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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Étude post-GWAS des gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 : rôle phare dans la fonction de la cellule β pancréatique / Post-GWAS study of candidate type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes : a key role in pancreatic β-cell function

Ndiaye, Fatou Kiné 18 December 2017 (has links)
Les études d’association pangénomique (GWAS) ont permis la mise en évidence de nouvelles voies putativement importantes dans la physiopathologie du diabète de type 2, par l’identification de variants génétiques fréquents (SNP) de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2, mais souvent avec peu ou pas d'informations sur le mécanisme sous-jacent expliquant le lien entre ces variants génétiques et le phénotype diabétique. En effet ces SNP sont souvent non codants et ont un effet modeste sur le risque de diabète de type 2, ce qui rend difficile leur étude d’un point de vue fonctionnel. Dès le début des GWAS, il a été suggéré que ces gènes associés au diabète de type 2, étaient des « gènes de la cellule β pancréatique » sans que des études fonctionnelles n’aient été faites de manière systématique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené une étude de fishing pour déblayer cette quantité importante de données provenant des GWAS et d’identifier des gènes potentiellement importants, pouvant être de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Le premier objectif de ma thèse a été l’étude de l’expression des gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 dans un panel de tissus humains comprenant des tissus pancréatiques et des tissus sensibles à l’insuline. Pour cela nous avons utilisé une technique de quantification non biaisée de l’expression génique dans le but de montrer si ces gènes associés au diabète de type 2 avaient une expression enrichie (proportion de gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 surexprimés dans les cellules β versus les autres tissus) dans les cellules β pancréatiques. Nous avons ensuite réalisé des études fonctionnelles sur la trentaine de gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 les plus exprimés dans notre modèle cellulaire par des tests de sécrétion d’insuline, des études de la viabilité cellulaire, du séquençage d’ARN (RNA-seq) et du western blotting dans la lignée de cellules β pancréatiques humaines EndoC-βH1. Les EndoC-βH1 sont des cellules en mesure de sécréter de l’insuline en réponse au glucose et à d’autres sécrétagogues. Nous les avons utilisé afin d’étudier le rôle de ces gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 dans la fonction de la cellule β pancréatique, en particulier dans la sécrétion insulinique. Notre étude d’expression a montré que l’expression des gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 est enrichie de manière significative dans les cellules β pancréatiques et la lignée EndoC-βH1. Pour cinq gènes du diabète de type 2 (TBC1D4, TCF19, KCNK16, CDKN2A et SLC30A8) ayant une présence et un effet déjà connus dans la fonction des cellules β, nous avons démontré une variation significative de la sécrétion d’insuline après extinction génique, en concordance avec la littérature. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence quatre gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 (PRC1, SRR, ZFAND3 et ZFAND6) montrant une baisse significative de la sécrétion d’insuline après extinction génique et dont la présence ou la fonction dans la cellule β était pour l’heure inconnue. Les analyses RNA-seq ont montré une association significative de l’extinction de ces gènes avec des réseaux moléculaires liés à la physiopathologie du diabète de type 2 (par exemple : l’apoptose des cellules pancréatiques, l’insulinémie, la glycolyse, le stress du réticulum endoplasmique…). Et l’évaluation de l’expression de nos quatre gènes dans des îlots de souris obèses (ob/ob) ou traitées à la streptozotocine a montré une corrélation positive de leur expression avec celle de l’insuline. Notre étude a démontré que les études fonctionnelles post-GWAS sont importantes et permettent de définir le lien de causalité des gènes de susceptibilité avec la maladie, et ainsi de mener à des progrès sur la compréhension de la physiopathologie de la maladie [...] / Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a plethora of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, but most often with little information about the mechanism underlying the relationship between these genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes and the diabetic phenotype. Indeed, these SNPs are often noncoding and have a modest effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes, making difficult their functional study. At the beginning of the GWAS era, it has been suggested that susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes are strongly involved in pancreatic β cell gene function, while no functional studies had been systematically performed. In this context, we conducted a “fishing” study to decipher this large amount of data generated by GWAS and to pinpoint potentially important genes that may be new therapeutic targets. The first objective of my thesis was to study the expression of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in a panel of human tissues comprising pancreatic and insulin-sensitive tissues using an unbiased technique of quantification of genes expression in order to show that these genes associated with type 2 diabetes were enriched in pancreatic β-cells. We then performed functional studies on the thirty mostly expressed genes in our cell model by insulin secretion tests, cell viability test, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Western blotting in the human pancreatic β cell line (EndoC-βH1). These cells are able to secrete insulin in response to glucose and other secretagogues. Our goal was to study the role of these type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in pancreatic β cell function, particularly in insulin secretion. Our expression study of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes showed that their expression is significantly enriched in pancreatic β cells and the EndoC-βH1 cell line. For five genes associated with type 2 diabetes (TBC1D4, TCF19, KCNK16, CDKN2A and SLC30A8) with an already known presence and function in pancreatic β cell, we showed a significant variation in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after gene silencing, in agreement with the literature. In addition, we identified four type 2 diabetes associated genes (PRC1, SRR, ZFAND3 and ZFAND6), with a significant decrease in insulin secretion after gene silencing without already know function in pancreatic β cell. RNA-seq has shown a significant association between the extinction of these genes and molecular networks related to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (e.g. apoptosis of pancreatic cells, insulinemia, glycolysis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response...). The assessment of the expression of our four genes in the islets of obese mice (ob/ob) or treated with streptozotocin shows a positive correlation between their expression and the expression of insulin. Our study has shown that post-GWAS functional studies are important and can help to define the causal link between these genes and the disease, and therefore to make progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. This study allowed us to identify genes whose function in β cell was not anterior known and which are involved in pancreatic β cell function and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
22

