The recent technology of single-cell RNA sequencing can be used to investigate molecular, transcriptional, changes in cells as they develop. I reviewed the literature on the technology, and made a large scale quantitative comparison of the different implementations of single cell RNA sequencing to identify their technical limitations. I investigate how to model transcriptional changes during cellular development. The general forms of expression changes with respect to development leads to nonparametric regression models, in the forms of Gaussian Processes. I used Gaussian process models to investigate expression patterns in early embryonic development, and compared the development of mice and humans. When using in vivo systems, ground truth time for each cell cannot be known. Only a snapshot of cells, all being in different stages of development can be obtained. In an experiment measuring the transcriptome of zebrafish blood precursor cells undergoing the development from hematopoietic stem cells to thrombocytes, I used a Gaussian Process Latent Variable model to align the cells according to the developmental trajectory. This way I could investigate which genes were driving the development, and characterise the different patterns of expression. With the latent variable strategy in mind, I designed an experiment to study a rare event of murine embryonic stem cells entering a state similar to very early embryos. The GPLVM can take advantage of the nonlinear expression patterns involved with this process. The results showed multiple activation events of genes as cells progress towards the rare state. An essential feature of cellular biology is that precursor cells can give rise to multiple types of progenitor cells through differentiation. In the immune system, naive T-helper cells differentiate to different sub-types depending on the infection. For an experiment where mice were infected by malaria, the T-helper cells develop into two cell types, Th1 and Tfh. I model this branching development using an Overlapping Mixture of Gaussian Processes, which let me identify both which cells belong to which branch, and learn which genes are involved with the different branches. Researchers have now started performing high-throughput experiments where spatial context of gene expression is recorded. Similar to how I identify temporal expression patterns, spatial expression patterns can be identified nonparametrically. To enable researchers to make use of this technique, I developed a very fast method to perform a statistical test for spatial dependence, and illustrate the result on multiple data sets.

While a great deal is known about the changing hormonal environment and the structural development of the mammary gland from pregnancy to lactation, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing differentiation of the mammary epithelium into a milk-secreting phenotype. It is important to acknowledge the diversity among the mammary glands of different species in order to better understand applications in human health and the dairy industry. In this study, we examined global protein expression during two states of differentiation in mammary epithelial cells from two species: in vitro proliferating and differentiated MAC-T cells (a bovine immortal cell-line), and primary mammary epithelial cells isolated from pregnant and lactating mice. When comparing the lists of proteins that differed in abundance in the two experiments, we observed many similarities in proteins related to structural dynamics and mRNA processing within these two mammary epithelial cell types. Intriguingly, we observed several differences in the regulation of metabolic proteins, highlighting the distinct pathways by which different species probably metabolize energy and synthesize milk components.

L'interférence à l'ARN (RNAi) est un mécanisme cellulaire connu pour inhiber l'expression de gènes avec une grande spécificité de séquence. Chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe, ce processus induit des modifications de structure de la chromatine et implique une interaction entre un ARN naissant et un petit ARN associé au complexe du RNAi, RITS (RNA-induced Initiation of Transcriptional gene Silencing). RITS cible les régions répétées et non codantes et joue un rôle essentiel dans l'intégrité de l'hétérochromatine de ces sites génomiques. Une étude a mis en évidence la présence de la sous-unité Argonaute 1 du complexe RITS, ainsi qu'une marque de l'hétérochromatine, la méthylation de la lysine 9 de l'histone H3 (H3K9me), au niveau de la chromatine de deux gènes méiotiques, mei4 et ssm4. Ceci suggérait une nouvelle fonction du RNAi dans la différenciation sexuelle. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai montré que la protéine de liaison à l'ARN Mmi1 (Meiotic mRNA interception protein 1), permet à RITS de s'associer spécifiquement à la chromatine et à l'ARN messager de ces gènes méiotiques. La protéine Mmi1 orchestre une répression post-transcriptionnelle de gènes méiotiques spécifiques, une activité de « silencing » essentielle au contrôle de la différenciation sexuelle. Nous avons mené une analyse de l'ensemble du transcriptome dans une souche déficiente pour Mmi1, ce qui nous a conduits à l'identification de nouveaux ARNm méiotiques ciblés directement par Mmi1 et le RNAi. Curieusement, la chromatine des gènes méiotiques correspondants ne présente pas systématiquement la marque épigénétique répressive H3K9me, ce qui suggère que le RNAi pourrait réprimer certains gènes codants seulement au niveau post-transcriptionnel. En parallèle, en combinant des techniques de génétique, de biologie moléculaire et de physiologie cellulaire, nous mettons en évidence un probable rôle direct du RNAi dans l'inhibition de la différenciation sexuelle. Nous proposons que le RNAi pourrait coopérer avec Mmi1 pour bloquer de manière efficace une partie du programme transcriptionnel méiotique durant le cycle végétatif. Cette régulation serait essentielle pour l'activation appropriée de ce programme au cours de la progression de la différenciation sexuelle. / RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular process known for inhibiting gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, this process induces modifications in chromatin structure and is assumed to involve an interaction between nascent transcripts and a small RNA contained in the RNAi complex, RITS (RNA-induced Initiation of Transcriptional gene Silencing). RITS targets repeated and non-coding regions, and is essential for heterochromatin integrity at these genomic sites. In one study, RITS complex subunit Argonaute 1, and a heterochromatin mark, methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me), were detected on chromatin of two meiotic genes, mei4 and ssm4. This finding suggested a possible new function for RNAi in sexual differentiation. During my PhD studies, I found that a RNA-binding protein, Mmi1 (Meiotic mRNA interception protein 1), enables RITS to specifically associate with the chromatin and messenger RNAs of these meiotic genes. Mmi1 protein triggers a post-transcriptional repression of specific meiotic genes, a silencing activity essential for the control of sexual differentiation. We conducted a genome wide transcriptomic analysis from a mmi1Δ strain, and uncovered additional meiotic mRNAs that are directly targeted by both Mmi1 and RNAi. Intriguingly, chromatin of the corresponding meiotic genes does not necessarily display the repressive epigenetic mark H3K9me, suggesting that RNAi might silence some protein-coding genes only at a post-transcriptional level. In parallel, combining genetic, molecular biology and physiological techniques, we highlighted a potentially direct role for RNAi in the inhibition of sexual differentiation. We propose that RNAi cooperates with Mmi1 to efficiently block expression of the early meiotic transcriptional programme during vegetative growth. This regulation might be essential for the proper timing of activation of this programme during sexual differentiation progression.

Os receptores purinérgicos são divididos em receptores P1 e P2 de acordo com o seu agonista endógeno, os receptores metabotrópicos P1 são ativados por adenosina, enquanto os metabotrópicos P2Y e ionotrópicos P2X são estimulados através do ATP e outros nucleotídeos. Além de sua função bem estabelecida na neurotransmissão, a sinalização purinérgica tem despertado crescente interesse científico devido à sua importância nas funções no metabolismo celular, incluindo os processos de desenvolvimento embrionário e reparação de tecidos. Isso ocorre especialmente no sistema nervoso central, onde eles controlam a proliferação, diferenciação, apoptose e a liberação de fatores neurotróficos. Nesse trabalho nós focamos nas ações sinérgicas entre a sinalização purinérgica e o fator de crescimento de nervos (NGF), tendo em vista três formas conhecidas de interação entre o NGF e os receptores purinérgicos, a potencialização dos efeitos do NGF através de uma ligação cruzada entre as vias, a regulação da expressão dos receptores purinérgicos pelo NGF e regulação da liberação de NGF pela adenosina. Com o objetivo de investigar estes processos sinérgicos na regulação da proliferação, migração e determinação fenotípica, células precursoras neurais foram obtidas do telencéfalo de embriões de rato e cultivadas na forma de neuroesferas, sendo então submetidas a tratamentos com agonistas e antagonistas dos receptores purinérgicos, em