Uma questão interessante na política monetária é se os Bancos Centrais dão pesos iguais para desvios positivos e negativos da inflação e do hiato do produto das suas respectivas metas. Para responder à esta questão, estimou-se a função perda da autoridade monetária não parametricamente através do método de sieve estimator, expandindo-a através de uma base composta de polinômios ortogonais. A economia foi modelada com agentes foward-looking e com comprometimento por parte da autoridade monetária. O método foi aplicado para a os Estados Unidos desde 1960 e para o Brasil a partir de 1999. Para a economia norte-americana não foram encontradas evidências de assimetria nas preferências da autoridade monetária. Já no Brasil o Banco Central mostrou ter preferências assimétricas quanto à inflação, auferindo uma maior perda de desvios negativos do que positivos em relação à meta. / An interesting question in monetary policy is whether the Central Bank gives equal weights to positive and negative deviations of inflation and output gap from their targets. Trying answering this question, we estimated the monetary authority’s loss function nonparametrically, using the method of sieves, expanding it with orthogonal polynomials. The economy was model with forward-looking agents and with commitment of the monetary authority. We applied the method to U.S. monetary policy since 1960 and for Brazil since 1999. For the U.S. economy, it was not found evidence of asymmetry in the preferences of the monetary authority. In Brazil, the Central Bank proved to have asymmetric preferences about inflation, with a greater loss for negative deviations of inflation from the target rather for positive ones.

Uma questão interessante na política monetária é se os Bancos Centrais dão pesos iguais para desvios positivos e negativos da inflação e do hiato do produto das suas respectivas metas. Para responder à esta questão, estimou-se a função perda da autoridade monetária não parametricamente através do método de sieve estimator, expandindo-a através de uma base composta de polinômios ortogonais. A economia foi modelada com agentes foward-looking e com comprometimento por parte da autoridade monetária. O método foi aplicado para a os Estados Unidos desde 1960 e para o Brasil a partir de 1999. Para a economia norte-americana não foram encontradas evidências de assimetria nas preferências da autoridade monetária. Já no Brasil o Banco Central mostrou ter preferências assimétricas quanto à inflação, auferindo uma maior perda de desvios negativos do que positivos em relação à meta. / An interesting question in monetary policy is whether the Central Bank gives equal weights to positive and negative deviations of inflation and output gap from their targets. Trying answering this question, we estimated the monetary authority’s loss function nonparametrically, using the method of sieves, expanding it with orthogonal polynomials. The economy was model with forward-looking agents and with commitment of the monetary authority. We applied the method to U.S. monetary policy since 1960 and for Brazil since 1999. For the U.S. economy, it was not found evidence of asymmetry in the preferences of the monetary authority. In Brazil, the Central Bank proved to have asymmetric preferences about inflation, with a greater loss for negative deviations of inflation from the target rather for positive ones.

Uma questão interessante na política monetária é se os Bancos Centrais dão pesos iguais para desvios positivos e negativos da inflação e do hiato do produto das suas respectivas metas. Para responder à esta questão, estimou-se a função perda da autoridade monetária não parametricamente através do método de sieve estimator, expandindo-a através de uma base composta de polinômios ortogonais. A economia foi modelada com agentes foward-looking e com comprometimento por parte da autoridade monetária. O método foi aplicado para a os Estados Unidos desde 1960 e para o Brasil a partir de 1999. Para a economia norte-americana não foram encontradas evidências de assimetria nas preferências da autoridade monetária. Já no Brasil o Banco Central mostrou ter preferências assimétricas quanto à inflação, auferindo uma maior perda de desvios negativos do que positivos em relação à meta. / An interesting question in monetary policy is whether the Central Bank gives equal weights to positive and negative deviations of inflation and output gap from their targets. Trying answering this question, we estimated the monetary authority’s loss function nonparametrically, using the method of sieves, expanding it with orthogonal polynomials. The economy was model with forward-looking agents and with commitment of the monetary authority. We applied the method to U.S. monetary policy since 1960 and for Brazil since 1999. For the U.S. economy, it was not found evidence of asymmetry in the preferences of the monetary authority. In Brazil, the Central Bank proved to have asymmetric preferences about inflation, with a greater loss for negative deviations of inflation from the target rather for positive ones.

