<p>Basement membrane (BM) is the thin, dense, highly cross-linked form of extracellular matrix that underlies all epithelia and endothelia, as well as surrounds muscle, nerve and fat. These sheet-like networks function as physiological barriers to maintain tissue homeostasis. During normal developmental processes and immune surveillance, cells invade through BM to establish tissues and fight infection. Similarly, metastatic cancer cells are thought to co-opt normal programs for BM transmigration as they spread from primary tumors and colonize distant tissues. The difficulty of visualizing cell-BM interactions during invasion in vivo has left the cellular and molecular mechanisms used to breach BM undefined. Specialized F-actin-rich matrix-degrading membrane protrusions, termed invadosomes, have been described in cultured invasive cell lines for more 30 years. Invadosomes are hypothesized to mediate BM penetration during cancer metastasis. Despite promising advances in intravital imaging technologies, however, invadosomes have yet to be observed in cells transmigrating BM in vivo, leaving their physiological relevance unclear. Anchor cell invasion in C. elegans is a simple in vivo model of cell invasion that allows for combined visual and genetic analysis of BM transmigration. In this dissertation I develop high-resolution time-lapse imaging approaches to understand the dynamic interactions that occur at the AC-BM interface during invasion. Through the course of this work we identify an integrin-based mechanism that polarizes the AC towards the BM. We further discover protrusive F-actin-based invadosome structures that mediate BM breach during anchor cell (AC) invasion. We find that in most cases only one or two invadosomes penetrate the BM and then transform into an invasive protrusion that guides the AC through a single BM gap. Using genetics and quantitative single-cell image analysis we characterize several molecular regulators of invadosome formation in vivo. Our findings establish an essential role for invadosomes during BM transmigration in vivo, and support the idea that these structures are a core, conserved element of a normal invasive cellular strategy activated during cancer metastasis.</p> / Dissertation

Mon travail de thèse consistait à étudier la signalisation oncogénique de la tyrosine kinase (TyrK) cytoplasmique Src dans les cellules de cancer colorectal (CCR) à un stade avancé par une approche globale de phosphoprotéomique quantitative de type SILAC puis d'évaluer l'efficacité du Nilotinib, un inhibiteur de la Tyrk oncogénique BCR-Abl, sur les propriétés invasives des cellules de CCR. Dans un premier temps, nos résultats ont confirmé le rôle clé joué par Src dans l'acquisition des propriétés invasives de la tumeur. Puis, l'approche phosphoprotéomique de type SILAC a permis de mettre en évidence 136 protéines substrats de Src parmi lesquelles nous retrouvons des protéines de signalisation, des protéines associées au cytosquelette ou des protéines du trafic vésiculaire. De manière intéressante, j'ai révélé l'implication d'un réseau de TyrK dans les propriétés invasives Src-dépendantes. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une thérapie multi-TyrK pourrait s'avérer intéressante pour traiter les CCR à un stade avancé. En complément de l'analyse SILAC, j'ai initié une approche pharmacologique pour caractériser les TyrK impliquées dans l'invasion des cellules de CCR. De manière surprenante, j'ai observé que le Nilotinib inhibe l'activité invasive des cellules de CCR avec une efficacité comparable à celle observée sur la croissance des cellules de LMC (IC50=20nM). Des approches d'invalidation génétique et de mutagénèse couplées à des tests d'invasion in vitro et in vivo ont permis de démontrer que le Nilotinib exerce son activité anti-invasive en ciblant le récepteur au collagène DDR1. Mes résultats laissent présager un intérêt thérapeutique potentiel du Nilotinib dans le traitement du cancer colorectal métastasant. / My thesis work was devoted to decipher the oncogenic signaling of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (TyrK) Src in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) cells using SILAC quantitative phosphoproteomics and to evaluate the efficiency of the oncogenic BCR-Abl inhibitor, Nilotinib, on the CRC cell invasive activity. Firstable, our results confirmed the key role of Src in the induction of cell invasion. Then, the SILAC phosphoproteomic approach revealed 136 Src substrates among which signaling proteins, cytoskeleton associated proteins or vesicular trafficking associated proteins. Interestingly, I have identified a TyrK network involved in Src-dependent invasive properties. Taken together, our results suggest that a multi-TyrK therapy may be interesting in clinic for the treatment of advanced CRC. In addition to the SILAC analysis, a pharmacological approach was set up to characterize TyrK involved in CRC cell invasion. Surprisingly, I found that Nilotinib inhibits CRC cell invasive activity with a similar efficiency to the one observed on the growth of CML (IC50 = 20nM). Knock down and mutagenesis experiments together with in vitro and in vivo invasion assay revealed the collagen receptor DDR1 as the main Nilotinib target in its anti-invasive activity. Our results suggest that Nilotinib could be of therapeutic value in metastatic CRC.

Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) é o agente causador da neosporose, descrita como a principal causa de aborto parasitário em gado bovino .Parasitos desse filo interagem e invadem as células hospedeiras através da secreção coordenada de proteínas do complexo apical, formado por diversas organelas, dentre elas as roptrias (ROPs), que desempenham papel fundamental no processo de infecção, associado à formação do vacúolo parasitóforo (PV), sobrevivência no ambiente intracelular e virulência do parasito. Essas proteínas podem ser caracterizadas em: proteínas de roptrias de pescoço (RONs), e proteínas de roptrias (ROPs). Além disso, algumas ROPs podem se diferenciar e, dessa maneira, constituem uma grande família de quinases e pseudo-quinases, denominada família de roptrias quinase (ROPKs). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as proteínas de roptrias NcROP15B (NcLIV_011700) e NcROP55 (NcLIV_031550) de N. caninum. As sequências de NcROP15B e NcROP55 foram alinhadas com homólogos de alguns microrganismos, incluindo apicomplexas, ao BLAST. NcROP15B apresentou identidade de 19% com as sequencias de ROP15 de T. gondii e Hammondia hammondi. NcROP55 mostrou identidade de 14% com a ROP37 de T. gondii e com ROP28 de Hammondia hammondi, e 15% com a ROP28 de Neospora caninum. Foram detectados domínios pertencentes à família de proteínas quinase para NcROP15B e NcROP55, e peptídeo sinal apenas para NcROP15B. Os primers foram delineados para amplificar regiões de cDNA de ambos os genes com diferentes tamanhos, denominados NcROP15B maior, NcROP15B menor, NcROP55 maior e NcROP55 menor. Os insertos foram subclonados (pGEM) e posteriormente ligados em plasmídeo de expressão pET28 em E. coli BL21(DE3) e a expressão recombinante induzida por IPTG. As formas recombinantes foram expressas com 30 kDa e 16 kDa (NcROP15B fragmento Maior e Menor, respectivamente) e NcROP55 Maior e Menor gerou um peso molecular de 19.9 kDa e 15 kDa, respectivamente. Após purificação, NcROP15B e NcROP55 foram utilizadas para obtenção de soros policlonais. Anti-ROP15B e anti-ROP55 reagiram com extrato de N. caninum em Western Blot 1D, tendo NcROP15B sido detectada com 35 kDa, próximo ao predito (32 kDa) e NcROP55 com aproximadamente 35 KDa, porém abaixo do predito (47.9 kDa). Na imunofluorescência confocal, NcROP-15B e NcROP55 exibiram padrão de localização na região perinuclear de taquizoítos de N. caninum. Os anticorpos anti-NcROP15B e anti-NcROP55 apresentaram, individualmente, capacidade limitada para inibir o processo de adesão/invasão de N. caninum, sendo 16% e 6,43% respectivamente. Quando os soros anti-NcROP15B e anti-NcROP55 foram associados, a a inibição da invasão aumentou para 62%. As proteínas NcROP-15B e NcROP55 podem representar quinases importantes no metabolismo de N. caninum, e podem estar relacionadas ao processo de invasão e proliferação do parasito. Dessa maneira, são possíveis alvos para se considerar no estudo de medidas preventivas, sendo necessários mais estudos para avaliar suas funções na sobrevivência intracelular e virulência de N. caninum. / Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) is the causative agent of neosporosis, described as the main responsible of parasitic abortion in cattle. Parasites of this phylum interact and invade the host cells through a coordinated secretion of proteins of the apical complex, formed by organelles like rhoptries, which play a key role in the infection process, associated to the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), intracellular survival and parasite virulence. These proteins can be characterized in: neck rhoptry proteins (RONs), and rhoptry proteins (ROPs). Some ROPs can differentiate and thus constitute a large family of kinases and pseudo-kinases, called the kinase rhoptry family (ROPKs). The aim of this study was to characterize N. caninum NcROP15B (NcLIV_011700) and NcROP55 (NcLIV_031550) rhoptry proteins. The amino acid sequences of NcROP15B and NcROP55 were aligned with homologous proteins from some microorganisms, including apicomplexan on BLAST. NcROP15B showed a 19% identity with the ROP15 of T. gondii and Hammondia hammondi. NcROP55 had 14% of identity with ROP37 of