Dysfunction of Persisting β Cells Is a Key Feature of Early Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis

Cohrs, Christian M., Panzer, Julia K., Drotar, Denise M., Enos, Stephen J., Kipke, Nicole, Chen, Chunguang, Bozsak, Robert, Schöniger, Eyke, Ehehalt, Florian, Distler, Marius, Brennand, Ana, Bornstein, Stefan R., Weitz, Jürgen, Solimena, Michele, Speier, Stephan 18 January 2021 (has links)
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and insufficient insulin release from pancreatic islet β cells. However, the role and sequence of β cell dysfunction and mass loss for reduced insulin levels in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we exploit freshly explanted pancreas specimens from metabolically phenotyped surgical patients using an in situ tissue slice technology. This approach allows assessment of β cell volume and function within pancreas samples of metabolically stratified individuals. We show that, in tissue of pre-diabetic, impaired glucose-tolerant subjects, β cell volume is unchanged, but function significantly deteriorates, exhibiting increased basal release and loss of first-phase insulin secretion. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, function within the sustained β cell volume further declines. These results indicate that dysfunction of persisting β cells is a key factor in the early development and progression of type 2 diabetes, representing a major target for diabetes prevention and therapy.
23

The Impact of Pancreatic Head Resection on Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

Hempel, Sebastian, Oehme, Florian, Ehehalt, Florian, Solimena, Michele, Kolbinger, Fiona R., Bogner, Andreas, Welsch, Thilo, Weitz, Jürgen, Distler, Marius 16 August 2023 (has links)
Background: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) often leads to recurrent pain as well as exocrine and/or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pancreatic head resections on glucose metabolism in patients with CP. Methods: Patients who underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD), Whipple procedure (cPD), or duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) for CP between January 2011 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed with regard to markers of pancreatic endocrine function including steady-state beta cell function (%B), insulin resistance (IR), and insulin sensitivity (%S) according to the updated Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2). Results: Out of 141 pancreatic resections for CP, 43 cases including 31 PPPD, 2 cPD and 10 DPPHR, met the inclusion criteria. Preoperatively, six patients (14%) were normoglycemic (NG), 10 patients (23.2%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 27 patients (62.8%) had diabetes mellitus (DM). In each subgroup, no significant changes were observed for HOMA2-%B (NG: p = 0.57; IGT: p = 0.38; DM: p = 0.1), HOMA2-IR (NG: p = 0.41; IGT: p = 0.61; DM: p = 0.18) or HOMA2-%S (NG: p = 0.44; IGT: p = 0.52; DM: p = 0.51) 3 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. Conclusion: Pancreatic head resections for CP, including DPPHR and pancreatoduodenectomies, do not significantly affect glucose metabolism within a follow-up period of 12 months.
24

