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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Estimulação do córtex motor e antinocicepção: envolvimento da via de analgesia serotonérgica descendente. / Motor cortex stimulation and antinociception: involvement of descending serotonergic pain pathway.

Patrícia Sanae de Souza Lopes 20 September 2013 (has links)
A estimulação epidural do córtex motor (ECM) é eficaz no tratamento da dor neuropática refratária, porém seus mecanismos de ação ainda são incertos. Sabendo que a ECM ativa a via analgésica descendente em ratos, fomos investigar o efeito da ECM sobre os núcleos serotonérgicos descendentes, dorsal da rafe (NDR) e magno da rafe (NMR) e sobre os neurônios da coluna posterior da medula espinhal (CPME). Ratos Wistar, submetidos à ECM, foram avaliados no teste de pressão da pata e seus tecidos foram avaliados frente à imunorreatividade (IR) para Egr-1 (marcador de ativação neuronal), serotonina (5HT) e substância P (SP). A ECM induziu antinocicepção em 62% nos animais, não alterou a ativação do NDR, entretanto ativou o NMR (67%), quando comparado com ratos não estimulados. A ECM aumentou a IR-5HT em 75% no NDR e em 92% no NMR. Na CPME, a ECM inibiu os neurônios nociceptivos (48%), porém não interferiu com a IR-SP. Estes resultados sugerem que a ECM induz analgesia, em parte, via ativação do sistema serotonérgico descendente. / Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is effective in the treatment of refractory neuropathic pain; however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Since the MCS activates the descending pain pathway in rats, we investigated the MCS effect on the descending serotonergic nuclei, dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the magnus raphe nucleus (MRN) and also on the neurons of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC). Wistar rats, submitted to MCS, were evaluated by paw pressure test and its tissues were evaluated by immunoreactivity (IR) to Egr-1 (neuronal activation marker), serotonin (5HT) and substance P (SP). MCS induced antinociception by 62% in animals, although did not modify the NDR activation; however, activated the MRN (67%), when compared to control groups. MCS increased the IR-5HT by 75% in the NDR and 92% in the MRN. In the DHSC, MCS inhibited the nociceptive neurons (48%), however did not change the IR-SP. These results suggest that MCS induce antinociception, partly, by the descending serotonergic pathway activation.
182

Orientação da atenção em pacientes portadores de tumor do lobo parietal / Orientation of attention in patients with parietal lobe tumor

Carlos Roberto de Almeida Junior 13 April 2012 (has links)
Atenção consiste em conjunto de processos que leva à seleção ou priorização no processamento de certas categorias de informação, em detrimento de outras, possibilitando um processamento mais eficiente do que seria possível caso o sistema nervoso processasse os estímulos presentes no ambiente simultaneamente. A atenção participa da maioria das funções cognitivas humanas. Depende, portanto, de região cerebral com privilégios anátomo-fisiológicos, como o lobo parietal, cujo padrão de conectividade (áreas unimodais, córtex pré-motor, colículo superior, giro cingulado, giro parahipocampal, insula, córtex orbitofrontal) possibilita a integração sensório-motora e cognitiva necessária à atenção. Desde o início da década de 80 estudos sobre o lobo parietal tem sugerido uma reavaliação de suas funções, modificando a percepção comum de que esteja relacionado exclusivamente a desempenhar funções espaciais, incluindo uma suposta especialização do lobo parietal direito na distribuição da atenção no espaço. No entanto, a base fisiológica para a especialização do lobo parietal na orientação atencional é mal compreendida pelas seguintes razões: 1- lesão unilateral do lobo parietal direito determina deficiência de processamento atencional em relação ao hemiespaço contralateral, e raramente ocorre após lesão do lobo parietal esquerdo; 2- o processamento das informações pelo sistema visual humano varia sensivelmente em relação aos campos visuais, e a metodologia dos testes atencionais tradicionais não considera que o desempenho dos voluntários pode ser limitado pela visibilidade dos estímulos; a localização dos estímulos tem sido avaliada independentemente da disposição dos alvos no campo visual. Nossa proposta é padronizar as condições de estimulação no teste de Posner para orientação da atenção, considerando os limiares específicos de cada voluntário e avaliar as deficiências de orientação da atenção endógena e exógena nos planos horizontal, vertical e diagonal, em pacientes portadores de dano nos lobos parietais direito e esquerdo, secundário a neoplasia, e compará-las entre si e com voluntários saudáveis. Desse modo poderíamos contribuir para o conhecimento sobre as bases neurais da atenção e para o desenvolvimento de estratégias eficazes e individualizadas de reabilitação / Attention consists of processes that lead to selection or prioritization in processing certain categories of information over others, allowing more efficient processing than would be possible if the nervous system had to process the stimuli in the environment simultaneously. Attention integrates most of human cognitive functions. Therefore it depends on specific brain regions with anatomical and physiological privileges, such as the parietal lobe, which pattern of connectivity (unimodal areas, premotor cortex, superior colliculus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex) enables sensorimotor and cognitive integration required for attention. Since early of 1980´s the common perception that parietal lobe is related solely to performance of spatial tasks, including a supposed specialization of the right parietal lobe for the distribution of attention in space is changing. The physiological basis for the specialization of the parietal lobe in orienting of attention is poorly understood for the following reasons: 1 - unilateral lesion of the right parietal lobe attentional determines disability in attention processing of information which comes from the contralateral space, and rarely occurs after injury of the left parietal lobe 2 - the processing of information by the human visual system varies considerably in relation to visual fields, and traditional attentional testing methodology does not consider that performance of the volunteers may be limited by the visibility of the stimuli; the location of the stimuli has been evaluated independently on the targets position in the visual field. Our proposal is to standardize the conditions of stimulation in the Posner test for orienting of attention, considering the specific visual thresholds of each subject and evaluate exogenous and endogenous orientation of attention deficiencies in horizontal, vertical and diagonal plans, in patients with damage to the right and left parietal lobes, secondary to brain tumor, and compare them among themselves and with healthy volunteers. Thereby this approach could contribute for the knowledge about the neural bases of attention and therefore help to develop effective strategies for rehabilitation
183

Radiocirurgia no tratamento das metástases cerebrais: resposta terapêutica e complicações baseadas na localização da lesão / Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastases: efficacy and complications based on brain location

Marcos Vinícius Calfat Maldaun 17 October 2006 (has links)
As metástases cerebrais são os tumores cerebrais mais freqüentes do sistema nervoso central. Entre as modalidades terapêuticas, a radiocirurgia (SRS) vem ganhando destaque nas duas últimas décadas como forma efetiva de tratamento associada com baixa morbidade e mortalidade. Porém, mesmo após ampla revisão da literatura, várias perguntas permanecem sem resposta sobre a radiocirurgia no tratamento das metástases cerebrais, perguntas estas principalmente relacionadas sobre as complicações tardias, dependência ao corticóide e relação das complicações com áreas cerebrais funcionais eloqüentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a radiocirurgia como modalidade terapêutica das metástases cerebrais (MC) de uma grande série de casos, que estuda criteriosamente clínica e radiologicamente as lesões e identificando fatores preditivos para complicações, falha terapêutica e necrose pós-tratamento, a qual enfatiza principalmente localização da MC e suas relações com áreas eloqüentes cerebrais. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo em 213 pacientes com 261 metástases cerebrais tratadas com radiocirurgia. Várias características demográficas deste grupo de pacientes foram analisadas, onde destacamos a boa distribuição de lesões de várias histologias tratadas e na grande maioria de pacientes em bom estado geral. Além disso, dividimos estes tumores de acordo com uma classificação estabelecida para relação com áreas eloqüentes em 3 grupos (graus I, II e III). No nosso estudo encontramos dependência ao corticóide em 24,3% dos casos, que se distribui em 15%, 25% e 29% nas lesões grau I, II e III respectivamente. O autor demonstra que o dobro das lesões localizadas nas áreas eloqüentes apresenta dependência ao corticóide, comparando-se com tumores em áreas não eloqüentes. Destacamos que a dependência ao esteróide ocorre em 54,5% dos tumores do tronco cerebral, 38,8% dos relacionados com centro motor/sensitivo, 35,5% daqueles relacionados com centros da fala e 20% dos casos relacionados com áreas visuais. Também nestes grupos específicos ocorreu queda destas taxas de dependência com o passar dos meses. Na nossa casuística, a SRS foi efetiva em 184 lesões tratadas (70,5%), diante de acompanhamento prolongado. As complicações em geral foram mais freqüentes em áreas eloqüentes, ocorrendo, especificamente, em 64,7% , 64,9% e 55,3% respectivamente, para lesões do tronco cerebral, centros da fala e áreas motoras/sensitivas. Dentre as muitas variáveis utilizadas encontramos diferenças significativas para complicações para casos com doença primária progressiva, lesões grau III (áreas eloqüentes), lesões do tronco cerebral e relacionadas com áreas motoras/sensitivas. Se estudarmos apenas os casos com falha terapêutica, notamos diferenças para predizer falha terapêutica em casos com doença sistêmica avançada, a não realização de radioterapia prévia e lesões relacionadas com áreas motoras/sensitivas e centros da fala. Foram considerados fatores preditivos de necrose pós-tratamento metástases de melanoma e carcinoma de células renais, presença de metástases outras além do encéfalo, realização prévia de radioterapia, doses acima de 20 Gy e tumores relacionados com áreas motoras/sensitivas. Em todas as análises, notamos diferenças significativas quanto maior o tamanho da lesão tratada. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à efetividade ou complicações comparando as várias histologias, ocorrendo diferenças para o surgimento de necrose póstratamento em casos das lesões consideradas \"radioresistentes\" (melanoma e carcinoma de células renais). Considerando os resultados obtidos, concluise que a realização de radioterapia prévia a radiocirurgia esteve associada com maior efetividade e maior possibilidade de ocorrer necrose póstratamento. Doença primária em estágio avançado foi considerada como fator preditivo de complicação e de falha terapêutica. Lesões maiores apresentaram significativas diferenças para complicações, falhas terapêuticas e necrose pós-tratamento, do que lesões menores. Podemos concluir, ainda, que a localização da metástase cerebral deve ser considerada uma variável importante em predizer complicação do tratamento, visto que encontramos significativas diferenças para o surgimento de complicações em lesões localizadas em áreas eloqüentes (grau III) e ainda especificamente em lesões do tronco cerebral e em áreas motoras/sensitivas, comparando-se com demais regiões cerebrais. Tais áreas também apresentaram maior taxa de dependência ao corticóide / Brain metastases are the most common Central Nervous System tumors. Among the therapy options stereotactic radiosurgery has became in the last two decades an usefulness treatment technique attending with lower complication and mortality rate. However, even an extended literature review, many questions remain unclear about this therapy modality, mainly related with long-term complications, steroids dependency, and relations with brain eloquent areas. The goal of this project is analyze stereotactic radiosurgery as treatment modality for brain metastases in a large series, considering clinics and radiologic lesions aspects and identifying predictors factors for complications, treatment failure and treatment necrosis regarding the relation with brain eloquent areas. We retrospectively review 213 patients with 261 brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Several demographics aspects were analysed. We noticed a good distribution of histological groups and the performing patient status. We also lump these lesions in groups based on their location in relation with eloquent brain areas (grade I, II and III). This study found a general steroids dependency rate of 24,3% for all cases, occurring in 15%, 25% and 29% in lesions grade I, II and III respectively. That\'s twice the frequency for lesions located in eloquent brain areas compared with non eloquent located lesions. Specifically, the steroids dependency occurred in 54,5% of brain stem tumors, 38,8% tumors related with motor/sensory centers, 35,5% speech center tumors related and 20% of cases related with visual areas. Even in these subgroups the dependency rate decreases with time. The long-term tumor local control was achieved in 184 treated lesion (70,5%). Complications were more often found in eloquent areas, specifically in 64,7%, 64,9% and 55,3% respectively for brain stem, speech centers and motor/sensory related lesions. Among all variables we found significant differences for complications in cases of progressive primary disease, lesions grade III (located in eloquent areas), brain stem lesions, and related with motor/sensory areas. Regarding only treatment failure prediction, we noticed significances in cases of progressive primary disease, none previously radiated cases, and lesions related with motor/sensitive and speech areas. We considered predictors of treatment necrosis melanoma and renal cell carcinoma metastases, extra-cranial metastases, previously radiated patients, doses > 20Gy. In all analysis we found significant differences as bigger as the treated lesion. We did not find significant differences regarding efficacy and complication comparing all histological types. We identify statistically significant considering \"radioresistent\" tumors for treatment necrosis. Based on the results, we conclude that radiotherapy previously stereotactic radiosurgery were related higher effectiveness and treatment necrosis. Progressive primary disease predicts complications and treatment failure. Bigger lesions were statistically significant related with complications, treatment failure and necrosis compared with smaller ones. We can also conclude that brain location of metastases is an important variable to predict complications, with results that showed statistically significant differences found in grade III lesions, specifically brain stem tumors, lesions related in motor/sensitive areas, compared with non eloquent located lesions. These areas are also related with higher steroids dependency rates
184

