No / Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated degradation of the extracellular matrix is a major factor for tumor development and expansion. This study analysed MMP-10 protein expression and activity in human lung tumors of various grade, stage, and type to address the relationship between MMP-10 and tumor characteristics and to evaluate MMP-10 as a therapeutic target in non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Unlike the majority of MMPs, MMP-10 was located in the tumor mass as opposed to tumor stroma. MMP-10 protein was observed at low levels in normal human lung tissues and at significantly higher levels in all types of NSCLC. No correlation was observed between MMP-10 protein expression and tumor type, stage, or lymph node invasion. To discriminate between active and inactive forms of MMP-10 in samples of human NSCLC, we have developed an ex vivo fluorescent assay. Measurable MMP-10 activity was detected in 42 of 50 specimens of lung cancer and only 2 of 10 specimens of histologically normal lung tissue. No relationship was observed between MMP-10 activity levels and clinicopathologic characteristics. Our results suggest that MMP-10 is expressed and active at high levels in human NSCLC compared to normal lung tissues, and, as such, is a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics for lung cancer treatment.

No / Keratinocyte traction forces play a crucial role in wound healing. The aim of this study was to develop a novel cell traction force (CTF) transducer system based on cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (LC). Keratinocytes cultured on LC induced linear and isolated deformation lines in the LC surface. As suggested by the fluorescence staining, the deformation lines appeared to correlate with the forces generated by the contraction of circumferential actin filaments which were transmitted to the LC surface via the focal adhesions. Due to the linear viscoelastic behavior of the LC, Hooke's equation was used to quantify the CTFs by associating Young's modulus of LC to the cell induced stresses and biaxial strain in forming the LC deformation. Young's modulus of the LC was profiled by using spherical indentation and determined at approximately 87.1+/-17.2kPa. A new technique involving cytochalasin-B treatment was used to disrupt the intracellular force generating actin fibers, and consequently the biaxial strain in the LC induced by the cells was determined. Due to the improved sensitivity and spatial resolution ( approximately 1mum) of the LC based CTF transducer, a wide range of CTFs was determined (10-120nN). These were found to be linearly proportional to the length of the deformations. The linear relationship of CTF-deformations was then applied in a bespoke CTF mapping software to estimate CTFs and to map CTF fields. The generated CTF map highlighted distinct distributions and different magnitude of CTFs were revealed for polarized and non-polarized keratinocytes.

No / Dystroglycan is frequently lost in adenocarcinoma, but the mechanisms and consequences are poorly understood. We report an analysis of beta-dystroglycan in prostate cancer in human tissue samples and in LNCaP cells in vitro. There is progressive loss of beta-dystroglycan immunoreactivity from basal and lateral surfaces of prostate epithelia which correlates significantly with increasing Gleason grade. In about half of matched bone metastases there is significant dystroglycan re-expression. In tumour tissue and in LNCaP cells there is also a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent translocation of beta-dystroglycan to the nucleus. Analysis of gene expression data by microarray, reveals that nuclear targeting of beta-dystroglycan in LNCaP cells alters the transcription of relatively few genes, the most unregulated being the transcription factor ETV1. These data suggest that proteolysis, tyrosine phosphorylation and translocation of dystroglycan to the nucleus resulting in altered gene transcription could be important mechanisms in the progression of prostate cancer.