Role of EFNBs and EphB4 in T cell development and function

Jin, Wei 08 1900 (has links)
Eph kinases are the largest family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. The ligands of Ephs, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. Ephs interact with EFNs and the receptors and ligands transmit signals in both directions, i.e., from Ephs to EFNs and from EFNs to Ephs. Ephs and EFNs are widely involved in various developmental, physiological pathophysiological processes. Our group and others have reported the roles of Ephs/EFNs in the immune system. To further investigate the function of EphBs/EFNBs in T cell development and responses, we generated EFNB1, EFNB2, EphB4 conditional gene knockout (KO) mice and EFNB1/2 double KO mice. In the projects using EFNB1 and EFNB2 knockout mice, we specifically deleted EFNB1 or EFNB2 in T cells. The mice had normal size and cellularity of the thymus and spleen as well as normal T cell subpopulations in these organs. The bone marrow progenitors from KO mice and WT mice repopulated the host lymphoid organs to similar extents. The activation and proliferation of KO T cells was comparable to that of control mice. Naïve KO CD4 cells differentiated into Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells similar to naïve control CD4 cells. In EFNB2 KO mice, we observed a significant relative increase of CD4CD8 double negative thymocytes in the thymus. Flowcytometry analysis revealed that there was a moderate increase in the DN3 subpopulation in the thymus. This suggests that EFNB2 is involved in thymocyte development. Our results indicate that the functions of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in the T cell compartment could be compensated by each other or by other members of the EFN family, and that such redundancy safeguards the pivotal roles of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in T cell development and function. In the project using EFNB1/B2 double knockout (dKO) model, we revealed a novel regulatory function of EFNb1 and EFNb2 in stabilizing IL-7Rα expression on the T cell surface. IL-7 plays important roles in thymocyte development, T cell homeostasis and survival. IL-7Rα undergoes internalization upon IL-7 binding. In the dKO mice, we observed reduced IL-7Rα expression in thymocytes and T cells. Moreover, the IL-7Rα internalization was accelerated in dKO CD4 cells upon IL-7 stimulation. In T cell lymphoma cell line, EL4, over-expression of either EFNB1 or EFNB2 retarded the internalization of IL-7Rα. We further demonstrated compromised IL-7 signaling and homeostatic proliferation of dKO T cells. Mechanism study using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that physical interaction of EFNB1 and EFNB2 with IL-7Rα was likely responsible for the retarded IL-7Rα internalization. In the last project, using medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC)-specific EphB4 knockout mice, we investigated T cell development and function after EphB4 deletion in mTEC. EphB4 KO mice demonstrated normal thymic weight and cellularity. T cell development and function were not influenced by the EphB4 deletion. Lastly, the KO mice developed normal delayed type hypersensitivity. Overall, our results suggest that comprehensive cross interaction between Eph and EFN family members could compensate function of a given deleted member in the T cell development, and only simultaneous deletion of multiple EFNBs will reveal their true function in the immune system. In fact, such redundancy signifies vital roles of Ephs and EFNs in the immune system. / Kinases Eph est la plus grande famille de tyrosines kinases récepteurs Éphrines (EFN) est un ligand de Ephs. Eph et EFN sont toutes les molécules de surface cellulaire. L’interaction entre Ephs et EFNs permet de transmettre des signaux dans les deux directions (c.-à-d. partir de Ephs à EFNs, et de EFNs à Ephs.) Eph et EFNs sont largement impliqués dans divers processus développementaux, physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Notre groupe et d'autres groupes ont rapporté les rôles de Ephs / EFNs dans le système immunitaire. Pour approfondir la fonction de EphBs / EFNBs dans le développement des lymphocytes T et des réponses immunitaires, nous avons généré des souris EFNB1, EFNB2, et EphB4 knock-out conditionnel (KO) et des souris EFNB1 / 2 doubles KO. Dans les projets qui utilisent EFNB1 et EFNB2 comme souris knock-out, nous avons spécifiquement supprimé EFNB1 ou EFNB2 dans les cellules T. Les souris présentaient une taille normale, la cellularité du thymus et de la rate, ainsi que des sous-populations de cellules T étaient normales dans ces organes. Les progéniteurs de la moelle osseuse de souris KO et les souris WT ont repeuplé les organes lymphoïdes de l’hôte à des degrés similaires. L'activation et la prolifération des cellules KO T étaient comparables à celles des souris témoins. Les cellules CD4 naïves KO différenciées en Th1, Th2, Th17 et Treg étaient similaires aux cellules CD4 naïves de souris contrôle. Chez les souris KO EFNB2, nous avons observé une augmentation relative importante des thymocytes CD4CD8 : les double négatifs dans le thymus. L'analyse par cytométrie en flux a révélé qu'il y avait une augmentation modérée de la sous-population DN3 dans le thymus. Les résultats suggèrent qu’EFNB2 est impliqué dans le développement des thymocytes. Nos résultats indiquent que les fonctions de EFNB1 et EFNB2 dans le compartiment des cellules T pourraient être compensées entre eux ou par d'autres EFNB. La redondance des fonctions suggèrent le contrôle critique d’EFNB1 et EFNB2 dans le développement des cellules T. Dans le projet, en utilisant EFNB1/B2 (modèle double KO) (dKO), nous avons observé une fonction de régulation de EFNB1 et EFNB2. dans la stabilisation de l’expression l'IL-7R α , à la surface des cellules T, IL-7 joue un rôle important dans le développement des thymocytes, l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T , et leur survie. IL-7R α subit une internalisation i contraignante de IL-7. Chez les souris DKO, nous avons observé une perte d’expression de l’ IL-7Rα dans les thymocytes et les cellules T. En outre, l’ internalisation IL-7Rα a été accélérée dans les cellules CD4 dKO, suite à la stimulation IL-7. Dans la lignée cellulaire de lymphome T, EL4, la surexpression de EFNB1 ou EFNB2 retarde l'internalisation de l'IL-7Rα. Nous avons aussi démontré les signalisations compromises de l’ IL-7 et de la prolifération homéostatique des cellules T dKO. Les études du méchanisme qui utilisent la fluorescence de transfert d'énergie par résonance et immunoprécipitation ont montré que l'interaction physique de EFNB1 et EFNB2 avec IL-7R était probablement responsable du retard de l’ internalisation IL-7Rα. Dans le dernier projet, nous avons étudié le développement des cellules T et la fonction des cellules épithéliales médullaires du thymus (mTEC), chez les souris knock-out EphB4. Les souris KO EphB4 ont démontré un poids et une cellularité qui sont normaux. La fonction et le développement de cellules T ne sont pas influencés par la suppression de l’ EphB4. Enfin, les souris KO ont développé une hypersensibilité de type retardée normale. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que l'interaction globale de croisement entre Eph et les membres de la famille EFN pourrir compenser la fonction d'un membre supprimé. Seule la suppression simultanée de plusieurs EFNBs va révéler leur vraie fonction dans le système immunitaire. En fait, une telle redondance montre les rôles vitaux d’Ephs et EFNS dans le système immunitaire.
25

