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When considering the effects of cultural policy on international trade in television programming there is an area that is frequently overlooked, that of classification and censorship. The role that classification and censorship play as tools of cultural policy is poorly understood, as is their impact on the ease with which television programs can be traded. A broad definition of cultural policy has been used here, in order to encompass both its theoretical and practical elements. Cultural policy as expressed through television classification and censorship is seen here as having three layers. These layers are legislative policy such as local content quotas, the content gate keeping carried out by television producers prior to production, and program classification, that is the implementation of local programming codes by broadcasters. It is important to understand the effects of television regulatory regimes, including those that govern content classification, on the international trade in programs for two reasons. One is the precedence international economic agreements generally take over cultural policy, because classification and censorship can quietly undermine this precedence in a way which currently receives little attention. The second is the importance of the export market to the Australian television production industry, which is unable to fully fund its program output from local markets. Australian children's drama and its export to the UK are the focus of this research as this provides an excellent example of the current tensions between cultural policy and economic imperatives. Australian children's drama is tightly regulated through government policy, particularly the demands of the 'C' (children's) classification. It is argued here that the demands of current Australian cultural policy are making it extremely difficult for Australian producers to internationalise their product and thus cultivate a competitive advantage in international markets. With the advent of digital technology and the end of spectrum scarcity, the television landscape is changing rapidly. Australian producers of children's programming are facing commercial challenges that have been created by the proliferation of children's channels in the UK and particularly the popularity on those channels of American animation. While the need to cultivate a competitive advantage is pressing, Australian producers of children's programming are also having to accommodate the three layers of cultural policy described earlier, that is the demands of government policy regarding the 'C' classification, the local programming codes of their export market, in this case the United Kingdom, and their own internalised cultural values as expressed through their gate keeping roles. My Industry experience in a senior compliance role in the pay television industry led to an awareness of the impact of local classification procedures on international trade in programming and provided the initial starting point for this research. Through scholarly investigation and interviews with three key producers of Australian children's programs and a senior UK programmer, certain findings regarding the impact of regulatory regimes on the export of Australian children's programs have been reached. The key findings of this research are firstly, that the rationales and operations of national classification schemes seem to be fundamentally untouched by supranational trade agreements and arguably are able to act as restraints on international trade. Additionally, programs that do not conform to the societal values of the countries to which they are being exported, will not sell. Secondly, multi-channelling is having the unexpected effect of driving down prices achieved for children's programs which is a cause for concern, given the importance of international sales to Australian producers. Part of this decline in pricing may be attributed to the rise in popularity of inexpensive animation, which now dominates children's channels in the UK. Thirdly, this research finds that Australian cultural policy is preventing Australian producers cultivating a competitive advantage in international markets, by making demands regarding content and quality that render their programs less attractive to overseas channels. If the Australian government believes that certain culturally desirable forms of television such as high quality, children's programming should continue to exist, it may in future have to modify its cultural policy in order to attain this objective.

The problem with which this thesis is concerned is the relationship between literature and politics. By means of a biographical and historical study two significant writers of the 1930s/40s I examine the ways in which the pressures of Depression, the threat of fascism and the onset of war influenced Australian writing. In particular, I ask whether the political issues of the period affected what these authors wrote and how they wrote it. My conclusion is that pressure of political concern caused significant personal, philosophical and political changes in Barnard and Davison, and that it affected both the genre in which they wrote and the content of their fiction. They turned from fiction to cultural commentary, historical writing, political pamphleteering and activism. They utilised short fiction as a means of discussing their worries about the state of the world and in order to promote values they felt threatened. When they returned to longer fiction their work bore, to differing degrees, in its ideas, arguments and imagery, the influence of their political engagement. More generally, I conclude that liberal humanism was the major animating philosophy of writers in the 1930s and that their concern with political issues grew from their conviction that western liberal democracy was the most fruitful soil for the production of art, a climate of freedom which they felt threatened by both fascism and war. This anxiety is the most important factor in both their politicisation and the work they did under the latter???s influence.

