Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-25T18:06:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Delasta Lazzari.pdf: 2200811 bytes, checksum: 37290c6b343d6e2ca53090aceb0d4682 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T18:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Delasta Lazzari.pdf: 2200811 bytes, checksum: 37290c6b343d6e2ca53090aceb0d4682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Purpose: To investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in the primary motor cortex, associated with mobility training with virtual reality on the static and functional balance of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Materials and Methods: The population sample that was part of this project consisted of 24 children with CP between 4 and 12 years old. The children were divided randomly into two groups (control group: mobility training with virtual reality and use transcranial stimulation placebo; Experimental Group: mobility training using virtual reality and transcranial stimulation active) and evaluated at four different times (pre -intervention, immediately after the first session, after the intervention and one month after intervention). The static balance was evaluated by force platform in four conditions: feet flat on the platform with open eyes, feet on the platform with eyes closed, feet in the open foam eyes, feet foam eyes closed for 30 seconds each. The Functional Balance was measured by Pediatric Balance Scale(PBS) and Timed Up and Go(TUG). Results: The analysis of the immediate effect of treatment with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) only sway velocity showed a significant interaction. In the analysis of the effects of the training area, Center of Pressure (COP) speed and frequency presented significatia interaction as well as the EEP and TUG Conclusion: It is suggested that tDCS interferes with the static and functional balance of children with CP. / Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua no córtex motor primário, associada ao treino mobilidade com realidade virtual sobre o equilíbrio estático e funcional de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC). Materiais e Métodos: A amostra populacional que fez parte deste projeto foi composta de 24 crianças com PC entre 4 e 12 anos de idade. As crianças foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos (Grupo Controle: treino de mobilidade com uso de realidade virtual e estimulação transcraniana placebo; Grupo Experimental: treino de mobilidade com o uso de realidade virtual e estimulação transcraniana ativa) e avaliadas em quatro momentos distintos (pré-intervenção,imediatamente após a primeira sessão, pós-intervenção e um mês após as intervenções). O equilíbrio estático foi avaliado através da plataforma de força em quatro condições: pés apoiados na plataforma com olhos abertos, pés na plataforma com olhos fechados, pés na espuma olhos abertos, pés espuma olhos fechados, por 30 segundos cada. O Equilíbrio Funcional foi medido por meio da Escala de Equilíbrio Pediátrica (EEP) e Timed Up and Go (TUG). Resultados: Na Análise do Efeito imediato do tratamento com Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua(ETCC) somente a velocidade de oscilação apresentou interação significativa. Já na análise dos efeitos do Treinamento a área, velocidade e frequência do Centro de Pressão (CoP) apresentaram interação significatia, bem como o EEP e TUG Conclusão: Sugere-se que a ETCC interfere sobre o equilíbrio estático e funcional de crianças com PC.

Acrolein is produced endogenously after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is considered a primary mechanism for secondary damage occurring after TBI. We are using frontal cortex networks derived from mouse embryos and grown on microelectrode arrays in vitro to monitor the spontaneous activity of networks and the changes that occur after acrolein application. Networks exposed to acrolein exhibit a biphasic response profile. An initial increase in network activity, followed by a decrease to 100% activity loss in applications ≥ 50 µM. In applications below 50 µM, acrolein was not toxic but generated activity instability with coordinated but irregular population busts lasting for up to 6 days. The increase in activity preceding toxicity may be linked to a decrease in free spermine, a free radical scavenger that modulates Na+, K+, Ca+ channels as well as NMDA, Kainate, and AMPA receptors. Action potential wave shape analysis after 20 and 30 µM acrolein application revealed a concentration-dependent 15-33% increase in peak to peak amplitude within minutes after exposure. For the same concentrations of acrolein (50 µM), the time required to reach 100% activity loss (IT100) was longer in serum-free medium than in medium with 5% serum, in which IT100 values were reduced by a factor of 4. The greater toxicity in the presence of serum may be explained by acrolein adducts on serum proteins. These reaction products have been shown by other labs to be toxic in cell culture. This in vitro system could be used to expand biochemical analyses such as acrolein-induced spermine depletion and may provide an effective platform for investigating cell culture correlates of secondary TBI damage.

Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No / Area V3A was identified in five human subjects on both a functional and retinotopic basis using functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. V3A, along with other visual areas responsive to motion, was then targeted for disruption by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) whilst the participants performed a delayed speed matching task. The stimuli used for this task included chromatic, isoluminant motion stimuli that activated either the L-M or S-(L+M) cone-opponent mechanisms, in addition to moving stimuli that contained only luminance contrast (L+M). The speed matching task was performed for chromatic and luminance stimuli that moved at slow (2 degrees/s) or faster (8 degrees/s) speeds. The application of rTMS to area V3A produced a perceived slowing of all chromatic and luminance stimuli at both slow and fast speeds. Similar deficits were found when rTMS was applied to V5/MT+. No deficits in performance were found when areas V3B and V3d were targeted by rTMS. These results provide evidence of a causal link between neural activity in human area V3A and the perception of chromatic isoluminant motion. They establish area V3A, alongside V5/MT+, as a key area in a cortical network that underpins the analysis of not only luminance but also chromatically-defined motion.

No / Recently published research indicates that soluble oligomers of beta-amyloid (Abeta) may be the key neurotoxic species associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that the process of Abeta aggregation may drive this event. Furthermore, soluble oligomers of Abeta and tau accumulate in the lipid rafts of brains from AD patients through an as yet unknown mechanism. Using cell culture models we report a novel action of Abeta on neuronal plasma membranes where exogenously applied Abeta in the form of ADDLs can be trafficked on the neuronal membrane and accumulate in lipid rafts. ADDL-induced dynamic alterations in lipid raft protein composition were found to facilitate this movement. We show clear associations between Abeta accumulation and redistribution on the neuronal membrane and alterations in the protein composition of lipid rafts. In addition, our data from fyn(-/-) transgenic mice show that accumulation of Abeta on the neuronal surface was not sufficient to cause cell death but that fyn is required for both the redistribution of Abeta and subsequent cell death. These results identify fyn-dependent Abeta redistribution and accumulation in lipid rafts as being key to ADDL-induced cell death and defines a mechanism by which oligomers of Abeta and tau accumulate in lipid rafts.