Covariate Model Building in Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models

Ribbing, Jakob January 2007 (has links)
<p>Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models can be fitted using nonlinear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM). This is an efficient way of learning about drugs and diseases from data collected in clinical trials. Identifying covariates which explain differences between patients is important to discover patient subpopulations at risk of sub-therapeutic or toxic effects and for treatment individualization. Stepwise covariate modelling (SCM) is commonly used to this end. The aim of the current thesis work was to evaluate SCM and to develop alternative approaches. A further aim was to develop a mechanistic PK-PD model describing fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell mass.</p><p>The lasso is a penalized estimation method performing covariate selection simultaneously to shrinkage estimation. The lasso was implemented within NONMEM as an alternative to SCM and is discussed in comparison with that method. Further, various ways of incorporating information and propagating knowledge from previous studies into an analysis were investigated. In order to compare the different approaches, investigations were made under varying, replicated conditions. In the course of the investigations, more than one million NONMEM analyses were performed on simulated data. Due to selection bias the use of SCM performed poorly when analysing small datasets or rare subgroups. In these situations, the lasso method in NONMEM performed better, was faster, and additionally validated the covariate model. Alternatively, the performance of SCM can be improved by propagating knowledge or incorporating information from previously analysed studies and by population optimal design.</p><p>A model was also developed on a physiological/mechanistic basis to fit data from three phase II/III studies on the investigational drug, tesaglitazar. This model described fasting glucose and insulin levels well, despite heterogeneous patient groups ranging from non-diabetic insulin resistant subjects to patients with advanced diabetes. The model predictions of beta-cell mass and insulin sensitivity were well in agreement with values in the literature.</p>
26