associação com o NGF, ao longo da diferenciação. Os efeitos desses tratamentos foram analisados por citometria de fluxo. Nós mostramos que o NGF age sobre as células aumentando a proliferação, migração e população de células indiferenciadas e diminuindo a apoptose. A ativação dos receptores P1 levou à diminuição da gliogênese e ao aumento da proliferação e da migração. A estimulação de receptores P2 resultou em aumento da proliferação e redução da taxa de apoptose. Os receptores purinérgicos potenciaram a proliferação mediada por NGF, resultando assim num aumento da população de células indiferenciadas. Neste último efeito percebemos a participação do receptor P2Y2 na sinergia. Os resultados aqui apresentados revelam novos mecanismos para a interação entre o NGF e a sinalização purinérgica na biologia de células tronco neurais / Purinergic receptors are divided into P1 and P2 receptors according to agonist selectivity, G-protein- coupled P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X subtypes are stimulated by ATP and other nucleotides. In addition to its well-established function in neurotransmission, purinergic signaling has raised increasing scientific interest due to its importance in essential cellular functions and metabolism including embryonic developmental processes and tissue repair, specially in the central nervous system, where they control proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and the release of neurotrophic factors. Here we focus on synergistic actions between purinergic P1 and P2 receptor-mediated signaling and the nerve growth factor (NGF), in view of three recognized forms of interaction between NGF and purinergic signaling, the potencialization of NGF-mediated effects through a crosstalk, the regulation of purinergic receptor expression by NGF and the regulation of NGF release by adenosine. With the objective to investigate such synergistic processes in regulating proliferation, neural migration and phenotype determination, neurospheres obtained as proliferating neural stem and progenitor from rat embryonic telencephalon were subjected to treatments with purinergic receptor agonists and antagonists in association with NGF along differentiation. Effects of these treatments were analyzed by flow cytometry. We show that NGF acted on cells by increasing the population of undifferentiated cells, proliferation, migration and reducing apoptosis. P1 receptor activation led to decreased gliogenesis, increased proliferation and migration. Stimulation of P2 receptors resulted in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis rates. Purinergic receptors potentiated NGF-mediated proliferation, thereby resulting in increased population of undifferentiated cells, in this latter effect, the P2Y2 receptor subtype participated in synergistic processes. The herein presented results reveal novel mechanisms for the interaction of NGF and purinergic signaling in neural stem cell biology

The development of the nervous system is a multi-level, time-sensitive process that relies heavily on cell differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms that control brain development remain poorly understood. We generated a knockout (KO) mouse for the cilia associated gene Spag17. These animals develop hydrocephalus and enlarged ventricles consistent with the role of Spag17 in the motility of ependymal cilia. However, other phenotypes that cannot be explained by this role were also present. Recently, a mutation in Spag17 has been associated with brain malformations and severe intellectual disability in humans. Therefore, we hypothesized that Spag17 plays a crucial role in nervous system development. To investigate this possibility, we first characterized the spatiotemporal expression of Spag17 in the developing brain by using Beta-galactosidase staining and immunohistochemistry. Results showed Spag17 expression in the spinal cord in embryonic E11. By E11.5-12.5 the expression extends to the rhombic lip from the developing hindbrain, as well as to the forebrain and midbrain regions. E14.5-15.5 embryos exhibit an intense expression in the developing ventricles as well as the cerebellum. From E17.5 to birth (P0), the gene is more broadly expressed. We then used a global Spag17 KO mouse model to characterize the function of Spag17 during brain development. Immunohistochemical studies performed in brain sections from E15.5 and P0 time points showed increased expression of the neural progenitor marker Nestin, and reduced expression of mature neuron marker NeuN, increasing positive trend with the young neuron marker Tuj1. Altogether, these findings reveal that Spag17 has a unique spatiotemporal distribution and may be critical for the maturation of neural progenitor cells.