Es wurde Zellneubildung im erwachsenen cerebralen Cortex der Maus in Abhängigkeit von Umweltbedingungen und Aktivitätsgrad untersucht. Es war bekannt, dass eine reizreiche Umgebung und körperliche Aktivität die Neubildung von Nervenzellen im erwachsenen Hippokampus steigern. Als Zellproliferationsmarker wurde BrdU appliziert und BrdU-inkorporierende Zellen 1 Tag und 4 Wochen nach BrdU-Gabe unter Verwendung immunhistochemischer Methoden zur Detektion BrdU-inkorporierender Zellen in verschiedenen kortikalen Regionen und Schichten quantifiziert. Die phänotypische Charakterisierung BrdU+ Zellen wurde durch kombinierte Verwendung immunhistochemischer Methoden und konfokaler Mikroskopie vorgenommen. Die im adulten murinen cerebralen Cortex proliferierenden Zellen differenzierten weit überwiegend glial. Keine der kortikalen BrdU+ Zellen zeigte zweifelsfreie Zeichen einer neuronalen Differenzierung. Damit scheint die adulte Nervenzellneubildung unter physiologischen Bedingungen eine regionale Spezialität des Hippokampus und anderer Strukturen zu sein. Weder körperliche Aktivität (RUN) noch eine reizreiche Umgebung (ENR) führten 1 Tag oder 4 Wochen nach BrdU zu einem signifikanten Unterschied zur Kontrollgruppe (CTR), was die Anzahl BrdU+ Zellen im gesamten Cortex zusamengefaßt betrifft. Dagegen konnten die vorbeschriebenen Effekte von RUN und ENR auf hippokampale BrdU-inkorporierende Zellen repliziert werden. Dies ist ein starker Hinweis darauf, dass die Verstärkung adulter Neurogenese durch RUN und ENR im Gyrus dentatus des Hippokampus eine hippokampus-spezifische Reaktion und nicht etwa Teil einer generalisierten zentralnervösen Reaktion ist. Jedoch konnte gezeigt werden, dass körperliche Aktivität und eine reizreiche Umgebung zur lokalen Beeinflussung kortikaler Zellneubildung in bestimmten Schichten und Regionen führten. So konnten bei RUN-Tieren signifikant mehr BrdU+ Zellen in Schicht I des cingulären, motorischen und visuellen Cortex als bei CTR-Tieren gefunden werden. ENR-Tiere hatten 4 Wochen nach BrdU signifikant mehr BrdU+ Zellen in Schicht II/III des visuellen Cortex als CTR-Tiere. Die Phänotypisierung BrdU+ Zellen in diesen kortikalen Bereichen ergab, dass RUN zu einer lokalen, deutlich ausgeprägten Verstärkung der Neubildung von Mikroglia führte, während ENR tendentiell lokal kortikale Astrozytogenese verstärkte (signifikant in Schicht I des motorischen Cortex 4 Wochen nach BrdU). Damit konnte erstmals berichtet werden, dass körperliche Aktivität zelltypspezifisch die Neubildung kortikaler Mikroglia stimuliert. Dieses Ergebnis ist zunächst überraschend, da mikrogliale Proliferation und Aktivierung klassischweise im Zusammenhang mit Schadenszuständen des ZNS gesehen werden. In der Tat ist dies einer der ersten Befunde, der eine mikrogliale Reaktion mit nicht-pathologischen, vollkommen physiologischen Bedingungen in Verbindung bringt. Dies könnte einen neuen Blickwinkel auf mikrogliale Funktionen eröffnen. / The effect of physical activity and enriched environment on cell genesis in the cerebral cortex of adult mice were investigated. It is well known that living under the conditions of an enriched environment and physical activity both enhance the generation of new neurons in the adult murine hippocampus. To label proliferating cells mice were injected with bromodesoxyuridine (BrdU). The number of BrdU incorporating cells in different regions and layers of the cerebral cortex was determined 1 day and 4 weeks after BrdU administration. To characterize cortical BrdU+ cells phenotypically immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used. Adult-generated cortical cells were glial cells. None of all the examined cortical BrdU+ cells showed immunoreactivity for NeuN (expressed in mature neurons) unambiguously indicating that the generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a speciality of the hippocampus and other brain structures. Physical activity (RUN) and enriched environment (ENR) did not affect the number of BrdU+ cells in all cortical regions taken together compared to control animals (CTR), both 1 day and 4 weeks after BrdU. However, the known effects of RUN and ENR on hippocampal cell genesis were replicated suggesting that the enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by RUN and ENR is a hippocampus-specific reaction and not part of a generalized reaction of the adult cns. It was shown that physical activity and enriched environment had effects on cell genesis in distinct cortical layers and regions. RUN-animals had significantly more BrdU+ cells in layer I of the cingulate, motor and visual cortex than CTR. ENR-animals had significantly more BrdU+ cells in layer II/III of the visual cortex than CTR 4 weeks after BrdU. Phenotyping of BrdU+ cells in these cortical parts revealed that RUN led to a marked increase of the generation of microglia. ENR tended to enhance astrocytogenesis in several cortical parts (reaching significance in layer I of the motor cortex 4 weeks after BrdU). This is the first report that physical activity stimulates the generation of cortical microglia in a cell-type-specific and to some degree region-specific manner. This result is surprising because microglial proliferation and activation are generally thought to occur under conditions involving damage to the nervous system. In fact, this is one of the first reports linking a microglial reaction with an entirely physiological condition. This might shed a new light on microglial function.

Cerebrovascular diseases are by far the largest causes of death in the UK, as well as one of the leading causes of adult disability. The brain's healthy function depends on a steady supply of oxygen, delivered through the microvasculature. Cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke and dementia, can interrupt the transport of blood (and hence oxygen) rapidly, or over a prolonged period of time. An interruption in flow can lead to ischaemia, with prolonged interruptions leading to tissue death and eventual brain damage. The microvasculature plays a key role in the transport of oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue; however, its role in diseases such as dementia is poorly understood, primarily due to the inability of current clinical imaging techniques to resolve microvessels, and due to the complexity of the underlying microvasculature. Therefore, in order to understand cerebrovascular diseases, it is necessary to be able to resolve and understand the microvasculature. In particular, generating large-scale models of the human microvasculature that can be linked back to contemporary clinical imaging is important in helping plug the current imaging gap that exists. A novel statistical model is proposed here that generates such large-scale models efficiently. Homogenization theory is used to generate a porous continuum capillary bed (characterised by its permeability) that allows for the efficient scaling up of the microvasculature. A novel order-based density-filling algorithm is then developed which generates morphologically accurate penetrating arterioles and venules, also demonstrating that the topology of the vessels only has a minor influence on CBF compared to diameter. Finally, the capillary bed and penetrating vessels are coupled into a large voxel-sized model of the microvasculature from which pressure and flux variations through the voxel can be analysed. A decoupling of the pressure and flux, as well as a layering of flow, was observed within the voxel, driven by the topology of the penetrating vessels. Micro-infarctions were also simulated, demonstrating the large local effects they have on the pressure and flux, whilst only causing a minor drop in CBF within the voxel.

