation with other representations.