RUNX2 belongs to the RUNT domain family of transcription factors of which three have been identified in humans (RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3). RUNX proteins are vital for metazoan development and participate in the regulation of cellular differentiation and cell cycle progression (Coffman, 2003). RUNX2 is required for proper bone formation by driving the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal progenitors during development (Ducy et al, 1997; Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). RUNX2 is also vital for chondrocyte maturation by promoting the differentiation of chondrocytes to the hypertrophic phenotype (Enomoto et al, 2000). The consequences of completely disrupting the RUNX2 locus in mice provided compelling and conclusive evidence for the biological importance of RUNX2 where knockout mice died shortly after birth with a complete lack of bone formation (Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). A further indication of the requisite role of RUNX2 in skeletal development was the discovery that RUNX2 haploinsufficiency in humans and mice caused the skeletal syndrome Cleidocranial Dysplasia (CCD) (Mundlos et al, 1997; Lee et al, 1997). A unique feature of RUNX2 is the consecutive polyglutamine and polyalanine tracts (Q/A domain). Mutations causing CCD have been observed in the Q/A domain of RUNX2 (Mundlos et al, 1997). The Q/A domain is an essential part of RUNX2 and participates in transactivation function (Thirunavukkarasu et al, 1998). Previous genotyping studies conducted in our laboratory identified several rare RUNX2 Q/A variants in addition to a frequently occurring 18 base pair deletion of the polyalanine tract termed the 11Ala allele. Analysis of serum parameters in 78 Osteoarthritis patients revealed the 11Ala allele was associated with significantly decreased osteocalcin. Furthermore, analysis of 11Ala allele frequencies within a Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS) fracture cohort and an appropriate age matched control group revealed the 11Ala allele was significantly overrepresented in fracture cases indicating an association with increased fracture risk. To further investigate the 11Ala allele and rare Q/A variants, 747 DNA samples from the Southeast Queensland bone study were genotyped using PCR and PAGE. The experiment served two purposes: 1) to detect additional rare Q/A variants to enrich the population of already identified mutants and 2) have an independent assessment of the effect of the 11Ala allele on fracture to either support or refute our previous observation which indicated the 11Ala allele was associated with an increased risk of fracture in the GOS. From the 747 samples genotyped, 665 were WT, 76 were heterozygous for the 11Ala allele, 5 were homozygous for the 11Ala allele and 1 was heterozygous for a rare 21 bp deletion of the polyglutamine tract. Chi-square analysis of RUNX2 genotype distributions within fracture and non-fracture groups in the Southeast Queensland bone study revealed that individuals that carried at least one copy of the 11Ala allele were enriched in the fracture group (p = 0.16, OR = 1.712). The OR of 1.712 was of similar magnitude to the OR observed in the GOS case-control investigation (OR = 1.9) providing support for the original study. Monte-Carlo simulations were used to combine the results from the GOS and the Southeast Queensland bone study. The simulations were conducted with 10000 iterations and demonstrated that the maximum probability of obtaining both study results by chance was less than 5 times in two hundred (p < 0.025) suggesting that the 11Ala allele of RUNX2 was associated with an increased fracture risk. The second element of the research involved the analysis of rare RUNX2 Q/A variants identified from multiple epidemiological studies of bone. Q/A repeat variants were derived from four populations: the GOS, an Aberdeen cohort, CAIFOS and a Sydney twin study. Collectively, a total of 20 rare glutamine and one alanine variants were identified from 4361 subjects. All RUNX2 Q/A variants were heterozygous for a mutant allele and a wild type allele. Analysis of incident fracture during a five year follow up period in the CAIFOS revealed that Q-variants (n = 8) were significantly more likely to have fractured compared to non-carriers (p = 0.026, OR 4.932 95% CI 1.2 to 20.1). Bone density data as measured by quantitative ultrasound was available for CAIFOS. Analysis of BUA and SOS Z-scores revealed that Q-repeat variants had significantly lower BUA (p = 0.031, mean Z-score of -0.79) and a trend for lower SOS (p = 0.190, mean Z-score of -0.69). BMD data was available for all four populations. To normalize the data across the four studies, FN BMD data was converted into Z-scores and the effect of the Q/A variants