Introdução: Dados de custo necessários na Análise de Custo-Efetividade (CEA) são, muitas vezes, obtidos de estudos longitudinais primários. Neste contexto, é comum a presença de censura caracterizada por não se ter os dados de custo a partir de certo momento, devido ao fato de que indivíduos saem do estudo sem esse estar finalizado. A ideia da Ponderação pela Probabilidade Inversa (IPW – do inglês, Inverse Probability Weighting) vem sendo bastante estudada na literatura relacionada a esse problema, mas é desconhecida a disponibilidade de ferramentas computacionais para esse contexto. Objetivo: Construir ferramentas computacionais em software Excel e R, para estimação de custos pelo método IPW conforme proposto por Bang e Tsiatis (2000), com o objetivo de lidar com o problema da censura em dados de custos. Métodos: Através da criação de planilhas eletrônicas em software Excel e programação em software R, e utilizando-se bancos de dados hipotéticos com situações diversas, busca-se propiciar ao pesquisador maior entendimento do uso desse estimador bem como a interpretação dos seus resultados. Resultados: As ferramentas desenvolvidas, ao proporcionarem a aplicação do método IPW de modo intuitivo, se mostraram como facilitadoras para a estimação de custos na presença de censura, possibilitando calcular a ICER a partir de dados de custo. Conclusão: As ferramentas desenvolvidas permitem ao pesquisador, além de uma compreensão prática do método, a sua aplicabilidade em maior escala, podendo ser considerada como alternativa satisfatória às dificuldades postas pelo problema da censura na CEA. / Introduction: Cost data needed in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) are often obtained from longitudinal primary studies. In this context, it is common the presence of censoring characterized by not having cost data after a certain point, due to the fact that individuals leave the study without this being finalized. The idea of Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) has been extensively studied in the literature related to this problem, but is unknown the availability of computational tools for this context. Objective: To develop computational tools in software Excel and software R, to estimate costs by IPW method, as proposed by Bang and Tsiatis (2000), in order to deal with the problem of censorship in cost data. Methods: By creating spreadsheets in Excel software and programming in R software, and using hypothetical database with different situations, we seek to provide to the researcher most understanding of the use of IPW estimator and the interpretation of its results. Results: The developed tools, affording the application of IPW method in an intuitive way, showed themselves as facilitators for the cost estimation in the presence of censorship, allowing to calculate the ICER from more accurate cost data. Conclusion: The developed tools allow the researcher, besides a practical understanding of the method, its applicability on a larger scale, and may be considered a satisfactory alternative to the difficulties posed by the problem of censorship in CEA.

Magister Artium - MA / The purpose of the study is to investigate the history and development of the Cape Town City Libraries (CTCL) from 1952-1972 and examine the effect of apartheid legislation on establishing a public library system. The study looks at one library service, how it was established, how it adapted to the political and social forces of the time and the services it delivered. Data was sourced from the surviving CTCL archives, interviewing people who worked for CTCL and researching relevant material in the National Library and Archives. Public libraries have aims and functions which are underpinned by a philosophy of free and equal access to all and access to knowledge and books. IFLA defines a public library as an organization that: provides access to knowledge, information and works of imagination through a range of resources and services and is equally available to all members of the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language… (Koontz & Gubbins, 2010). Legislation introduced by the National Party enforced segregation and controlled access to knowledge and books which brought CTCL into conflict with library philosophy. This legislation determined who the CTCL could serve, where they could serve them and what they could serve them. The findings show that CTCL extended the library service to more people and increased the number of facilities, membership and circulation but in a segregated manner. Censorship legislation affected library stock but also induced self-censorship amongst librarians further restricting what was available to patrons. Staff were treated differently because of their racial group

