Six naive capuchin monkeys (Cebus appella) and six naive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were tested on an 8 second indirect delayed-response task in a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA). Six experimental conditions were used to vary the lighting conditions during the 8 second delay between the termination of the 5 second cue light behind a door panel and the raising of a 2-way mirror screen which allowed the subject to respond to one of the two panels. These six conditions were altered by timers which controlled a small light located in the top of the test cage. The six experimental conditions were (1) light in test cage remained on for the entire 8 seconds; (2) light went off immediately following the termination of the cue light and remained off for the entire 8 seconds at which time the light came on simultaneously with the raising of the 2-way mirror screen; (3) light on for 4 seconds and then off for 4 seconds; (4) light off for 4 seconds then on for 4 seconds; (5) light on for 2 seconds, off for 4 seconds and on for 2 seconds; and, (6) light off for 2 seconds, on for 4 seconds and off for 2 seconds. A randomized 6 x 6 Latin Square was used to assign subject and condition per day. Testing was conducted six days per week which allowed each condition to be presented to each subject every week. The 6 x 6 Latin Square was then repeated five times for a total test period of 30 weeks or 180 days. The 30 weeks were divided into 3 blocks of 10 weeks each. The results were analyzed with the Sequential State Theory (SST) which was developed by King and Fobes and is a two-stage theory of learning. The two stages are defined as attention which is followed by an associative stage of bias free learning. The results indicated that, to the contrary of some recent research, proactive inhibition was a significant source of error under all conditions and for both species. There were no significant species differences as a function of the different lighting condition during the period of delay. The Sequential State Theory hypothesizes a triphasic model for the acquisition of a complex learning task. When the learning task is sufficiently difficult there are three clearly identifiable curves in the acquisition of learning. First, the animal exhibits error tendencies such as position perseveration. This tendency is followed by an increase in random responding. Finally, detect responses emerge which are manifested by attending to the relevant dimensions of the stimulus object. The data for both the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys supported this model of learning with the response curves emerging in the predicted manner.

Resumo

Orientador: Mathias Vitti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T09:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Botacin_PauloRoberto_D.pdf: 5829585 bytes, checksum: 738c0f6dbf83f35e92b79e3d967d880b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: Uma analise quantitativa do nervo infra-orbital foi realizada em 5 macacos-prego (cebus apella) machos e adultos. Cada animal foi perfundido com solução de formol a 10 % tamponada.O nervo contido no suleo infra-orbital foi dissecado e soccionado...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: A quantitative analysis of infraorbitual nerve was studied in 5 adult male talted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella) . Each animal was perfused with 10 % formalin buffered. The nerve in the infraorbitual suceus was dissected and sectioned at aproximately 0.5 cm in lenght in two levels ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental / Doutor em Ciências

Aporta información sobre los principales marcadores bioquímicos sanguíneos renales (Urea y Creatinina) del Machín negro (Cebus apella); mantenido en cautiverio y en iguales condiciones de manejo, control sanitario, alojamiento y alimentación. Se utilizan 44 monos machines negros, 25 machos y 19 hembras entre juveniles, sub adultos y adultos en aparente buen estado de salud. La concentración de urea y creatinina encontrados son de 27.59 ± 12.38(mg/dl) y 1.47 ± 0.35(mg/dl) respectivamente, no existiendo diferencia estadística en relación al sexo y edad. / Tesis

The research aims of this thesis are to experimentally investigate how behaviours spread socially, and what factors contribute to the development of group-wide social traditions in capuchins (Cebus apella). Given the apparent convergent evolution between such monkeys and great apes, capuchin traditions are of great interest anthropologically and for a biological and psychological understanding of culture. Several studies have investigated social learning in capuchins, but few have made headway into understanding how it supports the development of traditions either in the wild or in captivity. By experimentally introducing novel foraging behaviours into several captive groups, the studies included in this thesis simulate the development of foraging behaviours so that their spread can be studied from various viewpoints. Five experiments are presented investigating: (1) the chained transmission of foraging behaviours, (2) the role of social facilitation on the rate of individual learning, (3) the fidelity of learning from localised stimulus enhancement & object-movement re-enactment, (4) the quality of individual relationships in the social transmission of novel foraging techniques, and (5) the open diffusion of group-specific foraging behaviours in capuchin monkeys. Together, these experiments explore how traditions may develop, ranging from individual learning to how behaviour patterns may spread socially based on social ties within the group.