on BMD was analysed using a one sample approach. The analysis revealed Q/A variants had significantly lower FN BMD (p = 0.0003) presenting with a 0.65 SD decrease. Quantitative transactivation analysis was conducted on RUNX2 proteins harbouring rare glutamine mutations and the 11Ala allele. RUNX2 proteins containing a glutamine deletion (16Q), a glutamine insertion (30Q) and the 11Ala allele were overexpressed in NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells and their ability to transactivate a known target promoter was assessed. The 16Q and 30Q had significantly decreased reporter activity compared to WT in NIH3T3 cells (p = 0.002 and 0.016, for 16Q and 30Q, respectively). In contrast 11Ala RUNX2 did not show significantly different promoter activation potential (p = 0.54). Similar results were obtained in HEK293 cells where both the 16Q and 30Q RUNX2 displayed decreased reporter activity (p=0.007 and 0.066 for 16Q and 30Q respectively) whereas the 11Ala allele had no material effect on RUNX2 function (p = 0.20). The RUNX2 gene target reporter assay provided evidence to suggest that variation within the glutamine tract of RUNX2 was capable of altering the ability of RUNX2 to activate a known target promoter. In contrast, the 11Ala allele showed no variation in RUNX2 activity. The third feature of the research served the purpose of identifying potential RUNX2 gene targets with particular emphasis on discovering genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and the powerful bone promoting agent BMP2. The experiment was conducted by creating stably transfected NIH3T3 cells lines overexpressing RUNX2 or BMP2 or both RUNX2 and BMP2. Microarray analysis revealed very few genes were differentially regulated between standard NIH3T3 cells and cells overexpressing RUNX2. The results were confirmed via RT-PCR analysis which demonstrated that the known RUNX2 gene targets Osteocalcin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 were modestly induced 2.5 fold (p = 0.00017) and 2.1 fold (p = 0.002) respectively in addition to identifying only two genes (IGF-II and SCYA11) that were differentially regulated greater than 10 fold. IGF-II and SYCA11 were significantly down-regulated 27.6 fold (p = 1.95 x 10-6) and 10.1 fold (p = 0.0002) respectively. The results provided support for the notion that RUNX2 on its own was not sufficient for optimal gene expression and required the presence of additional factors. To discover genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and BMP2, microarray gene expression analysis was performed on standard NIH3T3 cells and NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with both RUNX2 and BMP2. Comparison of the gene expression profiles revealed the presence of a large number of differentially regulated genes. Four genes EHOX, CCL9, CSF2 and OSF-1 were chosen to be further characterized via RT-PCR. Sequential RT-PCR analysis on cDNA derived from control cells and cells stably transfected with either RUNX2, BMP2 or both RUNX2/BMP2 revealed that EHOX and CSF2 were cooperatively induced by RUNX2 and BMP2 whereas CCL9 and OSF-1 were suppressed by BMP2. The overexpression of both RUNX2 and BMP2 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts provided a powerful model upon which to discover potential RUNX2 gene targets and also identify genes synergistically regulated by BMP2 and RUNX2. The fourth element of the research investigated the role of RUNX2 in the ascorbic acid mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA. The study was carried out using NIH3T3 cell lines stably transfected with BMP2, RUNX2 and both BMP2 and RUNX2. The cell lines were grown to confluence and subsequently cultured for a further 12 days in standard media or in media supplemented with AA. RT-PCR analysis was used to assess MMP-13 mRNA expression. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that AA was not sufficient for inducing MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. In contrast RUNX2 significantly induced MMP-13 levels 85 fold in the absence of AA (p = 0.0055) and upregulated MMP-13 mRNA levels 254 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0017). The results demonstrated that RUNX2 was essential for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. The effect of BMP2 on MMP-13 expression was also investigated. BMP2 induced MMP-13 mRNA transcripts a modest 3.8 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0027). When both RUNX2 and BMP2 were overexpressed in the presence of AA, MMP-13 mRNA levels were induced a massive 4026 fold (p = 8.7 x 10-4) compared to control cells. The investigation revealed that RUNX2 was an essential factor for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 and that RUNX2 and BMP2 functionally cooperated to regulate MMP-13 mRNA levels.

Orientadores: IsciaTeresinha Lopes Cendes, Fábio Rossi Torres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avansini_SimoniHelena_M.pdf: 4063977 bytes, checksum: fd585dcd7befa8b76aa15db5e445d1d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A displasia cortical focal (DCF) é uma malformação do córtex cerebral humano que ocorre na fase de proliferação e diferenciação neuronal e está frequentemente associada com a refratariedade das crises epilépticas. É designada como um espectro de anormalidades da estrutura laminar do córtex, associada com características citopatológicas que incluem neurônios gigantes, dismórficos e células em balão e, sua etiologia é pouco conhecida. Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de RNAs de fita simples não codificadores de proteínas que regulam a expressão gênica pós-transcricional. Há evidências que indicam que eles estão envolvidos em importantes processos do sistema nervoso e que os mesmos podem ter um papel nas DCF. A elucidação das vias moleculares desta malformação pode permitir uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes e levar a novas estratégias de tratamento, melhora na conduta clínica e identificação de novos alvos terapêuticos, bem como a descoberta de biomarcadores que possam ser associados ao diagnóstico, prognóstico e resposta ao tratamento. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o padrão de expressão dos miRNAs em tecidos com DCF obtidos através de cirurgia para o controle de crises refratárias, verificar os prováveis genes alvos para esses miRNAs diferencialmente expressos e comparar a assinatura molecular baseada nos miRNAs em tipos distintos de DCF do tipo 2. Foi utilizado para isso o RNA total de 17 pacientes com DCF e de 20 controles oriundos de autópsia. Os experimentos de microarranjos de miRNAs revelaram 39 miRNAs diferencialmente hipoexpressos e um miRNA hiperexpresso. Utilizouse a técnica de qPCR para validação desses miRNAs e foi possível identificar uma diferença na expressão de três miRNAs: hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-34a e hsa-let-7f em pacientes com DCF tipo 2 em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, o hsa-miR-31 foi identificado como um possível biomarcador para o subtipo 2b de DCF. Na busca por genes alvos foi encontrado hiperexpresso o NEUROG2. Também foi verificada a desregulação do gene DICER1, encontrado hipoexpresso, o que justifica a predominância de miRNAs com expressão diminuída encontrados. E por fim, observou-se que o padrão diferencial de expressão dos três miRNAs e os dois genes identificados em nosso estudo fornecem subsídios importantes para esclarecer os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na falha da diferenciação neuroglial em DCF tipo 2 / Abstract: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of human cerebral cortex that occurs during proliferation and neuronal differentiation frequently associated with drug-resistant epilepsy. It is designated as a spectrum of abnormalities of laminar structure of the cortex, associated with cellular abnormalities that consist of giant and dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells; however, its etiology is poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. There is evidence that they are involved in important processes in the nervous system and that they may play a role in FCD. The elucidation of the molecular pathways involved in FCD may allow a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and may lead to new treatment strategies, improvement in clinical management and identification of new therapeutic targets, as well as the discovery of biomarkers that may be associated with the diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate miRNAs expression pattern in tissue with FCD obtained at surgery for control of refractory seizures. In addition, we aimed to identify target genes for these miRNAs differentially expressed, as well as to compare the molecular signature based on miRNAs in different types of FCD. We used total RNA isolated from brain tissue obtained after surgery for the treatment of medically refractory seizures from 17 patients with DCF and 20 controls from autopsy. Microarray analysis revealed 39 miRNAs differentially downregulated and only one miRNA overexpressed. Decreased expression of three miRNAs was confirmed by qPCR when patients with type 2 FCD were compared with controls: hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR34a and hsa-let-7f. In addition, we found that hsa-miR-31 could be a potential biomarker for type 2b FCD. In the search for target genes, NEUROG2 was found upregulated and DICER1 was found underexpressed, which explains the predominance of miRNAs with decreased expression. Finally, we observed that the differential pattern of expression of three miRNAs, and the two genes identified in our study provide important information which may help to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the failure of neuroglial differentiation in type 2 FCD / Mestrado / Neurociencias / Mestra em Fisiopatologia Médica

No description available.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and structural integrity is one of many factors that influence cellular differentiation. Fibronectin (FN) which is in many tissues the most abundant ECM protein forms a unique fibrillary network. FN homes several binding sites for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), such as heparin (Hep), which was previously shown to influence FN conformation and protein binding. Synthetically sulfated hyaluronan derivatives (sHA) can serve as model molecules with a well characterized sulfation pattern to study sGAG-FN interaction. Here is shown that the low-sulfated sHA (sHA1) interacts with FN and influences fibril assembly. The interaction of FN fibrils with sHA1 and Hep, but not with non-sulfated HA was visualized by immunofluorescent co-staining. FRET analysis of FN confirmed the presence of more extended fibrils in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC)-derived ECM in response to sHA1 and Hep. Although both sHA1 and Hep affected FN conformation, exclusively sHA1 increased FN protein level and led to thinner fibrils. Further, only sHA1 had a pro-osteogenic effect and enhanced the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. We hypothesize that the sHA1-triggered change in FN assembly influences the entire ECM network and could be the underlying mechanism for the pro-osteogenic effect of sHA1 on hBMSC.

La « semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase » (SSAO) catalyse la déamination oxydative des amines primaires en aldéhyde, peroxyde d’hydrogène et ammoniac. Elle participe à la différenciation cellulaires, l’inflammation et la transmigration leucocytaire à travers l’endothélium lymphatique. Nos objectifs ont été d’étudier le rôle de la SSAO (i) dans la différenciation chondrocytaire hypertrophique, en relation avec le développement de l’arthrose en utilisant des chondrocytes de rat en culture primaire et des genoux arthrosiques de patients (ii) dans le développement de l’athérosclérose en invalidant des souris ApoE-/- qui développent naturellement l’athérosclérose pour le gène de la SSAO. Au niveau articulaire, la SSAO a été détectée dans le cartilage de rat et humain. In vitro, la SSAO (activité et expression) augmentent au cours de la différenciation terminale de chondrocytes de rat. Son inhibition par le LJP1586 entraîne un retard de différenciation chondrocytaire. La SSAO augmente également dans les zones arthrosiques du cartilage humain parallèlement à l’augmentation de l’hypertrophie. La SSAO jouerait donc un rôle dans la différenciation terminale des chondrocytes (hypertrophie) possiblement via le transport de glucose et dans le développement de la maladie. Au niveau vasculaire, les souris femelles ApoE-/-SSAO-/- de 25 semaines présentent une augmentation de la surface des plaques d’athérome par rapport aux ApoE-/-. Ceci est associée à une diminution de l’expression d’α-actine dans le média sous les plaques et de smMHC dans l’aorte abdominale (AA) sans modification ni de l’infiltration des lymphocytes T; ni des monocytes/ macrophages dans la paroi artérielle, ni du profil cytokinique pro-/anti-inflammatoire dans la rate. A 15 semaines, les souris femelles ApoE-/-SSAO-/-, sm-MHC a diminué dans les AA de ces souris par rapport aux ApoE-/- ainsi qu’une réorientation du trafic des cellules immunitaires vers la paroi aortique sans modification significative de la surface des plaques a été détecté. La SSAO jouerait donc un rôle précoce dans le développement de l’athérosclérose via une modification du trafic des cellules immunitaires et du phénotype des CML dans la paroi / The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines into aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. The SSAO was implicated in cellular differentiation, inflammation and transmigration of leukocyte through the lymphatic. The objectives of this work were to study the role of SSAO (i) in chondrocyte differentiation and in the development of osteoarthritis using rat chondrocyte primary cell culture and osteroarthritic samples from patients. (ii) in the development of atherosclerosis using ApoE-/- mice, which develop naturally atherosclerosis, invalidated for the SSAO gene. Concerning the articulation, the SSAO (expression and activity) was detected in the rat and human cartilage. In vitro, SSAO increases during chondrocyte terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) and the inhibition of its activity by LJP1586, decreases the level of differentiation. In human arthritic cartilage, SSAO was higher that in healthy cartilage, in association with an increase in hypertrophic markers. The SSAO plays a role in the terminal differentiation of chondrocytes and might be involved in the development of osteoarthritis. At the vascular level, 25 week-old female ApoE-/-SSAO-/- mice presented a 50% increase in plaque surface associated with an 80% decrease in α-actin expression in the media of aortic sinus and a decrease in sm-MCH in abdominal aortas (AA) compared to ApoE-/- mice. These results were not due neither to a modification of monocytes/ macrophages, Tcell infiltration in the plaque nor in a pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine change in spleen. In 15 week-old ApoE-/-SSAO-/- mice, even if no modification of plaque surface was found, a decrease in sm-MHC was noticed in the AA from ApoE-/-SSAO-/- compare to ApoE-/- mice. More over, the immune cell trafficking was increased in the aortic wall of ApoE-/-SSAO-/- compared to ApoE-/- mice. Thus, SSAO is involved in the early development of atherosclerosis in changing the immune cell trafficking and the VSMC phenotype