T. gondii and with ROP28 of Hammondia hammondi, and 15% with ROP28 of Neospora caninum. Domains were detected belonging to the protein kinase family for NcROP15B and NcROP55, and signal peptide only for NcROP15B. Primers were designed to amplify cDNA regions of both genes, opting for fragments of different sizes, names as NcROP15B major, NcROP15B minor, NcROP55 major and NcROP55 minor. The inserts were subcloned (pGEM) and then ligated into pET28 expression plasmid in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and IPTG-induced recombinant expression. The recombinant forms were expressed with 30 kDa and 16 kDa (NcROP15B Major and Minor, respectively) and Major and Minor NcROP55 had molecular weights of 19.9 kDa and 15 kDa, respectively. After purification, NcROP15B and NcROP55 were used to obtain polyclonal serum. Anti-ROP15B and anti-ROP55 reacted with N. caninum extract in Western Blot 1D, with NcROP15B being detected at 35 kDa, near predicted (32 kDa) and NcROP55 at approximately 35 KDa, but below the predicted (47.9 kDa). At confocal immunofluorescence, NcROP-15B and NcROP55 exhibited a localization pattern at the perinuclear region of N. caninum tachyzoites. Anti-NcROP15B and anti-NcROP55 antibodies had, individually, limited ability to inhibit the N. caninum adhesion/invasion process (16 and 6,43%, respectively). When associated, anti-NcROP15B and anti-NcROP55 sera inhibition of invasion increased to 62%. NcROP-15B and NcROP55 proteins might represent important kinases in the metabolism of N. caninum with a possible role in the parasite invasion and proliferation process. Thus, they represent possible targets for preventive measures, but further studies are necessary to evaluate their functions in intracellular survival and virulence of N. caninum.

In the lung, epithelial cell migration plays a key role in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. When the respiratory epithelium is injured, the epithelial lining in the respiratory system can be seriously damaged. Spreading and migrating of the surviving cells neighboring a wound are essential for airway epithelial repair. When the repair process is affected, aberrant remodeling may occur, which is important in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. However, in comparison with other cellular and molecular functions in the respiratory system, our understanding on lung epithelial cell migration and invasion is limited. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern these cellular processes, I asked whether normal (non-cancerous) human airway epithelial cells can form podosomes, a cellular structure discovered from cancer and mesenchymal cells that controls cell migration and invasion. I found that phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, induced podosome formation in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and in normal human airway epithelial BEAS2B cells. PDBu-induced podosomes were capable of degrading fibronectin-gelatin-sucrose matrix. PDBu also increased the invasiveness of these epithelial cells. I further demonstrated that PDBu-induced podosome formation was mainly mediated through redistribution of conventional PKCs, especially PKCα, from the cytosol to the podosomes, whereas atypical PKCζ played a dominant role in the proteolytic activity of podosomes through recruitment of MMP-9 to podosomes, and MMP-9 secretion and activiation. I also found that that PDBu can activate PI3K/Akt/Src and ERK1/2 and JNK but not p38. PI3K, Akt and Src were critical for podosome formation, whereas ERK1/2 and JNK mediated the proteolytic activity of podosomes via MMP-9 recruitment, gene expression, release and activation without affecting podosome assembly. Podosomes are important for epithelial cell migration and invasion, thus contributing to respiratory epithelial repair and regeneration. My thesis work unveils the molecular mechanisms that regulate podosomal formation and proteolytic function in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. These novel findings may enhance our understanding of cell migration and invasion in lung development and repair. Similar mechanisms may be also applicable to other cell types in distinct organs.