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) reside in the enteric tract as a commensal reservoir, but can transition to a pathogenic state by invading normally sterile niches, establishing infection and disseminating to invasive sites like the bloodstream. Macrophages are required for ExPEC dissemination, suggesting the pathogen has developed mechanisms to persist within professional phagocytes. Here, we report that FimX, an ExPEC-associated DNA invertase that regulates the major virulence factor type 1 pili (T1P), is also an epigenetic regulator of a LuxR-like response regulator HyxR. FimX regulated hyxR expression through bidirectional phase inversion of its promoter region at sites different from the type 1 pili promoter and independent of integration host factor (IHF). In vitro, transition from high to low HyxR expression produced enhanced tolerance of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs), primarily through de-repression of hmpA, encoding a nitric oxide-detoxifying flavohaemoglobin. However, in the macrophage, HyxR produced large effects on intracellular survival in the presence and absence of RNI and independent of Hmp. Collectively, we have shown that the ability of ExPEC to survive in macrophages is contingent upon the proper transition from high to low HyxR expression through epigenetic regulatory control by FimX. / Dissertation

The generation of recombinant antibodies (Abs) using phage display is a proven method to obtain a large variety of Abs that bind with high affinity to a given antigen. Traditionally, the generation of single-chain Abs depends on the use of recombinant proteins in several stages of the procedure. This can be a problem, especially in the case of cell-surface receptors, because Abs generated and selected against recombinant proteins may not bind the same protein expressed on a cell surface in its native form and because the expression of some receptors as recombinant proteins is problematic. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a strategy to generate single-chain Abs that does not require the use of recombinant protein at any stage of the procedure. In this strategy, stably transfected cells are used for the immunization of mice, measuring Ab responses to immunization, panning the phage library, high-throughput screening of arrayed phage clones, and characterization of recombinant single-chain variable regions. This strategy was used to generate a panel of single-chain Abs specific for the innate immunity receptor Toll-like receptor 2. Once generated, individual single-chain variable regions were subcloned into an expression vector allowing the production of recombinant Abs in insect cells, thus avoiding the contamination of recombinant Abs with microbial products. This cell-based system efficiently generates Abs that bind to native molecules on the cell surface, bypasses the requirement of recombinant protein production, and avoids risks of microbial component contamination. / Dissertation

Les cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) sont porteuses de grands espoirs en recherche biomédicale dans le but d’apporter un traitement définitif à l’ostéoarthrose. Parce que certaines articulations des chevaux sont similaires à celles des humains, cet animal représente un modèle important dans l’évaluation de stratégies de régénération du cartilage. Cependant, pour expérimenter un traitement par les cellules ES chez le cheval, des cellules ES équines (eES) n’ont toujours pas pu être dérivées. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette étude est de dériver des lignées de cellules eES. Le premier objectif de notre étude consiste à optimiser la technique de dérivation des cellules eES. Nous démontrons que la lignée de cellules nourricières et le stade de développement des embryons influencent l’efficacité de la technique de dérivation tandis que l’inhibition de voies de signalisation menant à la différenciation des cellules ES ne l’influence pas sous nos conditions. Le deuxième objectif de notre étude est de caractériser de façon plus approfondie les lignées de cellules eES obtenues. Nous démontrons que les cellules eES dérivées expriment autant des marqueurs associés aux cellules pluripotentes qu’aux cellules différenciées et que l’inhibition de voies de signalisation menant à la différenciation n’influence pas l’expression de ces marqueurs. Pour conclure, nous confirmons avoir dérivé des lignées de cellules semblables au cellules eES (eES-like) ne correspondant pas complètement aux critères des cellules ES. / Embryonic stem (ES) cells carry high hopes for biomedical research in order to provide definitive treatment for osteoarthritis. The horse is considered to be an important animal model for examining osteoarthritis treatments. However, despite almost thirty years of research, authentic equine ES (eES) cells have not yet been derived. In this context, the main objective of this study was to derive eES cell lines. The first objective of our study was to optimize the technique for deriving eES cells. We show that different feeder cell lines and embryo development stages influence the effectiveness of this technique while the use of cell signalling inhibitors does not influence eES cell derivation. The second objective was to characterize markers of pluripotency and differentiation in eES cell lines by RT-PCR. We demonstrate that the eES cells express both markers associated with pluripotent cells and differentiated cells and that the presence of cell signalling inhibitors in the culture medium does not influence the expression of these markers. In conclusion, we confirm having derived eES-like cells but these do not meet all the molecular criteria of authentic ES cells.