01 Abstract Foreign exchange reserves are a useful tool and a buffer but maintaining an amount that is too large can be costly to the economy. Recent accumulation of these reserves points to the importance of this topic. This thesis focuses on one specific part of the effect of FX reserves on the economy - the inflation. I use panel data for 74 countries from the year 1996 to the year 2017. There is a certain degree of model uncertainty for which this thesis accounts for by using Bayesian model averaging (BMA) estimation technique. The findings from my model averaging estimations show FX reserves to not be of importance for inflation determination with close to no change when altering lags, variables, when limiting the sample to fixed FX regimes nor when limiting the sample to inflation targeting regimes. The most important variables are estimated to be a central bank financial strength proxy, exchange rate depreciation, money supply, inflation targeting, and capital account openness. These results are robust to lag changes, prior changes, and for the most part remain the same when Pooled OLS is used.

Relations of Central bank to Commercial banks The purpose of my thesis is to analyse relations among central bank and commercial banks in current view with emphasising on situation in the Czech Republic. This analysis is a critical appraisal of issues in relation to current legislation, and last but not least also the planned changes, which are currently under discussion. The thesis is divided into five chapters with introduction and abstract. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis like banking system, central bank and commercial banks. This chapter is subdivided into four parts. Part One describes central bank and banking system. Part Two describes central bank, its position, activity and tools. Part Third is focused on commercial banks. Final part deals with trends in the development of the banking sector. Chapter Two characterises subjects of banking system in the Czech Republic and is divided into two parts. Part One outlines organizational structure of the CNB and its main functions. Part Two outlines organizational structure of commercials banks in the Czech Republic. Chapter Three concentrates on banking regulation and supervision and its division. Part One analyzes arguments for and against bank regulation. Part Two is focused on banking regulation and...

In this masterwork author presents a concept of the European monetary union, main features and steps of creating this union; also defines benefits and costs of entering the euro zone. The legal regulation of economic convergence requirements and its practice are analyzed comprehensively. In this work author detects harmonization areas of legal acts between European Community and national legal acts, presents a necessity and ways of this harmonization and reviews the most important regulations in Lithuania, witch must be harmonized.

En esta tesis estudio varias cuestiones de política monetaria y fiscal usando modelos de equilibrio generales completamente micro-fundados. El primer capítulo de esta tesis trata la cuestión de cómo la políticas monetarias y fiscales se deben conducir en una unión monetaria donde hay un solo banco central que fija el tipo de interés común mientras que el gobierno todavía conserva independencia completa en las decisiones de políticas fiscales. En el segundo capítulo se dedica a estudiar si es posible racionalizar en un modelo keynesiano completamente micro-fundado la existencia de una unión monetaria. El último capítulo investiga en qué medida el incentivo de las autoridades de política económica en una economía abierta de mejorar los términos de intercambio en su favor se puede compensar por la externalidad de relocalización de la producción (home market effect). / In this thesis I study different kinds of monetary and fiscal policy issues by using fully microfounded general equilibrium models. The first chapter addresses the question of how monetary and fiscal policy should be conducted in a monetary union where there is a single central bank that sets the common interest rate while governments still retain full independence in fiscal policy decisions. The second chapter is devoted to study whether it is possible to rationalize, within a fully microfounded New Keynesian framework, the existence of a monetary union. The last chapter investigates to what extent the incentive of open economy policy makers to improve the terms of trade in their favour can be outweighed by the production relocation externality (the so called home market effect).

The main aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze which monetary tools can be used by central banks to affects financial markets. Another important task is to evaluate how foreign interventions influenced an economy of the Czech Republic. A practical part of the diploma thesis was created on the base of data collection, statistic analysis, observation and evaluation. Data of the Czech Nation Bank and the Czech Statistical Office were used for needs of the diploma thesis.