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1985. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Lizeti Toledo de Oliveira Ramalho / Banca: Lourdes Aparecida Martins dos Santos Pinto / Banca: Ana Maria Minarelli Gaspar / Banca: Maria Cristina Borsatto / Banca: Nivaldo Parizotto / Resumo: O estudo investigou os efeitos da radiação eletromagnética não ionizante emitidos pelos diodos LASER com comprimento de onda no espectro 688 ηm e 785 ηm, e diodo LED 635 ± 10 ηm, associados ao capeamento direto com hidróxido de cálcio em exposições pulpares mecânicas. Avaliou-se assim em dentes de macacos-prego a resposta pulpar baseado na morfologia das células pulpares, no processo inflamatório local, na formação da barreira mineralizada, e na organização do tecido pulpar nos diferentes grupos estudados. Discutiu-se também as diferentes fontes de emissão de radiação eletromagnética comparando os resultados obtidos de estimulação pulpar com os diodos LASER e LED, os quais apresentam energia coerente e não-coerente, respectivamente. Os resultado mostraram uma estimulação em todos os grupos irradiados com melhores resultados para o estímulo com LASER, quando comparado ao grupo tratado isoladamente com hidróxido de cálcio. Concluímos assim que a estimulação de energia eletromagnética LASER e LED associado ao capeamento pulpar direto com hidróxido de cálcio apresentou aceleração no processo de reparação tecidual. Porém, há necessidade de novos estudos com diferentes parâmetros de irradiação a fim de se obter protocolos cada vez mais eficientes para o estudo dos efeitos da luz sobre o processo de reparação pulpar. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted by LASER diodes 688 ηm and 785 ηm, and LED diode 635 ± 10 ηm associated to direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in traumatic pulp exposures were investigated. Based on pulp cells morphology, on the local inflammatory process, on mineralized barrier formation and on pulp tissue organization, the pulp response in capuchin monkey teeth was evaluated in different groups. It was also discussed the different electromagnetic radiation emission sources effects comparing the obtained results of pulp stimulation with diodes LASER and LED, which present coherent and non-coherent energy respectively. Stimulation was observed in all irradiated groups, being the best results achieved with LASER stimulation, when compared to the group treated only with calcium hydroxide. Thus, it is concluded that the electromagnetic LASER and LED energy stimulation associated with calcium hydroxide direct pulp capping accelerated the tissue repair process. However, further studies with different stimulation parameters in order to obtain increasingly efficient protocols to study light effects on pulp repair are necessary. / Doutor

Orientador: Paulo Maria Ferreira de Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felippe_PauloAnselmoNunes_M.pdf: 1330148 bytes, checksum: d967293882138043d69f9b910c8a220a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Com o objetivo de verificar a existência de anticorpos reativos aos antígenos virais da dengue e da febre amarela no sangue de macacos prego (Cebus apella) cativos no Brasil, procedeu-se a coleta de sangue de 227 animais, oriundos de 17 cidades, (concentradas nas regiões sul e sudeste) de 4 estados do Brasil, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2000 e 2001. Para tanto realizamos o teste de inibição da hemaglutinação e também padronizamos um ELISA indireto utilizando um conjugado comercial. O teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação não detectou nenhuma reatividade dos soros estudados frente aos antígenos da dengue (DENI, DEN II). Encontramos, no teste de ELISA, uma reatividade de cerca de 97 % das amostras ao DEN I; 68% ao DII, 74% ao DEN III e 81% a febre amarela (FA). Não observamos diferenças estatisticamente significativas de reatividade entre machos e fêmeas, porém a observamos entre animais adultos e velhos para DEN I e FA. Os soros previamente tratados com a extração pela acetona, utilizada no teste de inibição da hemaglutinação apresentaram uma significativa perda de reatividade quando testados de forma pareada com amostras não tratadas ao ELISA indireto. Os resultados encontrados não são compatíveis com a epidemiologia da dengue e da febre amarela no Brasil, uma vez que primatas oriundos de dois estados da federação onde sabidamente não havia a transmissão por ocasião da coleta apresentaram uma reatividade importante, o que