L'extraction par CO2 supercritique démontre les avantages d'un procédé de chimie verte en comparant ce procédé à la méthode d'extraction par solvant organiques et en tenant compte du degré de toxicité et de pollution du solvant. L'extraction par solvants organiques met en évidence l'influence du solvant d'extraction alors que l'extraction par CO2-SC met en évidence l'influence de différents paramètres dont la pression, la température, le temps de contact entre la matrice végétale et le CO2-SC, le diamètre moyen des particules et l'ajout d'un co-solvant. L'analyse chromatographique a permis d'identifier et de quantifier les flavonolignanes (silychristine, silydianine, silybine, taxifoline) dans les extraits de graines obtenus par solvants organiques et par CO2-SC avec co-solvant. A 220 bar, les concentrations en silydianine (38,87 mg/g) et en silybine (45,91mg/g) sont les plus élevés et à 40°C les concentrations en silychristine (31,97mg/g), en silydianine (38,87 mg/g) et en silybine (45,91mg/g) sont les plus importantes. Les extraits huileux obtenus à 220 bar et à 40°C des graines de Silybum marianum sont riches en acides gras : acide linoléique (65,22%), acide oléique (27,01%), acide palmitique (12,12%). L'activité antioxydante a été évaluée par deux tests : test DPPH et test ABTS. Ces deux tests sont complémentaires et ont permis de conclure que l'extrait ayant un effet antioxydant le plus important est l'extrait obtenu par CO2-SC à 220 bar et à 40°C. L'activité biologique de cet extrait est mise en évidence par rapport à une lignée cellulaire cancéreuse du colon Caco-2. La silychristine, la silydianine et la silybine ainsi que l'extrait obtenu par CO2-SC avec co-solvant (éthanol) à 220 bar et à 40°C ont été testés vis à vis de cette lignée cancéreuse. Ces expérimentations in vitro reflètent une activité cytotoxique quantifiable et une mortalité cellulaire des Caco-2 des flavonolignanes allant jusqu'à 71% / The supercritical CO2 extraction demonstrates the benefits of green chemistry process comparing with the method of organic solvents extraction and depending to toxicity and pollution solvent degree. Organic solvents extraction shows the solvent extraction influence, so that the SC-CO2 extraction highlights different parameters including pressure, temperature, contact time between the plant matrix and CO2 SC, the average particle diameter and the addition of a cosolvent. Chromatographic analysis identified and quantified four flavonolignans (silychristin, silydianin, silybin, taxifolin) in seed extracts obtained by organic solvents and SC-CO2 with cosolvent. At 220 bar, silydianin (38.87 mg / g) and silybin (45.91 mg / g) have highest concentrations and at 40°C silychristin (31.97 mg / g), silydianin (38.87 mg / g) and silybin (45.91 mg / g) have the most important concentrations. The oily extracts obtained at 220 bar and 40°C of Silybum marianum seeds are rich in fatty acids: linoleic acid (65.22%), oleic acid (27.01%), palmitic acid (12.12%). The antioxidant activity measured by two tests: DPPH and ABTS test. These two tests are complementary and confirm that the extract with the higher antioxidant effect is the extract obtained by SC-CO2 at 220 bar and 40°C. The biological activity of this extract is demonstrated with respect to a colon cancer cell line Caco-2. Silychristin, silydianin and silybin and the extract obtained by CO2-SC with co-solvent (ethanol) at 220 bar and 40°C were tested with respect to this line cancer. These experiments in vitro cytotoxic activity reflect estimable and cell death of Caco-2 flavonolignans of up to 71%

L'eczéma allergique de contact (EAC) est une pathologie inflammatoire cutanée de plus en plus fréquente. Il s’agit d’une sensibilisation vis-à-vis de substances chimiques, appelées haptènes, qui sont en contact répété avec la peau. A l’heure actuelle, le pouvoir sensibilisant d’une molécule est évalué principalement grâce à des modèles animaux. Cependant, dans un contexte européen exigeant le développement de méthodes alternatives, la compréhension et la reproduction in vitro des mécanismes de l’EAC permettent le développement de nouvelles stratégies. Le but de ce travail, réalisé sur des cellules dendritiques (DCs) et la lignée humaine U937, est de mettre en évidence les événements précoces de la signalisation intracellulaire à l’origine de l’activation des DCs induite par des allergènes, et notamment par le composé mercurique thimerosal. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que l’induction d’un stress oxydant par les allergènes est un mécanisme induit précocement. L’utilisation d’antioxydants montre que ce mécanisme participe de manière directe à l’initiation du processus d’activation des DCs (expression du CD86 et sécrétion d’IL-8) et de l’apoptose. Le stress oxydant, caractérisé par une production d’ERO associée à une chute du potentiel membranaire mitochondrial et une déplétion en glutathion intracellulaire, est un acteur majeur de la signalisation induite par les allergènes et notamment dans la réponse induite par le thimerosal et le DNCB. Plus particulièrement, ce travail démontre le rôle des groupements thiols dans l’initiation de la transduction du signal aboutissant à l’activation des DCs. Par ailleurs, une signalisation calcique, dépendante du stress oxydant, a également été mise en évidence en réponse aux allergènes. Ces résultats mettent en valeur l’importance de l’étude de la réactivité des allergènes vis-à-vis des groupements thiols et de la nécessité de tenir compte du potentiel oxydant (rédox) des haptènes ainsi que du métabolisme cellulaire dans la mise en place de modèles prédictifs in vitro. / Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) resulting from skin sensitization is a frequent inflammatory skin disease linked to the use of chemicals, called haptens. At this time, the sensitizing potential of a new chemical is evaluated on animal models. However, new European legislation requires alternative methods for skin sensitization. In this context, a better knowledge of ACD and the capacity to reproduce in vitro its mechanisms lead to the development of new alternative methods. The aim of this study performed with human dendritic cells (DCs) and the human cell line U937 was to determine the early events involved in dendritic cell activation induced by contact sensitizers and especially by the mercury compound thimerosal. Data show that oxidative stress induced by sensitizers is an early signaling event leading to DC activation (expression of CD86 and IL-8 release) and to apoptosis. Using antioxidants, our data show that oxidative stress, characterized by ROS production in correlation with the depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential and of intracellular glutathione, is a key player in signal transduction induced by sensitizers, especially in the response of DCs towards thimerosal and DNCB. More specifically, these studies demonstrate that thiol groups play a direct role in the initiating events leading to DC activation. In addition, calcium influx was detected in DCs exposed to sensitizers, in correlation with oxidative stress. These data highlight the great interest in the development of a hapten-protein binding assay based on thiol groups and the necessity to better understand the redox status of chemicals as well as cell metabolism for predicting skin sensitization.

Este estudo in vitro teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos moleculares do TGF-β1, com diferentes períodos de suplementação, sobre a formação do fenótipo osteogênico das células MC3T3-E1, comparando-os com células tratadas com AA+β-GP suplementados com Dex e/ou TGF-β1, sem e com a neutralização dos receptores de TGF-β1. A expressão gênica do próprio TGF-β1 e Smad3 foram analisadas, bem como, a diferenciação das células osteogênicas e a biomineralização. As células tratadas com TGF-β1 sem neutralização de receptores apresentam efeito inibitório nos estágios mais avançados da diferenciação dos osteoblastos e da biomineralização in vitro, mas expressarem alguns marcadores importantes envolvidos na mineralização. Observaram-se nódulos de mineral em todos os tratamentos das células que tiveram os receptores de TGF-β1 neutralizados, mas houve uma diminuição na expressão de alguns genes. Os resultados confirmam a complexidade da via de sinalização do TGF-β1, mostrando que existem lacunas para que seja entendido o mecanismo dessa molécula na biologia osteoblástica. / This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the molecular effects of TGF-β1, with different supplementation time periods on the establishment of MC3T3-E1 cells, comparing with cells treated with AA+β-GP supplemented with Dex and/or TGF-β1, without or with neutralization of TGF-β1 receptors. The gene expression of the TGF-β1 and Smad3 were analyzed, as well as the osteoblast differentiation and biomineralization. The cells treated with TGF-β1 without neutralization of receptors have had inhibitory effect on some important stages of osteoblast differentiation and biomineralization in vitro, but expressed some important mineralization markers. Mineral nodules were observed in all treatments of cells with their TGF-β1 receptors neutralized, but there was a decrease in the expression of some important genes. The results confirm the complexity of the pathway signaling of TGF-β1, showing that there are gaps for understand the mechanisms of this molecule in the biology of osteoblasts.