Introdução: Dados de custo necessários na Análise de Custo-Efetividade (CEA) são, muitas vezes, obtidos de estudos longitudinais primários. Neste contexto, é comum a presença de censura caracterizada por não se ter os dados de custo a partir de certo momento, devido ao fato de que indivíduos saem do estudo sem esse estar finalizado. A ideia da Ponderação pela Probabilidade Inversa (IPW – do inglês, Inverse Probability Weighting) vem sendo bastante estudada na literatura relacionada a esse problema, mas é desconhecida a disponibilidade de ferramentas computacionais para esse contexto. Objetivo: Construir ferramentas computacionais em software Excel e R, para estimação de custos pelo método IPW conforme proposto por Bang e Tsiatis (2000), com o objetivo de lidar com o problema da censura em dados de custos. Métodos: Através da criação de planilhas eletrônicas em software Excel e programação em software R, e utilizando-se bancos de dados hipotéticos com situações diversas, busca-se propiciar ao pesquisador maior entendimento do uso desse estimador bem como a interpretação dos seus resultados. Resultados: As ferramentas desenvolvidas, ao proporcionarem a aplicação do método IPW de modo intuitivo, se mostraram como facilitadoras para a estimação de custos na presença de censura, possibilitando calcular a ICER a partir de dados de custo. Conclusão: As ferramentas desenvolvidas permitem ao pesquisador, além de uma compreensão prática do método, a sua aplicabilidade em maior escala, podendo ser considerada como alternativa satisfatória às dificuldades postas pelo problema da censura na CEA. / Introduction: Cost data needed in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) are often obtained from longitudinal primary studies. In this context, it is common the presence of censoring characterized by not having cost data after a certain point, due to the fact that individuals leave the study without this being finalized. The idea of Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) has been extensively studied in the literature related to this problem, but is unknown the availability of computational tools for this context. Objective: To develop computational tools in software Excel and software R, to estimate costs by IPW method, as proposed by Bang and Tsiatis (2000), in order to deal with the problem of censorship in cost data. Methods: By creating spreadsheets in Excel software and programming in R software, and using hypothetical database with different situations, we seek to provide to the researcher most understanding of the use of IPW estimator and the interpretation of its results. Results: The developed tools, affording the application of IPW method in an intuitive way, showed themselves as facilitators for the cost estimation in the presence of censorship, allowing to calculate the ICER from more accurate cost data. Conclusion: The developed tools allow the researcher, besides a practical understanding of the method, its applicability on a larger scale, and may be considered a satisfactory alternative to the difficulties posed by the problem of censorship in CEA.

This paper aims to examine the different perspectives that emerged during the debate surrounding the right-wing newspaper “Nya Tider” and their participation at the Swedish bookfair in Gothenburg back in 2017. The study relies on the theoretical foundation that is known as Spiral of Silence and Agenda-Setting. But is examined and operationalized by the historical perspective given by John Durham Peters in his book “courting the abyss”. Peters portrays in his book a variety of different takes on the free speech phenomenon. The study’s aim was then to see if similar perspective were protruding now as it has before.A research question regarding what perspective were protruding in the debate that followed “Nya Tider” and their announcement that they were going to attend the bookfair once again where therefore coined. The direct translation of this questions is “What perspective of where the limit of free speech should be drawn is present in the Swedish media outlet regarding the debate of “Nya Tider” participation at the book fair in Gothenburg 2017.In order to examine what perspective protruded in the debate the approach of a qualitative content analysis was deemed the best way to examine the phenomenon. A total of (n) 36 articles were systematically analyzed and a total of 4 perspectives where formed, the liberal, the absolutistic libertarian, the opponent perspective and the victim perspective. Each one different from each other. The study also examined the level occurrence of the different perspective and found that in 18 out of the 36 article’s the opponent perspective where present, whereas the absolutistic libertarian perspective only occurs in 4 out of the 36 articles’. A big difference where therefor found in what coverage the different perspectives were given in the Swedish news outlets.In a time where political censorship is at a rise around Europe with the implementation of laws that prevent people from speaking their minds. Or compelling them to address people a certain way, not by choice but by legislation, the need to examine what perspectives are occurring in our media might for the uneducated seem like a vague way to approach a complicated matter.But Agenda-Setting research has shown that the media agenda affects both the public agenda as well as the legislative part of our society. Therefore, a lack of occurrence of certain perspectives can also affect what laws are put in place. It is therefore imperative to examine what sort of perspective occurs in the Swedish debate to prevent an infraction of the Swedish free speech law, and to keep Sweden a free, secular society.