In the lung, epithelial cell migration plays a key role in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. When the respiratory epithelium is injured, the epithelial lining in the respiratory system can be seriously damaged. Spreading and migrating of the surviving cells neighboring a wound are essential for airway epithelial repair. When the repair process is affected, aberrant remodeling may occur, which is important in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. However, in comparison with other cellular and molecular functions in the respiratory system, our understanding on lung epithelial cell migration and invasion is limited. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern these cellular processes, I asked whether normal (non-cancerous) human airway epithelial cells can form podosomes, a cellular structure discovered from cancer and mesenchymal cells that controls cell migration and invasion. I found that phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, induced podosome formation in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and in normal human airway epithelial BEAS2B cells. PDBu-induced podosomes were capable of degrading fibronectin-gelatin-sucrose matrix. PDBu also increased the invasiveness of these epithelial cells. I further demonstrated that PDBu-induced podosome formation was mainly mediated through redistribution of conventional PKCs, especially PKCα, from the cytosol to the podosomes, whereas atypical PKCζ played a dominant role in the proteolytic activity of podosomes through recruitment of MMP-9 to podosomes, and MMP-9 secretion and activiation. I also found that that PDBu can activate PI3K/Akt/Src and ERK1/2 and JNK but not p38. PI3K, Akt and Src were critical for podosome formation, whereas ERK1/2 and JNK mediated the proteolytic activity of podosomes via MMP-9 recruitment, gene expression, release and activation without affecting podosome assembly. Podosomes are important for epithelial cell migration and invasion, thus contributing to respiratory epithelial repair and regeneration. My thesis work unveils the molecular mechanisms that regulate podosomal formation and proteolytic function in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. These novel findings may enhance our understanding of cell migration and invasion in lung development and repair. Similar mechanisms may be also applicable to other cell types in distinct organs.

Le récepteur-canal P2X7 est fortement exprimé et est fonctionnel dans la lignée de cellules cancéreuses mammaires humaines hautement invasives MDA-MB-435s. L’activation de P2X7 par l’ATP extracellulaire est responsable de l'émission des prolongements cellulaires et l'augmentation de la migration cellulaire. En outre, l’activation de P2X7 augmente l’invasion cellulaire à travers la matrice extracellulaire et fait intervenir la libération de forme mature de cathepsines à cystéine dans le milieu extracellulaire. L’inhibition pharmacologique de P2X7 diminue l’invasivité des cellules cancéreuses dans un modèle de micrométastases chez le poisson zèbre. Nous avons également montré que l’émodine (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-méthylanthraquinone) une anthraquinone isolée de Rheum officinale Baill (Rhubarbe chinoise) inhibe l’invasivité des cellules cancéreuses humaines via l’antagonisme de P2X7 et n’as pas d’effet sur les autres récepteurs P2X. Nos résultats démontrent un nouveau mécanisme entre la fonctionnalité de P2X7 dans les cellules cancéreuses et l’invasivité cellulaire, un paramètre clé dans la croissance tumorale et le développement des métastases. Ceci suggère également un rôle thérapeutique potentiel pour les antagonistes des P2X7. / P2X7 receptor channel is highly expressed and fully functional in the highly invasive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435s. Its activation by extracellular ATP is responsible for the extension of neurite-like cellular prolongations, and the increase in cell migration. Furthermore, P2X7 activation enhanced invasion through the extracellular matrix and was related to the increase of mature forms of cysteine cathepsins in the extracellular medium. Pharmacological targeting of P2X7 decreases cancer cell invasiveness in a zebrafish model of micrometastases. We also showed that emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) an anthraquinone derivative originally isolated from Rheum officinale Baill (Chinese Rhubarb) inhibits human cancer cell invasiveness by specifically antagonizing the P2X7 and not the other members of the P2X family. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanistic link between P2X7 functionality in cancer cells and invasiveness, a key parameter in tumour growth and in the development of metastases. These results also suggest a potential therapeutic role for the newly developed P2X7 antagonists.