Introdução: O câncer de próstata (CaP) é o tumor sólido mais diagnosticado no homem atualmente, e a sexta ocorrência mais frequente de casos novos de neoplasia maligna no mundo, sendo a segunda causa de óbito por câncer. O câncer de bexiga (CaB) é a segunda neoplasia maligna mais comum e a segunda em causa de óbito entre os tumores genito-urinários. Mundialmente o CaB é responsável por aproximadamente 386.000 novos casos e 150.000 óbitos por ano. O conhecimento das alterações em processos celulares envolvidos na sua carcinogênese nos permite melhor compreensão da patogênese dessas neoplasias, subsidiando, assim, mais efetivamente, o planejamento de estratégias de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento. Micro RNA (miRNA) são pequenas sequências não codificantes de RNA que possuem grande papel no controle da expressão dos genes, inibindo a tradução da proteína ou promovendo a degradação do RNA mensageiro (RNAm). Os miRNA estão envolvidos em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos, incluindo o câncer, onde podem atuar como oncogenes (oncomiR) ou como supressores de tumor (tsmiR). Previamente demonstramos que níveis elevados de miR-100 estão relacionados a recidiva bioquímica pós-prostatectomia radical enquanto no carcinoma urotelial de bexiga de baixo grau ocorre subexpressão desse miRNA. Objetivo: O estudo pretende analisar o papel do miR-100 na regulação de seus supostos genes alvo SMARCA5, THAP2, BAZ2A, mTOR e FGFR3 em linhagens de CaB e CaP e sua relação com a proliferação, apoptose e ploidia de DNA Material e Métodos: As linhagens de CaB (RT4 e T24) e CaP (DU145 e PC3) foram transfectadas com pré-miR-100, antimiR-100 e seus respectivos controles negativos utilizando lipossomas. Após a transfecção o nível de expressão de RNAm e proteína dos genes alvos foi analisado pelas técnicas da cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qRT-PCR) e western blotting respectivamente. A proliferação celular, apoptose e instabilidade cromossômica foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: A transfecção de pré-miR 100, reduziu de modo significativo a expressão de RNAm dos genes mTOR(p=0,006), SMARCA5 (p=0,007) e BAZ2A (p=0,03) na linhagem RT4, mTOR (p=0,02) e SMARCA5 (p=0,01) na linhagem T24, mTOR (p=0,025), THAP2 (p=0,04), SMARCA5 (p=0,001) e BAZ2A (p=0,005) na linhagem DU145 e mTOR (p=0,01) na linhagem PC3. Quanto a expressão proteica houve diminuição global da expressão de todas as proteínas varável de 22,5% a 69% nas quatro linhagens estudadas. Na linhagem T24 miR-100 promoveu um aumento na proliferação e o antimiR-100 induziu a apoptose demonstrando o papel oncogênico desse miR no câncer de bexiga de alto grau. Na linhagem PC3, do mesmo modo, a exposição ao antimiR-100 promoveu um aumento de células em apoptose. Conclusões: Demonstramos que miR-100 controla a expressão gênica e proteica de seus genes alvos nas linhagens de CaP e CaB. Os genes mTOR e FGFR3 são proto-oncogenes envolvidos com o desenvolvimento e progressão de neoplasias, enquanto os genes BAZ2A, SMARCA5 e THAP2 estão relacionados a regulação da transcrição, estabilidade genômica e indução da apoptose. Desse modo podemos admitir que miR-100 tem um papel contraditório no câncer, podendo se comportar como um oncomiR ou como um tsmiR, o que o classificaria como um miRNA \"contexto dependente\". Demonstramos porém que miR-100 tem um papel oncogênico na linhagem T24 de carcinoma urotelial de alto grau de bexiga promovendo um aumento na proliferação e inibição da apoptose. Na linhagem PC3 também o papel oncogênico de miR-100 pode estar relacionado a inibição da apoptose. Dada a variação de ação dos miRNA nos diversos tecidos e estágios tumorais, a determinação do seu papel nos diversos tumores é fundamental pois existe a possibilidade de utiliza-los como marcadores diagnóstico, prognóstico e como alvos para terapias moleculares / Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor in men today, and the sixth most frequent occurrence of new cases of malignancy in the world, being the second cause of death by cancer in men. Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy and the second cause of death among genitourinary tumors. Globally BC is responsible for approximately 386.000 new cases and 150.000 deaths per year. The knowledge of cellular processes involved in carcinogenesis allows us to better understand the etiology and pathogenesis of these neoplasms, supporting thus more effectively, planning strategies for prevention and treatment. Micro RNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA sequences that have a large role in the control of gene expression by inhibiting protein translation or promoting the degradation of messenger RNA (RNAm). The miRNA are currently involved in various physiological and pathological cellular processes, including cancer where they can act as oncogenes (oncomiR) or tumor suppressors (tsmiR). Previously we demonstrated that high levels of miR-100 are associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy while in low-grade bladder urothelial carcinoma it is persistently underexpressed. Objective: The study aims to examine the role of miR-100 in the regulation of its supposed target genes SMARCA5, THAP2, BAZ2A, mTOR and FGFR3 in BC and PC cell lines and its relationship with proliferation, apoptosis and chromosomal instability. Material and Methods: The BC (RT4 and T24) and PC cell lines (DU145 and PC3) were transfected with pre-miR-100, antimiR-100 and their respective controls using liposomes. After transfection RNAm and protein levels of its supposed target genes were analyzed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and DNA ploidy were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: After transfection of pre-miR 100, there was a significant reduction in the RNAm expression of mTOR (p=0.006), SMARCA5 (p=0.007) and BAZ2A (p=0.03) in RT4, mTOR (p=0.02) and SMARCA5 (p=0.01) in T24, mTOR (p=0.025), THAP2 (p=0.04), SMARCA5 (p=0.001) and BAZ2A (p=0.005) in DU145 and mTOR (p=0.01) in PC3. There was a reduction in the expression of all proteins, variable from 22.5% to 69% in all cell lines. In T24 miR-100 promoted an increase in cell proliferation and antimiR-100 promoted apoptosis characterizing miR-100 as an oncomiR in this cell line representative of a right grade urothelial carcinoma. Also in PC3 antimiR-100 promoted an increase in apoptosis. Conclusions: We have shown that miR-100 controls the expression of gene and protein of its supposed target genes in PC and BC cell lines. mTOR and FGFR3 are proto-oncogenes related to the tumor development and progression, while BAZ2A, SMARCA5 and THAP2 are related to the DNA transcription regulation, chromossomic stability and apoptosis induction. We can conclude that miR-100 has a contradictory role in cancer, behaving as an oncomir or tsmiR depending the type and stage of a specific neoplasia, classifying it as a \"context depending\" miRNA. In T24 cell line however miR-100 acts as an oncomiR increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. In PC3 cell line miR-100 also acts as an oncomiR inhibiting apoptosis. Due to the variation of roles of miRNAs in different tissues and stage of tumors, the characterization of their role in neoplasm is very important because of the possibility to use them as diagnostic or prognostic markers, even as targets for the development of new drugs