The aim of this thesis is to show how the unconventional monetary policy rounds of Quantitative Easing introduced in the United States between 2008 and 2014 have led to an increase in wealth inequality. The need for the thesis arises due to the uncharted nature of QE and because of more and more information is surfacing to light which points to this connection. By analysing the distribution of these funds and adding it to the then base distribution of money supply, this study was able to determine a significant 10 % increase in the Gini Index. Furthermore it highlights how a large portion of wealth was transferred from the middle class over to the top 5 % income households. Starting from a set of assumptions the calculation is performed by extrapolating the data required and by isolating the system from any external variables. The result is a theoretical model meant to describe the mechanism that links Quantitative Easing to wealth inequality. Moreover a detailed comparison is provided with the effect of a conventional monetary policy such as Open-Market Operations. Finally solutions to this issue are being discussed from economical, political and fiscal standpoints.

There has been a growing interest in economic policies and their impact within a country among the real estate economics research community in recent years. After the economic crisis of 2008, an unconventional monetary policy was created, and it has been called quantitative easing (QE), an instrument of economic policy applied through central banks to boost the economy in periods when conventional monetary policy is not satisfactory. As with the economic challenge brought by COVID-19, many central banks had to implement unconventional monetary plans. This thesis aims to discover the impact of quantitative easing (QE) and its opposite quantitative tapering (QT) on the housing prices of the US real estate market. In order to deal with this problem, this research performs time-varying rolling correlations, which are correlations between two-time series on a rolling window. The window for this research will be monthly and subject to historical data points from a 280-month period of the USA metropolitan price housing and the Federal Balance sheet between 1998 and 2022. The results show there is a positive correlation between the different US housing markets and the US Federal Balance Sheet in the majority of the US markets analyzed and finds a high positive correlation between the different regional house price indices and US National Home Price Index and finally the existence of spillover effect between the cities in the high tier (e.g., Los Angeles and Miami) and low-tier (e.g., Chicago and Atlanta) cities, such that rising trends in one city are mirrored by the following changes in the other city in the equivalent tier and vice versa. / Under de senaste åren har det funnits ett växande intresse för ekonomisk politik och dess inverkan inom ett land bland den fastighetsekonomiska forskarvärlden. Efter den ekonomiska krisen 2008 har en okonventionell penningpolitik skapats och den har kallats kvantitativa lättnader (QE); ett ekonomiskt politiskt instrument som tillämpas genom centralbanker för att stärka ekonomin i perioder då den konventionella penningpolitiken inte är tillfredsställande. Liksom i fallet med den ekonomiska utmaning som covid-19 orsakade, var många centralbanker tvungna att genomföra okonventionella monetära planer. Denna avhandling syftar till att upptäcka effekten av kvantitativ lättnad (QE) och dess motståndare kvantitativ nedtrappning (QT) på bostadspriserna på den amerikanska fastighetsmarknaden. Som ett sätt att hantera detta problem utför denna forskning tidsvarierande rullande korrelationer som är korrelationer mellan två tidsserier på ett rullande fönster, fönstret för denna forskning kommer att vara månadsvis och föremål för historiska datapunkter från 280-månadersperioden i USA storstadspriserna bostäder och den federala balansräkningen mellan 1998 och 2022. Resultaten visar att det finns en positiv korrelation mellan de olika amerikanska bostadsmarknaderna och den amerikanska federala balansräkningen på majoriteten av de analyserade amerikanska marknaderna och finner en hög positiv korrelation mellan de olika regionala husprisindex och US National Home Price Index och slutligen förekomsten av spridningseffekter mellan städerna i städerna på hög nivå (t.ex. Los Angeles och Miami) och lågnivå (t.ex. Chicago och Atlanta), så att stigande trender i en stad speglas av följande förändringar i den andra staden i motsvarande nivå och vice versa.