No description available.

No description available.

Les ephrines et leurs récepteurs Eph constituent une famille multigénique de facteurs de guidage cellulaire et axonal. Ces facteurs jouent un rôle-clé dans l’établissement de cartes neurales topographiques, notamment au niveau des connexions thalamocorticales, réseau neuronal majeur du cerveau des mammifères.<p><p>Notre projet visait initialement à étudier l’implication des ephrines corticales dans la génèse des connexions thalamocorticales par une approche de gain de fonction. Pour ce faire, nous avons généré des souris transgéniques présentant une expression ectopique spécifique de l’ephrine-A5 dans le cortex en développement, en utilisant une technique de transgénèse d’addition par chromosome artificiel de bactéries (BAC). <p><p>De façon surprenante, l’analyse de ces souris nous a révélé que les ephrines, à côté de leurs rôles classiques de facteurs de guidage, influençaient la taille du cortex cérébral en régulant l’apoptose des progéniteurs neuronaux. En effet, nous avons pu montrer que l’expression ectopique du ligand ephrine-A5 par les progéniteurs corticaux exprimant son récepteur EphA7 résultait en une déplétion précoce en progéniteurs corticaux par apoptose, et une diminution subséquente de la taille du cortex. Cette vague apoptotique est observée en l’absence de toute altération détectable de la prolifération, la différenciation et la migration neurale dans le cortex.<p><p>Nous avons étayé notre étude in vivo par des expériences in vitro, qui ont montré que l’ephrine-A5 recombinante était capable d’induire rapidement la mort des progéniteurs neuronaux dissociés. Nous avons également montré que cette mort cellulaire impliquait l’activation de la caspase-3, confirmant ainsi l’effet direct des ephrines et de leurs récepteurs sur une ou plusieurs cascades apoptotiques. Par contre, la stimulation des neurones post-mitotiques corticaux par l’ephrine-A5 est accompagnée d’une activation de la caspase-3 sans mort cellulaire apparente. La signalisation ephrine/Eph induirait donc l’activation de la caspase-3 dans différents types cellulaires, sans que celle-ci ne soit systématiquement le reflet d’une mort cellulaire programmée. <p><p>Parallèlement, afin d’évaluer l’importance physiologique de cette voie pro-apoptotique dépendante des ephrines, nous avons étudié des souris présentant une perte de fonction du récepteur EphA7. L’analyse de ces mutants nous a permis de mettre en évidence une diminution de l’apoptose des progéniteurs corticaux, une augmentation de la taille du cortex, ainsi qu’une hypercroissance exencéphalique de tout le cerveau antérieur dans les cas les plus extrêmes. Ces observations indiquent donc que les ephrines sont nécessaires au contrôle de la mort cellulaire programmée des progéniteurs du cortex cérébral. Nous avons également observé le même phénotype exencéphalique dans des mutants déficients en ephrines-A2, -A3 et -A5, dont l’analyse préliminaire suggère également des défauts de processus apoptotiques. <p><p>Nos diverses expériences, combinant une approche par gain et perte de fonction, à la fois in vivo et in vitro, ont ainsi permis de proposer un nouveau rôle des ephrines en marge de leur implication dans la guidance axonale, à savoir un rôle dans le contrôle de la taille cérébrale par induction de l’apoptose des progéniteurs corticaux.<p>La mise en évidence de cette nouvelle voie de signalisation pro-apoptotique pourrait avoir des implications importantes dans d’autres aspects de la biologie du développement et des cellules souches, ainsi que dans l’oncogénèse. <p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished