The main purpose of my thesis is to examine the case law made by the Czech courts related to environmental issues and to formulate general conclusion from the analyzed case law. My goal was also to prove whether the considered case law is contradictory, or not. I browsed many judicial collections, legal journals etc. and I paid attention to equal or not equal decision making in similar matters. My study concerns on the issues which are solved by the courts either contradictory, contrary to the past, in a new perspective or even surprising for its different reasoning in comparison to the doctrine. The thesis firstly deals with the role of the courts in the environmental protection, than it focuses on the basic issues of environmental law, in particular at the right on a healthy environment and the restraint of property right. A special part of the thesis is devoted to the administrative proceedings with a potential impact on the environment and the effectiveness of legal protection provided by the courts. Finally, the thesis deals with the judge made law related to the protection of nature and landscape as well as other spheres of environment. The judge made law in environmental issues is essentially uniform, but in certain question it is contradictory. There is a significant tension between the doctrine and...

The focus of the thesis is set on the controversial issues connected with a legal institute of Czech criminal law called "self-defence", and how these controversial issues were dealt with within judicial practice. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the whole topic. The second chapter describes the concept of self-defence, as well as its prerequisites. The self- defence was classed into the system of criminal law. The goal of the third chapter is to define preconditions which are necessary in connection with application of the self-defence institute. The main parts of this chapter describe firstly attacking, first of all and secondly defence. Subsections of this chapter analyse the term of attacking itself, the attacker and his characteristics, the term of harmfulness of such attacks towards society. As for the second part of the third chapter it focuses on the defence itself, its proportionality etc. The fourth chapter is about the role of judicial practice within the context of Czech legal system. This chapter serves as a relevant contribution to the main part of the thesis, which is chapter five. Chapter five introduces specific cases, especially those which were at some point controversial. The specific case is briefly described and the controversial issue is named and further...

This theses deals with analysis of cases that were held mainly before the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic with regard to the election process and political parties. It focuses mainly on the analysis of topics that are often criticised by small political parties as harmful to the free and fair election process. Specifically, these topics include election threshold, setting electoral districts, methods for allocating seats, subsidising political parties from the national budget, financial restrictions on candidacy, and access to media. The thesis briefly summarizes relevant theoretical premises, which is followed be presenting the bases of criticism of the specific institutes, and finally the courts' opinions are analysed as well. With each of the institute, the main goal of the theses is to show how the courts interpret them. Specifically, it focuses on finding a line between what courts still deem acceptable, and what is perceived by them as too damaging to the fair and free election process.

L'idée d'un texte juridique dépourvu de signification normative peut sembler absurde. Toutefois, dans un contexte d'assouplissement de la technique juridique et de multiplication des énoncés à la vocation incertaine, la normativité de certains textes ou énoncés juridiques est aujourd'hui contestée. Or, en cas de contestation de la normativité d'un texte, c'est aux juridictions et, en particulier, au Conseil constitutionnel et au Conseil d'Etat, qu'il appartient de reconnaître ou d'exclure l'existence d'une norme juridique susceptible d'être contestée ou invoquée. Il s'agit alors, pour le juge, non pas de définir le sens d'une norme mais d'apprécier si, et dans quelle mesure, un énoncé est porteur d'une norme juridique. C'est cette appréciation juridictionnelle de la normativité des textes juridiques qui constitue l'objet de notre étude. Si ce versant du pouvoir d'interprétation juridictionnel n'est pas nouveau, il s'est développé et est devenu plus explicite. L'appréciation de la normativité porte sur les textes contestés ou invoqués et détermine en grande partie leur régime contentieux. Ainsi, l'appréciation juridictionnelle de la normativité des textes juridiques constitue un versant spécifique du pouvoir d'interprétation juridictionnel auquel sont attachées des conséquences propres. Cette appréciation amène les hautes juridictions, d'une part, à opérer une distinction entre des textes ou des énoncés dotés d'une signification normative et des textes ou des énoncés qui en sont dépourvus et, d'autre part, à opérer, au sein même des textes auxquels elles reconnaissent un contenu normatif, une appréciation du degré de normativité sur laquelle repose une modulation des conditions d'exercice du contrôle juridictionnel. / No Abstract

O trabalho busca estudar os principais aspectos da intersecção entre o instituto da desapropriação e o direito à moradia no cenário urbano brasileiro, especialmente a partir da ótica judicial. Para tanto, inicialmente desenvolve-se uma análise acerca do contexto em que se coloca o problema habitacional no país, marcado pelo incremento da exclusão social e pela falta de moradias para parcela crescente da população, em contraposição a toda uma normativa jurídica garantidora do direito à moradia. Em um segundo momento, é empreendido um estudo empírico das decisões do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, Comarca de São Paulo, pelo período entre 2007 e 2015, com o emprego da metodologia da análise de conteúdo, para identificar a interação entre os temas estudados (desapropriação e moradia) na prática do Tribunal em questão. Como resultado é possível notar que a relação entre a desapropriação e o direito à moradia transcende o uso do instrumento da desapropriação como uma ferramenta de políticas públicas habitacionais. Assim, em uma terceira etapa, optou-se por trabalhar os dados colhidos em cinco questões principais: a indenização, o incumprimento das sentenças judiciais, as causas de utilidade pública (lato sensu), os atores afetados e o problema da autoridade jurídica. A conclusão aponta para a necessidade de revisitação da desapropriação, no sentido de uma prática mais eficiente, racional, justa e sustentável. / The research aims to study the main aspects of the intersection between the institute of expropriation and the right to housing in the Brazilian urban setting, especially through the judicial perspective. Initially, we developed an analysis about the context in which the housing problem takes place in the country, marked by the increase of social exclusion and the lack of housing for a growing portion of the population. Secondly, an analysis was undertaken through an empirical study of the decisions of the Court of the State of São Paulo, District of São Paulo, in the period between 2007 and 2015, using the content analysis methodology, to identify the interaction between the studied themes (expropriation and housing) in the rulings of the Court. As a result, it is possible to realize that the relationship between the expropriation and the right to housing goes beyond the use of the expropriation instrument as a tool for public policies on housing. Thus, in a third step, the analysis of the data collected was accomplished through five main matters: compensation, failure to comply with court rulings, the causes of public interest (lato sensu), affected actors and the problem of legal authority. The conclusion points out the need for revisiting the expropriation towards a more efficient, rational, fair and sustainable practice.

Thesis advisor: Dennis Hale / The right to property is debatably the most fundamental American right, and its breadth and strength is more controversial today than ever before. Thus it is more important than ever to understand that its development was not accidental but has had a long and fascinating history. Such a conception of property was theoretically formed by John Locke, recognized by the Founding Fathers in the U.S. Constitution, and developed through case law. The purpose of this thesis is to show the significance of the idea of private property for America and its citizens, the development and history of that idea through past cases, and the implications of the idea and its development of the future of America. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Este trabalho descreve o comportamento do Judiciário brasileiro com relação aos derivativos. Para tanto, exploramos decisões dos Tribunais de Justiça entre os anos de 2006 e 2010, conforme metodologia específica. Como suporte da pesquisa jurimétrica, analisamos os aspectos financeiros (utilidade e risco, espécies e estratégias, locais de negociação) e as características jurídicas (jogo e aposta, natureza contratual, valores mobiliários) dos derivativos. / This paper describes the position of the Brazilian courts on derivatives. For this purpose, we examine decisions rendered by the Courts of Appeals between the years of 2006 and 2010, in accordance with a specific methodology. As a foundation for jurimetrics research, we analyse the financial aspects (utility and risk, species and strategies, trade environment) and the legal characteristics (gambling, contractual nature, securities) of derivatives.

1 Abstract European Court of Human Rights: its position and role in the protection of personal rights of an individual including analysis of judgments and the influence on domestic judicial decisions The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to the theoretical background of the ECHR, its function within the Council of Europe, personal ground and analysis of statistics. The thesis is also focused on the procedural rules of proceeding, with emphasis on the filing of the complaint, its formal and substantive requirements and its compliance with the Convention. In this section, is also presented to the reader the procedure, the enforceability of the decisions and the renewal of the proceedings before the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. In the second part, the concept of personal rights and the Convention are presented in the light of the Article 8 and 10 of the Convention because these are the most important articles when it comes to personal rights. The third part is devoted mainly to the analysis of the case law of ECHR with a connection to the domestic case law. This part is further divided into three sections, protection of personal data, right to reputation and defamation and right to own portraits. The protection of personal data consists of two parts, call monitoring...