Covariate Model Building in Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models

Ribbing, Jakob January 2007 (has links)
Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models can be fitted using nonlinear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM). This is an efficient way of learning about drugs and diseases from data collected in clinical trials. Identifying covariates which explain differences between patients is important to discover patient subpopulations at risk of sub-therapeutic or toxic effects and for treatment individualization. Stepwise covariate modelling (SCM) is commonly used to this end. The aim of the current thesis work was to evaluate SCM and to develop alternative approaches. A further aim was to develop a mechanistic PK-PD model describing fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell mass. The lasso is a penalized estimation method performing covariate selection simultaneously to shrinkage estimation. The lasso was implemented within NONMEM as an alternative to SCM and is discussed in comparison with that method. Further, various ways of incorporating information and propagating knowledge from previous studies into an analysis were investigated. In order to compare the different approaches, investigations were made under varying, replicated conditions. In the course of the investigations, more than one million NONMEM analyses were performed on simulated data. Due to selection bias the use of SCM performed poorly when analysing small datasets or rare subgroups. In these situations, the lasso method in NONMEM performed better, was faster, and additionally validated the covariate model. Alternatively, the performance of SCM can be improved by propagating knowledge or incorporating information from previously analysed studies and by population optimal design. A model was also developed on a physiological/mechanistic basis to fit data from three phase II/III studies on the investigational drug, tesaglitazar. This model described fasting glucose and insulin levels well, despite heterogeneous patient groups ranging from non-diabetic insulin resistant subjects to patients with advanced diabetes. The model predictions of beta-cell mass and insulin sensitivity were well in agreement with values in the literature.
27