sugere a existência de anticorpos naturais reagentes aos antígenos virais pesquisados e aponta no sentido de que estes possam ter alguma importância na resistência destes primatas a estas enfermidades / Abstract: With the objective to verify the existence of reactive antibodies to viral antigens to dengue and yellow fever in the blood of capuccin monkeys (Cebus apella) captive in Brazil, it was proceeded collection from blood of 227 deriving animals of 17 cities (concentrate in south and southeast regions) of 4 states of the federacy in the understood period enters the years of 2000 and 2001. For in such a way we carry through the test of Hemaglutination Inhibition and also we standardize an indirect ELISA using one commercial conjugate. The test of Hemaglutination Inhibition did not detect reactivity of the studied seruns front to studied antigens of the dengue (DENI, DEN II). We find, in the test of ELISA, a reactivity of about 97 % of the samples to DEN I; 68% to the DII, 74% to DEN III and 81% the yellow fever (FA). We do not observe statistical significant differences of reactivity between males and females, however we observe it between adult and old animals for DEN I and FA. The seruns previously treated with the extraction for acetone, used in the test of Hemaglutination Inhibition had presented a significant loss of reactivity when tested bodily with samples not treated to the indirect ELISA. The results are not compatible with the epidemiology of the dengue and of the yellow fever in Brazil, a time that deriving primates of two states of the federacy where knew did not have the transmission for occasion of the collection had presented an important reactivity, what it suggests the existence of reacting natural antibodies to viral antigens searched and points in the direction of that these can have some importance in the resistance of these primates to these diseases / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o custo energético e alguns aspectos da biomecânica associados à locomoção em Cebus apella (macaco-prego). Para tanto, medidas de taxa metabólica (consumo de oxigênio) e de parâmetros cinemáticos (freqüência de passos, tempo de contato das patas com o plano de apoio, comprimento dos passos e amplitudes de flexão e extensão de juntas e segmentos corpóreos) foram obtidas com os sujeitos experimentais se locomovendo sobre esteira rolante. Nossos resultados mostram que apesar da espécie estudada exibir freqüência de passos inferior ao esperado para mamíferos quadrúpedes de massa corpórea similar, esse parâmetro cinemático é o elemento preferencial do padrão de locomoção que é ajustado para que o animal possa suportar as novas condições do meio (alteração de velocidade). Em adição, os dados de consumo de oxigênio obtidos neste estudo indicam que diferenças significativas não devem ser esperadas entre o custo energético da locomoção de quadrúpedes primatas e não primatas. Sendo assim, foi possível inferir que um outro elemento, além da taxa de geração de força (inferida a partir da freqüência de passos), pode responder pela magnitude do custo energético da locomoção em primatas. Nossas inferências sugerem que características anatômicas de primatas (maior volume muscular associado aos membros posteriores) podem constituir-se no elemento central para o entendimento do custo metabólico exibido pela espécie estudada (similar a quadrúpedes não primatas). Por fim, deve ser salientado que nossos dados indicam que a flexão da coluna pode ser um importante mecanismo para armazenamento de energia (energia elástica) durante a locomoção em Cebus apella, sobretudo em velocidades mais altas. / This study aimed to evaluate the energy expenditure and biomechanical aspects associated to the locomotion of Cebus apella (capuchin monkey). Measurements of metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) and kinematic parameters (stride frequency, foot contact time, step length and degree of flexion-extension of the joints and body segments) were obtained with the experimental subjects moving on a motorized treadmill. Our results show that although the species studied displays a lower stride frequency than quadruped mammals with similar body masses, this is the kinematic parameter that is preferentially adjusted by the animal to cope with faster velocities. In addition, oxygen consumption data obtained in this study indicate that significant differences between the energy cost of locomotion of primates and nonprimates quadrupeds should not be expected. Based on this result, we suggest that another element besides the rate of generating force (inferred from the stride frequency) could explain the energy cost of locomotion in primates. We suggest that anatomic characteristics of primates (larger muscular volume associated with the hind limbs) might be a key element to understand the cost of locomotion showed by capuchin monkeys (similar to non-primate quadrupeds). Our results also indicate that flexion of the column can be an important mechanism for elastic energy storage during locomotion in Cebus apella particularly at higher velocities.