Le contrôle de proportionnalité a puissamment évolué dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel à partir du début des années 1990. En s’y propageant largement, il paraît se confondre, ou presque, avec le contrôle de constitutionnalité interne de la loi. Cette mutation est perceptible à un double niveau. En premier lieu, le contrôle de constitutionnalité s’est médiatisé. Progressivement, le raisonnement syllogistique qui opère en deux temps à partir d’une confrontation entre la norme contrôlée et la norme de contrôle, s’est enrichi d’une troisième donnée, l’objectif législatif. A la fois moins indéterminé que l’exigence constitutionnelle applicable et plus indéterminé que le moyen législatif correspondant, cet acte prospectif facilite la jonction entre les normes en présence. Pour y parvenir sans dévoyer l’intention du législateur, une restructuration du contrôle de constitutionnalité est nécessaire. En second lieu, le contrôle de constitutionnalité s’est dédoublé. Bien que le Conseil constitutionnel incorpore dans sa propre jurisprudence le triple test hérité de la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale allemande, il ne réalise en réalité qu’un contrôle d’appropriation et de disproportion à l’exclusion de tout contrôle de nécessité. La Haute instance se demande, respectivement, ce que le législateur peut logiquement faire, ce qu’il peut juridiquement faire, sans se demander ce qu’il aurait juridiquement dû faire. Bien que les contrôles d’appropriation et de disproportion soient fondamentalement distincts, les variations de la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel en obscurcissent la compréhension. Une clarification de son raisonnement s’impose. / Since the beginning of the 1990’s the use of the proportionality test by the Constitutional Council has undergone a deep change. Constitutional judicial review and proportionality test have nearly become synonymous and this evolution can be perceived at two levels. Firstly, the traditional judicial review has evolved so as to include a new element to the confrontation between the norm under review and the higher norm setting the constitutional standard. The reasoning of the Constitutional council has evolved from this binary mode and has included a third element in the equation, which is the goal set by the legislator. The notion of legislative goal serve as a facilitator in the judicial review process, bridging the gap between the legislative and constitutional norms. To make this possible a remodeling of the judicial review is still necessary. Secondly, judicial review has evolved towards the type of proportionality test used by the German Federal Court, however it has only partially done so. The French Constitutional Council is indeed using the rational connection test and the proportionality test but it excludes the necessity test. The Constitutional Council is trying to figure out the rational and the legal elements of the legislator’s decision but does not take in consideration what was the best option the legislator have legally chosen. In addition, despite the fact that the rational connection test and the proportionality test have initially been clearly distinguished in the case-law, their latter inconsequent and the changing use by the Constitutional have blurred the line between them. This has created a confusion that ought to be clarified.

Nessa dissertação, pretendemos analisar a valorização dos precedentes judiciais pelo Direito Processual Civil brasileiro. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo faremos algumas considerações gerais sobre os sistemas de common e civil law, principalmente no tocante ao tema desta pesquisa: os precedentes judiciais. Diante da comparação entre os dois sistemas, poderemos demonstrar que há uma inegável aproximação entre eles, principalmente no que concerne aos precedentes judiciais. Com relação ao Direito brasileiro, muito embora a valorização dos precedentes seja alternativa eficaz para propiciar segurança jurídica e igualdade ao jurisdicionado, e imprimir celeridade à marcha processual, as técnicas de operação com precedentes já existentes, recentemente inseridas e aquelas que se pretende inserir, devem ser pensadas à luz dos referidos princípios constitucionais e de acordo com a nossa realidade. Nesse contexto, estudaremos, no segundo capítulo, os princípios que orientam o tema da presente pesquisa, para que possamos, no terceiro capítulo, analisar individualmente cada técnica processual relacionada ao nosso tema, de forma a verificar a contribuição que cada uma trouxe ao ordenamento jurídico, bem como ao ideal de concretização dos princípios relacionados no capítulo anterior. Por fim, no quarto capítulo abordaremos o Projeto do novo Código de Processo Civil, que, conforme será demonstrado, dá continuidade ao movimento de valorização dos precedentes judiciais pelo Direito Processual Civil brasileiro, na medida em que estabelece normas para vinculação dos Juízes e Tribunais ao entendimento dos Tribunais superiores, bem como cria novo mecanismos de operação com precedentes judiciais. / In this work, we intend to analyze the enhancement of judicial precedents by the Brazilian Civil Procedure Law. In this end, in the first chapter, we will make some general remarks on the common law and civil law systems, especially regarding the topic of this research: judicial precedents. Following the comparison of these two systems, we will be able to demonstrate that there is an undeniable closeness between them, especially with regard to judicial precedents. With respect to Brazilian Law, although the contemporary tendency towards increasing the significance of precedent is an effective alternative that provides legal certainty and equality to all citizens, and to expedite Court proceedings, the procedural techniques regarding precedents should be analyzed in light of the constitutional principles listed above and in accordance with our reality. In this context, in the second chapter, we study the principles that guide the focus of this research, so that, in the third chapter, we can individually analyze each procedural technique related to our topic, in order to verify the contribution that they make to the legal system, as well as to the ideal of embodiment of the principles listed in the previous chapter. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we will discuss the project of the new Code of Civil Procedure, which, as will be shown, continues the movement towards increasing the value of judicial precedents by Brazilian Civil Procedure Law, extending the standards for binding lower court judges to the understandings of the higher courts and creating new mechanisms for operating with judicial precedents.