Orientador: Flávia Arlanch Martins de Oliveira / Banca: Nelson Schapochnik / Banca: Marcos Francisco Napolitano de Eugenio / Banca: Zélia Lopes da Silva / Banca: Carlos Alberto Sampaio Barbosa / Resumo: Esta tese aborda a censura e a repressão aos músicos no Brasil e em Portugal durante as décadas de 1960 e 1970, período em que ambos se encontravam em ditadura. Tal pesquisa foi realizada a partir da consulta e análise do material obtido junto à antiga documentação das polícias políticas, no caso brasileiro, os arquivos do DOPS - Departamento de Ordem Política e Social dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco e Paraíba, e, no caso português, do Arquivo da PIDE/DGS - Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado/ Direcção-Geral de Segurança, sediado na Torre do Tombo, em Lisboa. No campo da Censura, foram consultados documentos no Arquivo Nacional em Brasília e no Rio de Janeiro, particularmente, do Fundo DCDP - Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas. Além da análise do controle exercido sobre os músicos, também foi realizada a comparação entre as canções produzidas neste mesmo período, bem como examinada, ainda que brevemente, a recepção pelo público deste mesmo cancioneiro. Mediante a apreciação da bibliografia e da realização de entrevistas com músicos portugueses e brasileiros foi estabelecida uma comparação em relação à documentação oficial encontrada nos arquivos e à versão dos músicos. Além disso, a partir desta documentação dos órgãos de repressão, foram observadas as relações entre as polícias políticas dos dois países e suas atividades de vigilância de seus respectivos exilados. Por fim, houve ainda uma preocupação específica com os casos de músicos exilados e suas atividades políticas e artísticas nestes dois países. / Abstract: This Doctoral thesis focuses on the censorship and repression of musicians in Brazil and in Portugal in the 60's and the 70's, when both countries were dictatorial regimes. The data analyzed was obtained in the files of the former political police forces, the Brazilian DOPS - Departamento de Ordem Política e Social in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco and Paraíba, and the Portuguese PIDE/DGS - Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado/ Direcção-Geral de Segurança, with its headquarters at the Torre do Tombo, in Lisbon. To look into censorship matters, documents from the Arquivo Nacional in Brasília and in Rio de Janeiro, especially from the Fundo DCDP - Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas, were analyzed. Besides the analysis of the control exerted over the musicians, a comparison of the songs composed in the same period was produced. It was also observed, however in a brief manner, how those songs were received by the public. A comparison between the official documents found in the files and the version presented by the musicians was made by means of the review of the bibliography and interviews with Brazilian and Portuguese musicians. The analysis of the documents of the organs of repression also made it possible to observe the relations between the political police forces of both countries and their surveillance activities over each other's exiles. Finally, especial attention was given to exiled musicians and their political and artistic activities in both countries. / Doutor

Longtemps soupçonné d’hérésie, ’Abū al-‘Alā’ al-Ma‘arrī, auteur du nord de la Syrie ayant vécu à cheval entre le IVe/Xe et le Ve/XIe siècles, fut disculpé à la fin du XIXe siècle par les précurseurs de la Nahd{a. Féru de la langue arabe, muni d’un style inaccessible au premier abord, la question qui se pose aujourd’hui est celle de savoir s’il faut se fier à ses contemporains ou à l’opinion d’hommes qui vécurent plusieurs siècles plus tard. Le présent travail a pour but de tenter de comprendre le langage de cet auteur et d’essayer de savoir pour quelles raisons un homme brillant par son intelligence et ses connaissances se borna à rédiger ce qui ressemble à une fable animalière anodine.Une analyse détaillée du texte révèle un ensemble de jeux de mots, d’allusions historiques, d’anecdotes et de citations coraniques qui tissent un deuxième texte en filigrane à travers l’épître, lequel s’avère être, d’une part, une critique véhémente contre toute religion, l’islam et son représentant le prophète Muh{ammad en particulier et, d’autre part, des conseils adressés au prince ‘Azīz al-Dawla, gouverneur indépendantiste d’Alep sous