L'invasion cellulaire est un processus basé sur la dynamique des invadosomes, qui sont desstructures acto-adhesives capables de dégrader localement la matrice extracellulaire. Lesinvadosomes sont composés d'un coeur riche en actine-F entouré par un assemblage desprotéines d'adhésion conduisant à la dégradation de la matrice extracellulaire par lerecrutement et la sécrétion des protéases. Les cellules MEF exprimantes la formeconstitutivement active de la kinase Src (SrcY527F) forment des invadosomes quis'organisent sous forme d'anneaux ou rosettes. Paxilline et hic-5 (une protéine homologue àla paxilline) ont des rôles spécifiques dans la morphologie cellulaire et la plasticité pendantl'invasion cellulaire. La structure de ces deux protéines se caractérise par la présence dedomaines LIM dans la partie C-terminale et de motifs LD dans la partie N-terminale. Cettesimilarité suggère que ces protéines peuvent avoir des fonctions redondantes. L'importance dela famille des protéines paxillines dans la formation des invadosomes a été examiné en tentantd'induire des invadosomes via l'expression de la forme constitutivement active de la kinaseSrc (SrcY527F) dans des cellules déplétées en paxilline et hic-5 (cellules pax-/- et déplétées enhic-5 par shRNA). La formation des invadosomes a été totalement bloquéequand l'expression de ces deux protéines a été diminuée de manière significativesimultanément indiquant leur redondance fonctionnelle. La ré-expression de nombreuxmutants de la paxilline dans ce contexte cellulaire a permis de montrer que les domaines LIMde paxilline n'étaient pas nécessaires pour la formation de l'anneau des invadosomes. Aucontraire, ces études de structure-fonctions ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle essentieldes motifs LD3 et LD5 considérablement dans l'assemblage des rosettes. En outre, l'ordreprécis de chaque LD dans la molécule de paxilline est essentiel pour leur travail coopératifdans la régulation des invadosomes. Après avoir montré la redondance fonctionnelle entrepaxillin et hic-5, nous avons voulu déterminer leurs fonctions spécifiques. Pour cela,différents traitements siRNAs nous ont permis de diminuer spécifiquement l'expression depaxillin et/ou hic-5 dans des cellules formant des invadosomes. La déplétion rapide de lapaxilline a réduit la formation des rosettes alors que celle de hic-5 a affecté de manièreimportante la dégradation de la matrice extracellulaire. En effet, l'identification despartenaires spécifiques de paxilline et hic-5 à révélé que cette dernière interagissaitspécifiquement avec IQGAP1. Cette protéine est un facteur essentiel pour le recrutement del'exocyst, un complexe régulant la sécrétion locale de métalloprotéases dans lesinvadosomes. En conclusion, il apparaît que l'action complémentaire de la paxilline et hic-5 aun rôle essentiel dans la régulation des fonctions cellulaires assurées par les invadosomes. / Cellular invasion is based on invadosome dynamics where acto-adhesive machinery iscoupled with extracellular matrix proteolysis. Each invadosome unit is composed by a denseF-actin core surrounded by a ring of adhesion molecules that localizes intense ECMdegradation activity via the recruitment and secretion of lytic enzymes. Invadosomes in MEFstransformed with an activated form of the Src kinase (SrcY527F) auto-assemble into circularmeta-structures called rings or rosettes. Paxillin and the closely related family member hic-5(hydrogen peroxide inducible clone 5) have been recently identified as critical determinants ofcell morphology and plasticity during cell invasion with distinct signaling functions.However, the two proteins have a similar overall domain structure, including amino-terminalLD motifs and carboxyl-terminal LIM domains suggesting overlapping or redundantfunctions. We examined the importance of this class of proteins in invadosome formation, byexpressing SrcY527F in pax-/- cells depleted or not of hic-5. Only when the expression of bothproteins was significantly decreased, invadosome formation was blocked indicating theirfunctional redundancy. Importantly, LIM domain of paxillin was dispensable for ringformation whereas individual depletion of LD3 and LD5 motifs dramatically reducedinvadosome rosette assembly. Furthermore, the precise order of each LD in the paxillin'smolecule was necessary to allow their cooperativity during invadosome formation. Beyondtheir redundancy, their distinct roles in invadosomes were assessed via siRNA strategy aimingat the acute depletion of each molecule. Rapid depletion of paxillin reduced invadosome ringformation whereas hic-5 silencing dramatically affected extracellular matrix degradation. Hic-5 role in ECM degradation was enhanced by the fact that it was found to specifically interactwith IQGAP1, a CDC42- effector that is essential to recruit the exocyst complex ininvadosomes. In summary, the functional redundancy of paxillin and hic-5 suggests anextensive cross-talk between these two closely related proteins in the regulation ofinvadosome-based cellular functions.

The advancement of cancer treatment depends on understanding the biological processes that contribute to disease progression. The spread of tumor cells from the primary site to distant organs is the biggest obstacle to efficacious treatment. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins IRS1 and IRS2 are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that organize signaling events downstream of the Insulin receptor (IR) and the Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R). Both of these receptors have been implicated in cancer progression. The IRS proteins share a significant level of homology and are both capable of recruiting and activating phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). Despite these similarities, signaling through IRS1 and IRS2 leads to distinct tumor cell outcomes in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, IRS1 regulates cell proliferation and growth and IRS2 regulates metabolism, survival and invasion. In vivo, Irs2 is a positive regulator of tumor metastasis, whereas Irs1 does not promote metastasis. The major objective of this thesis work was to further the understanding of the mechanism by which IRS2 signaling regulates tumor progression. To investigate how IRS-1 and IRS-2 regulate distinct tumor cell outcomes, I examined the involvement of the microtubule cytoskeleton in IRS-dependent signaling. I determined that IRS2-mediated AKT activation is dependent upon an intact microtubule cytoskeleton, whereas IRS1-mediated AKT signaling occurs independently of microtubules. As a result, drugs that disrupt microtubules promote apoptosis in cells that signal through IRS2, but cells that signal through IRS1 are resistant to the effects of microtubule disruption. However, AKT inhibition sensitizes IRS1-dependent cells to apoptotic cell death upon microtubule disruption. From a clinical perspective, my studies identify IRS2 as a potential biomarker for the response of breast cancer patients to anti-microtubule drug therapy. To investigate further the mechanism of IRS2 contributions to tumor progression, I employed a mutagenesis approach to identify structural requirements of IRS2 for its function. I established that the ability of IRS2 to activate PI3K is necessary for its regulation of both invasion and tumor initiating cell (TIC) self-renewal. I also identified two independent regions within the IRS2 C-terminus that are required for invasion and self-renewal, respectively. Characterization of the invasion-promoting region identified BMP2-induced protein kinase (BMP2K) as an interacting protein. Suppression of BMP2K expression in mammary tumor cells disrupts IRS2-mediated tumor cell invasion. Taken together, my work advances the understanding of how IRS2 contributes to breast cancer progression and provides a molecular understanding for the development of novel approaches for the treatment of breast cancer and other malignancies that rely upon IRS2.

L'agressivité des cancers est souvent liée au pouvoir métastatique des cellules tumorales et la dissémination de ces dernières peut survenir suite à un phénomène appelé la transition épithéliomésenchymateuse. Une analyse de l'expression de la Cycline A2 conduite sur des échantillons humains de tumeurs primaires colorectales et de leurs métastases correspondantes révèle que cette protéine est moins abondante dans ces dernières. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse a permis de relier la Cycline A2 au remodelage du cytosquelette d'Actine dans les fibroblastes. Cette régulation requiert la localisation cytoplasmique de la molécule ainsi que son domaine N-terminal qui ne lie pas les CDKs. Nos expériences suggèrent que cette nouvelle activité est la conséquence d'une liaison directe entre la GTPase RhoA et la Cycline A2. La présence de cette dernière augmente l'activation de RhoA par sa GEF in vitro. L'utilisation de cellules épithéliales mammaires normales a permis l'identification d'un autre partenaire, RhoC. Dans ce contexte cellulaire, l'invalidation de la Cycline A2 diminue l'activation de RhoA et, renforce celle de RhoC ce qui conduit à une augmentation de l'invasion cellulaire en matrice de collagène. Ces cellules acquièrent aussi des propriétés mésenchymateuses caractéristiques de l'EMT, et ce phénotype est exacerbé par la présence de RasV12. Ce travail établit donc l'existence de nouvelles fonctions pour la Cycline A2 qui viennent compléter le tableau de régulation de la motilité par les protéines du cycle cellulaire et contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de son rôle dans le cancer. / Cancer aggressiveness is often associated with metastases occurrence and their dissemination can arise following an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cyclin A2 expression is lower in metastases relative to primary colon adenocarcinoma of matched human tumors. This manuscript describes new links between Cyclin A2 and Actin cytoskeleton remodeling in fibroblasts. This regulation requires a cytoplasmic localization of the protein and its N-terminal domain, which is unable to bind CDKs. This new Cyclin A2 activity appears to be mediated by its binding to RhoA. Accordingly, the activity of its GEF is potentiated when Cyclin A2 is present, in vitro. Furthermore, we used a normal mammary epithelial cell line and identified another Cyclin A2 partner, RhoC. Cyclin A2 depletion in this context leads to a reciprocal RhoGTPase activation where RhoA activation is impaired and that of RhoC is increased. Moreover, cell invasiveness is increased in a collagen matrix following Cyclin A2 knockdown in these cells. In addition, the epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties, which are exarcerbated by the expression of RasV12 and are characteristic of an EMT. Our work completes the network involving cell cycle proteins in motility. These novel functions of Cyclin A2 will hopefully help to understand the impact of its deregulation in cancer.

Fra-1 appartient à la famille des facteurs de transcription AP-1. Son expression est particulièrement élevée dans les cellules de cancer du sein qui n'expriment pas le récepteur aux œstrogènes (RE-), c'est-à-dire les cellules les plus agressives. L'inhibition de Fra-1 dans ces cellules entraîne une diminution de la motilité, de l'invasion et de la prolifération, mais elle entraîne aussi de profonds changements de morphologie. Les cellules RE-, qui présentent un phénotype mésenchymateux s'arrondissent et établissent un plus grand nombre de contacts cellule-cellule après l'inhibition de Fra-1. Dans les cellules RE-, la β-caténine est localisée au noyau ou dans le cytoplasme, ce qui est un marqueur de mauvais pronostic. Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai montré que Fra-1 régule la localisation nucléaire de la β-caténine et ainsi régule son activité transcriptionelle en agissant très tardivement sur la voie Wnt. J'ai également mis en évidence une interaction physique directe entre Fra-1 et la β-caténine qui pourrait être responsable de cet effet. De plus, l'analyse de microarrays par RT-QPCR a révélé la régulation d'autres gènes comme la mœsine, la fibronectine et l'extracellular matrix protein 1, qui pourraient également jouer un rôle dans la régulation de l'agressivité tumorale par Fra-1. Par ailleurs, Fra-1 est une protéine instable et nous avons montré qu'elle est phosphorylée et stabilisée par PKCθ. Fra-1 est d'ailleurs nécessaire à l'effet de la kinase sur la motilité cellulaire. / Fra-1 is a member of the AP-1 transcription factor family. It is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer cells lacking Estrogen Receptor (ER-) expression, which are the most aggressive ones. Fra-1 inhibition in these cells leads to a decreased in motility, invasion and proliferation, but also to deep morphologic changes. ER- cells, which present a mesenchymal phenotype, become rounder and establish a greater number of cell-cell contacts after Fra-1 inhibition. In ER- cells, β-catenin is nuclear or cytoplasmic, which is considering as a poor prognosis marker. During this PhD, I demonstrate that Fra-1, which acts very downstream in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, regulates the nuclear localization of β-catenin leading to up-regulation transcriptional activity of β-catenin. I also found that Fra-1 directly interacts with β-catenin. In addition, RT-QPCR microarrays analysis has revealed the regulation of other genes such as mœsin, fibronectin and extracellular matrix protein 1, which might also take part in the tumoral aggressiveness regulated by Fra-1. Moreover, we show that Fra-1, which is an unstable protein, is phosphorylated and stabilized by PKCθ. Furthermore, Fra-1 is necessary to mediate the kinase effect on cell motility.