Role of EFNBs and EphB4 in T cell development and function

Jin, Wei 08 1900 (has links)
Eph kinases are the largest family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. The ligands of Ephs, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. Ephs interact with EFNs and the receptors and ligands transmit signals in both directions, i.e., from Ephs to EFNs and from EFNs to Ephs. Ephs and EFNs are widely involved in various developmental, physiological pathophysiological processes. Our group and others have reported the roles of Ephs/EFNs in the immune system. To further investigate the function of EphBs/EFNBs in T cell development and responses, we generated EFNB1, EFNB2, EphB4 conditional gene knockout (KO) mice and EFNB1/2 double KO mice. In the projects using EFNB1 and EFNB2 knockout mice, we specifically deleted EFNB1 or EFNB2 in T cells. The mice had normal size and cellularity of the thymus and spleen as well as normal T cell subpopulations in these organs. The bone marrow progenitors from KO mice and WT mice repopulated the host lymphoid organs to similar extents. The activation and proliferation of KO T cells was comparable to that of control mice. Naïve KO CD4 cells differentiated into Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells similar to naïve control CD4 cells. In EFNB2 KO mice, we observed a significant relative increase of CD4CD8 double negative thymocytes in the thymus. Flowcytometry analysis revealed that there was a moderate increase in the DN3 subpopulation in the thymus. This suggests that EFNB2 is involved in thymocyte development. Our results indicate that the functions of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in the T cell compartment could be compensated by each other or by other members of the EFN family, and that such redundancy safeguards the pivotal roles of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in T cell development and function. In the project using EFNB1/B2 double knockout (dKO) model, we revealed a novel regulatory function of EFNb1 and EFNb2 in stabilizing IL-7Rα expression on the T cell surface. IL-7 plays important roles in thymocyte development, T cell homeostasis and survival. IL-7Rα undergoes internalization upon IL-7 binding. In the dKO mice, we observed reduced IL-7Rα expression in thymocytes and T cells. Moreover, the IL-7Rα internalization was accelerated in dKO CD4 cells upon IL-7 stimulation. In T cell lymphoma cell line, EL4, over-expression of either EFNB1 or EFNB2 retarded the internalization of IL-7Rα. We further demonstrated compromised IL-7 signaling and homeostatic proliferation of dKO T cells. Mechanism study using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that physical interaction of EFNB1 and EFNB2 with IL-7Rα was likely responsible for the retarded IL-7Rα internalization. In the last project, using medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC)-specific EphB4 knockout mice, we investigated T cell development and function after EphB4 deletion in mTEC. EphB4 KO mice demonstrated normal thymic weight and cellularity. T cell development and function were not influenced by the EphB4 deletion. Lastly, the KO mice developed normal delayed type hypersensitivity. Overall, our results suggest that comprehensive cross interaction between Eph and EFN family members could compensate function of a given deleted member in the T cell development, and only simultaneous deletion of multiple EFNBs will reveal their true function in the immune system. In fact, such redundancy signifies vital roles of Ephs and EFNs in the immune system. / Kinases Eph est la plus grande famille de tyrosines kinases récepteurs Éphrines (EFN) est un ligand de Ephs. Eph et EFN sont toutes les molécules de surface cellulaire. L’interaction entre Ephs et EFNs permet de transmettre des signaux dans les deux directions (c.-à-d. partir de Ephs à EFNs, et de EFNs à Ephs.) Eph et EFNs sont largement impliqués dans divers processus développementaux, physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Notre groupe et d'autres groupes ont rapporté les rôles de Ephs / EFNs dans le système immunitaire. Pour approfondir la fonction de EphBs / EFNBs dans le développement des lymphocytes T et des réponses immunitaires, nous avons généré des souris EFNB1, EFNB2, et EphB4 knock-out conditionnel (KO) et des souris EFNB1 / 2 doubles KO. Dans les projets qui utilisent EFNB1 et EFNB2 comme souris knock-out, nous avons spécifiquement supprimé EFNB1 ou EFNB2 dans les cellules T. Les souris présentaient une taille normale, la cellularité du thymus et de la rate, ainsi que des sous-populations de cellules T étaient normales dans ces organes. Les progéniteurs de la moelle osseuse de souris KO et les souris WT ont repeuplé les organes lymphoïdes de l’hôte à des degrés similaires. L'activation et la prolifération des cellules KO T étaient comparables à celles des souris témoins. Les cellules CD4 naïves KO différenciées en Th1, Th2, Th17 et Treg étaient similaires aux cellules CD4 naïves de souris contrôle. Chez les souris KO EFNB2, nous avons observé une augmentation relative importante des thymocytes CD4CD8 : les double négatifs dans le thymus. L'analyse par cytométrie en flux a révélé qu'il y avait une augmentation modérée de la sous-population DN3 dans le thymus. Les résultats suggèrent qu’EFNB2 est impliqué dans le développement des thymocytes. Nos résultats indiquent que les fonctions de EFNB1 et EFNB2 dans le compartiment des cellules T pourraient être compensées entre eux ou par d'autres EFNB. La redondance des fonctions suggèrent le contrôle critique d’EFNB1 et EFNB2 dans le développement des cellules T. Dans le projet, en utilisant EFNB1/B2 (modèle double KO) (dKO), nous avons observé une fonction de régulation de EFNB1 et EFNB2. dans la stabilisation de l’expression l'IL-7R α , à la surface des cellules T, IL-7 joue un rôle important dans le développement des thymocytes, l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T , et leur survie. IL-7R α subit une internalisation i contraignante de IL-7. Chez les souris DKO, nous avons observé une perte d’expression de l’ IL-7Rα dans les thymocytes et les cellules T. En outre, l’ internalisation IL-7Rα a été accélérée dans les cellules CD4 dKO, suite à la stimulation IL-7. Dans la lignée cellulaire de lymphome T, EL4, la surexpression de EFNB1 ou EFNB2 retarde l'internalisation de l'IL-7Rα. Nous avons aussi démontré les signalisations compromises de l’ IL-7 et de la prolifération homéostatique des cellules T dKO. Les études du méchanisme qui utilisent la fluorescence de transfert d'énergie par résonance et immunoprécipitation ont montré que l'interaction physique de EFNB1 et EFNB2 avec IL-7R était probablement responsable du retard de l’ internalisation IL-7Rα. Dans le dernier projet, nous avons étudié le développement des cellules T et la fonction des cellules épithéliales médullaires du thymus (mTEC), chez les souris knock-out EphB4. Les souris KO EphB4 ont démontré un poids et une cellularité qui sont normaux. La fonction et le développement de cellules T ne sont pas influencés par la suppression de l’ EphB4. Enfin, les souris KO ont développé une hypersensibilité de type retardée normale. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que l'interaction globale de croisement entre Eph et les membres de la famille EFN pourrir compenser la fonction d'un membre supprimé. Seule la suppression simultanée de plusieurs EFNBs va révéler leur vraie fonction dans le système immunitaire. En fait, une telle redondance montre les rôles vitaux d’Ephs et EFNS dans le système immunitaire.
28

The effect of time-restricted feeding on glycemic biomarkers : A literature study

Pedersen, Henrik Bo January 2020 (has links)
Background: The prevalence of diabetes and obesity has been on the rise for many years and the search for new and effective dietetic solutions aiming at reducing calories, reducing body mass and improving diabetes has been ongoing. Currently, the intermittent fasting diet - the practice of alternating periods of eating and fasting - is gaining popularity. One of them is Time-restricted feeding (TRF), which time-limits energy intake within a defined window of time up to 10 hours per day without necessarily altering diet quality or quantity. A reduction in calorie intake, bodyweight, blood pressure, oxidative stress, inflammation biomarkers and triglycerides are evident with TRF studies conducted so far. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to investigate the effects of time-restricted feeding on glycemic biomarkers in human studies. Methods: A literature study is conducted with six chosen experimental studies which are primarily randomized controlled trials or randomized crossover trials with a TRF window of maximum 10 hours per day and predominantly with participants with overweight/obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Results: Compared to either baseline and/or control group, fasting glucose was reduced in 3 out of 6 TRF studies, while fasting insulin was reduced in 3 out of 5 TRF studies and HbA1C was decreased in 1 out of 2 TRF studies. For postprandial response, 1 out of 2 TRF studies found a reduction in glucose and likewise for insulin. Mean glucose levels were reduced in 1 out of 3 TRF studies. Insulin resistance was reduced in 3 out of 4 TRF studies while insulin sensitivity was reduced in the one study measuring this. Beta cell function improved in 2 out of 2 TRF studies compared to the control group or baseline. Conclusion: There are indications that TRF has an effect on glycemic biomarkers and thus potentially being able to reduce the risk and/or improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes. But in order to give a more definite answer more studies need to be conducted. In general, these studies should preferably have more participants and be methodologically stronger when it e.g. comes to the control of the dietary regimen.
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Characterization of the impact of senescent fibroblasts on the adenosine pathway in human NK cells

Saavedra-Tovar, Paola 01 1900 (has links)
Les fonctions immunitaires déclinent au cours du vieillissement, un phénomène qui pourrait être lié à l'accumulation de cellules sénescentes dans les tissus. La sénescence est un état irréversible d'arrêt de croissance qui s'engage principalement en réponse à des dommages irréparables de l'ADN. Les cellules sénescentes ont un phénotype sécrétoire pro-inflammatoire (SASP) qui affecte les tissus voisins. CD73 est une enzyme qui travaille en collaboration avec CD39 pour produire de l’adénosine à partir d‘adénosine triphosphate (ATP). Il a été démontré que des concentrations plus élevées d'adénosine dans un microenvironnement tumoral nuisent aux fonctions des cellules immunitaires. L'objectif de ce projet est de déterminer si les fibroblastes sénescents ont la capacité d'induire l'expression de CD39/CD73 à la surface des cellules tueuses naturelles (NK) et d'inhiber la réponse immunitaire antitumorale. Nos résultats montrent que les cellules NK-92, NKAES (cellules tueuses naturelles amplifiées) et les cellules NK primaires expriment des niveaux plus élevés de CD39/CD73 lorsqu'elles sont cultivées avec des fibroblastes sénescents. De plus, nous avons observé que le marqueur CD73 est aussi augmenté dans les fibroblastes sénescents. L'augmentation était cependant plus prononcée lorsque la sénescence était induite en raison de la surexpression de l’oncogène hRASv12 plutôt que suite à l'exposition à des radiations ionisantes. En outre, la cytotoxicité des cellules NK diminue lorsque celles-ci sont exposées à un environnement sénescent et lorsqu'on traite les cellules avec 2-Chloro Adénosine (CADO), un analogue de l'adénosine. Nous supposons que l'augmentation de l'expression de CD39/CD73 conduira à une production accrue d'adenosine, créant ainsi un environnement immunosuppressif. La caractérisation de l'impact de la sénescence cellulaire sur les fonctions des cellules NK pourrait donner un aperçu du développement de stratégies visant à augmenter la capacité du système immunitaire à éliminer les cellules tumorales, améliorant potentiellement les résultats du traitement du cancer. / Immune functions decline during aging, a phenomenon that may be linked to the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues. Senescence is an irreversible state of cell growth arrest often in response to irreparable DNA damage. Senescent cells have a proinflammatory secretory phenotype (SASP) that affects nearby tissues. CD73 is an enzyme that works in collaboration with CD39 to produce adenosine from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Higher concentrations of adenosine in a tumor microenvironment were shown to impair immune cell functions. The objective of this project is to determine whether senescent fibroblasts have the ability to induce CD39/CD73 expression at the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and inhibit the antitumoral immune response. Our results show that NK-92, NKAES and primary NK cells express higher levels of CD39/CD73 when grown in co-culture with senescent fibroblasts. Similarly, we also observed that the CD73 marker is increased in senescent fibroblasts. The effect was, however, more pronounced when fibroblasts were induced to senesce because of the overexpression of oncogenic hRASv12 compared to when induced to senesce following exposure to ionizing radiation. In addition, the cytotoxicity of NK cells decreases when NK cells are exposed to a senescent environment and when treated with 2- Chloroadenosine (CADO), an analog of adenosine. We hypothesize that increased CD39/CD73 expression will lead to an increased production of adenosine creating an immunosuppressive environment. Characterization of the impact of cellular senescence on the function of NK cells could provide insights into the development of strategies to increase the ability of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells, potentially improving cancer treatment outcomes.
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Corona Virus 229E, NL63 And OC43 Infection Of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells: Modulation of Immune Effector Function

Lister, Erin 10 1900 (has links)
<p> Virus-induced modulation of dendritic cell function is thought to be an effective mechanism for viral-immune evasion. The severe-acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been shown to infected human myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) and directly modulate the cellular cytokine production. The ability of other human coronaviruses to infect MDCs and impair cell immune function has not been assessed. </p> <p> This thesis describes the infection of human MDCs with coronavirus 229E, NL63, and OC43. 229E showed productive, but limited genomic replication, nucleocapsid protein synthesis and infectious progeny release in MDCs. 229E infection stimulated IFN-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 production in MDCs, but little to no IL-12, TNF-α, IL-8, IP-10, or RANTES . 229E-infected MDCs showed poor CD80 expression, down-regulated CD86 and HLA-DR expression and were poor stimulators of CD4+ T cell proliferation. In contrast to 229E, OC43 showed persistent and productive genomic replication, nucleocapsid protein synthesis and infectious progeny release in MDCs. OC43 infection stimulated IFN-α, IL-12, IP-10 and MCP-1 production in MDCs, but little to no TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 or RANTES . The up-regulation of maturation molecules and CD4+ T cell stimulatory capacity in OC43-infected MDCs was donor cell-dependent. In contrast to 229E and OC43, NL63 infection of MDCs was non-productive, showing no viral genomic replication, protein production or infectious progeny release. NL63 infection stimulated strong cytokine (IFN-α, IL-12, TNF-β and IL-6) and chemokine (IL-8, IP-10, RANTES and MCP-1) responses in MDCs. NL63-infected MDCs showed up-regulated CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR expression and were efficient stimulators of CD4+ T cell proliferation. </p> <p> This study provides the first evidence that human coronaviruses other than SARSCo V can abrogate MDC immune effector function. It also provides the first side-by-side comparison of 229E, NL63 and OC43 and identifies the potential of 229E and OC43 to impair MDC cytokine production and T cell stimulation as a mechanism of immune response evasion. <p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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