le règne des Fatimides, l’encourageant à prendre les armes et à propager les idées du maître. La véritable croyance de l’auteur reste cependant peu définie en dehors d’un refus de tout système religieux, désigné comme étant des mécanismes mis en place pour duper les gens simples d’esprit, et d’une foi inébranlable que la mort n’est autre qu’un sommeil sans suite.La technique d’écriture d’al-Ma‘arrī semble être un savant mélange de la technique bédouine de la tawriya dont l’usage primitif était d’échapper à la censure ou à la persécution et une inspiration de l’ouvrage pehlevi Kalīla wa-Dimna, un miroir des princes par excellence. / ’Abū al-‘Alā’ al-Ma‘arrī who lived in the North of Syria between the 4th and the 5th century was suspected of heresy for a long time, and was finally cleared by the Nahd{a pioneers at the end of the 19th century. Extremely keen on the Arabic language and provided with an intricate style of writing, the question today is whether to believe his contemporaries or the opinion of men who lived centuries later. The present study tries to understand the author’s language and why such a brillant cultivated man wrote what looks like a trivial animal fable.A detailed analysis of the text reveals a succession of puns, hints to historical events, anecdotes and coranic quotes which grow into a second text interwoven throughout the « Epistle of a Horse and a Mule ». This latter appears to be, on the one hand, a vehement criticism towards religion, islam and Muh{ammad its prophet, and, on the other hand, advice given to Aleppo’s governor, ‘Azīz al-Dawla, who though allegied to the Fatimids, has a tendency toward independence, encouraging him to take arms and propagate the masters ideas. Nevertheless, the real faith of the author remains undetermined except for his refusal of all religious system viewed by him as mechanisms set to fool simple souls, and his belief that death is nothing but an endless sleep.Al-Ma‘arrī’s writing technique appears to be a refined combination of the bedouin’s technique tawriya which originally served as a means to escape censureship or even repression, and inspired by the pehlevi work of Kalila wa-Dimna, princes advice if ever there was.

Essa pesquisa investiga as causas do não banimento dos romances In the Heart of the Country, Waiting for the Barbarians e Life & Times of Michael K, do escritor sul-africano JM Coetzee, escritos e publicados durante o apartheid, período em que a censura atuava com severidade sobre os discursos da nação, incluindo o literário. A hipótese que norteou o trabalho questionava se as obras mencionadas apresentariam sinais de autocensura por parte do autor. A análise textual dos romances, porém, na intersecção com o momento histórico, revelava ao longo do trabalho que havia outros fatores influenciando a decisão dos censores, conforme demonstramos nesta pesquisa. Para chegarmos às nossas conclusões, analisamos as cartas trocadas entre o autor e suas editoras, os relatórios oficiais deixados pelos censores e os romances a partir da visão dos censores. A intersecção dessas fontes apontou para o fato de que não somente o autor praticou consciente ou inconscientemente algum tipo de autocensura, mas também os editores e censores, provocando uma reflexão mais ampla sobre o contexto da censura na África do Sul. / This research investigates the causes of the non-banishement of the novels In the Heart of the Country, Waiting for the Barbarians, and Life & Times of Michael K, by JM Coetzee, written and published during the times of apartheid, when censorship acted severely on the national narratives, including the literary one. The hypothesis guiding this work questioned whether the above mentioned novels would present signs of selfcensorship practiced by the author. However, as we proceed with our investigation, the textual analysis of the novels in intersection with their moment in history revealed that there were other factors influencing the censors decisions, as we show in this work. To achieve our conclusions, we have analised letters enchanged between the author and his editors, the official reports left by the censors, and the novels themselves, all from the censors point of view. The intersection with these sources pointed to the fact that not only did the author practice consciously or unconsciously some kind of censorship, but so did the censors who analised his books and his editors, provoking a broader reflection on the context of South African censorship.