Os macacos Cebus apella são hábeis com suas mãos e capazes de utilizar ferrementas (paus e pedras) para resolver problemas, podendo ser treinados como assistentes de pessoas quadriplégicas. São escassas ainda as informações em neuroanatomia desses primatas, o que motiva a presente pesquisa, cujo propósito é o de enfocar a morfologia externa e interna do tronco encefálico. Foram estudados 20 espécimes do macaco Cebus apella que já estavam fixados com formol a 10%, pertencentes ao acervo de pesquisa do laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Após isolamento do encéfalo e remoção das meninges procedeu ? se ao estudo da superfície externa em 14 peças. A dissecção por técnica usual preservou características morfológicas da superfície e origem aparente de nervos cranianos, que foram identificados. Em análise macroscópica, o tronco encefálico mostra ? se bem desenvolvido destacando ? se ainda em sua face lateral a origem aparente do nervo trigêmeo e os pedúnculos cerebelares médios, bem evidentes. Na face dorsal, em relação ao IV ventrículo identificam ? se os véus medulares superior e inferior, bem como o sulco mediano e a eminência medial. Os pedúnculos cerebelares superior e inferior também são bem destacados. Na medula oblonga são identificados, entre outros, os relevos correspondentes às olivas e às pirâmides, além da fissura mediana anterior e a região da decussação das pirâmides, Nem sempre são nítidos o sulco bulbo ? pontino e o forame cego. Os fascículos grácil e cuneiforme são bastante desenvolvidos bem como os tubérculos correspondentes. Para os estudos das estruturas internas do tronco encefálico, 6 peças, já fixadas, foram congeladas com nitrogênio líquido e cortadas no criostato entre ?27º C e ? 30º C, seguindo ? se a feitura de cortes transversais, em seis níveis (colículos superior e inferior, origem aparente do nervo trigêmeo, porções superior, média e inferior da oliva, e decussação das pirâmides), com espessura de 60 µc, corados segundo o método de Mulligan. As estruturas evidenciáveis são descritas com detalhes comparando ? se os dados obtidos com os da literatura consultada. Os termos anatômicos foram referidos segundo a Terminologia Anatômica Internacional, 1ª edição brasileira ? 2001, Ed. Manole Ltda. / The Cebus apella monkey are able to use their nands and to use tools like woods and stones to solve problems. They can be trained to act as quadriplégicas people?s assistants. The Neuroanatomy information about these primates are little, that?s the reason for this research and its purpose is to accomplish a macroscophial anatomic study of encephalic trunk external and internal surface structure. It was studied Cebus apella monkeu 20 especimens that was already fixed on 10% formaldehyde. These monkeys are from research?s heap of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. The monkey encephalon were removed using an osteótomo. After removing the meninges, theirs external surface study was started on 14 of them. The dissection using usual technique could preserve the morphological characteristics of the surface and cranial nerve apparent origim, that could be identified too. Under a macroscophical analysis, the encephalic trun looks very elaborated and the trigemini nerve and pedunculus cerebellaris aparent origin, very evident, was stood out in its lateral face. In the dorsal face, in relation to fourth ventricle, the inferior and superior velum medullare could be identified as well as the sulcus medianus and the eminentia medialis. The superior pedunculus cerebellaris, as well as the inferior ones, were very stood out too. On the medulla oblongata were identified, beyond others, the relieves corresponding to the oliva and the decussatio pyramidum region. The sulcus bulbus ? pons and the foramen caecum not always are bright. The fasciculus gracilis, as well as the cuneatus ones, are very elaborated as well as the corresponding tuberculuns.The brain stem internal structure study 6 already fixed pieces were froze with liquid nitrong and cut in criostato, under the temperature between ?27ºC and ? 30º C. After this, transversal cuts were made on 6 levels (superior and inferior nerve trigemini aparent origin, olivas superior, medium and inferior portion and decussatio pyramidum), with the thickness of 60µc, roddy according to the Mulligan method. The evidentiable structures are described in details comparing data obtained from the consulted literature. The anatomic terms were aforesaid according to Terminologia Anatômica Internacional, 1ª edição brasileira ? 2001, Ed. Manole Ltda.