O papel dos microRNAs nas displasias corticais focais = The role of microRNAs in focal cortical dysplasias / The role of microRNAs in focal cortical dysplasias

Avansini, Simoni Helena, 1980- 07 April 2012 (has links)
Orientadores: IsciaTeresinha Lopes Cendes, Fábio Rossi Torres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avansini_SimoniHelena_M.pdf: 4063977 bytes, checksum: fd585dcd7befa8b76aa15db5e445d1d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A displasia cortical focal (DCF) é uma malformação do córtex cerebral humano que ocorre na fase de proliferação e diferenciação neuronal e está frequentemente associada com a refratariedade das crises epilépticas. É designada como um espectro de anormalidades da estrutura laminar do córtex, associada com características citopatológicas que incluem neurônios gigantes, dismórficos e células em balão e, sua etiologia é pouco conhecida. Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de RNAs de fita simples não codificadores de proteínas que regulam a expressão gênica pós-transcricional. Há evidências que indicam que eles estão envolvidos em importantes processos do sistema nervoso e que os mesmos podem ter um papel nas DCF. A elucidação das vias moleculares desta malformação pode permitir uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes e levar a novas estratégias de tratamento, melhora na conduta clínica e identificação de novos alvos terapêuticos, bem como a descoberta de biomarcadores que possam ser associados ao diagnóstico, prognóstico e resposta ao tratamento. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o padrão de expressão dos miRNAs em tecidos com DCF obtidos através de cirurgia para o controle de crises refratárias, verificar os prováveis genes alvos para esses miRNAs diferencialmente expressos e comparar a assinatura molecular baseada nos miRNAs em tipos distintos de DCF do tipo 2. Foi utilizado para isso o RNA total de 17 pacientes com DCF e de 20 controles oriundos de autópsia. Os experimentos de microarranjos de miRNAs revelaram 39 miRNAs diferencialmente hipoexpressos e um miRNA hiperexpresso. Utilizouse a técnica de qPCR para validação desses miRNAs e foi possível identificar uma diferença na expressão de três miRNAs: hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-34a e hsa-let-7f em pacientes com DCF tipo 2 em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, o hsa-miR-31 foi identificado como um possível biomarcador para o subtipo 2b de DCF. Na busca por genes alvos foi encontrado hiperexpresso o NEUROG2. Também foi verificada a desregulação do gene DICER1, encontrado hipoexpresso, o que justifica a predominância de miRNAs com expressão diminuída encontrados. E por fim, observou-se que o padrão diferencial de expressão dos três miRNAs e os dois genes identificados em nosso estudo fornecem subsídios importantes para esclarecer os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na falha da diferenciação neuroglial em DCF tipo 2 / Abstract: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of human cerebral cortex that occurs during proliferation and neuronal differentiation frequently associated with drug-resistant epilepsy. It is designated as a spectrum of abnormalities of laminar structure of the cortex, associated with cellular abnormalities that consist of giant and dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells; however, its etiology is poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. There is evidence that they are involved in important processes in the nervous system and that they may play a role in FCD. The elucidation of the molecular pathways involved in FCD may allow a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and may lead to new treatment strategies, improvement in clinical management and identification of new therapeutic targets, as well as the discovery of biomarkers that may be associated with the diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate miRNAs expression pattern in tissue with FCD obtained at surgery for control of refractory seizures. In addition, we aimed to identify target genes for these miRNAs differentially expressed, as well as to compare the molecular signature based on miRNAs in different types of FCD. We used total RNA isolated from brain tissue obtained after surgery for the treatment of medically refractory seizures from 17 patients with DCF and 20 controls from autopsy. Microarray analysis revealed 39 miRNAs differentially downregulated and only one miRNA overexpressed. Decreased expression of three miRNAs was confirmed by qPCR when patients with type 2 FCD were compared with controls: hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR34a and hsa-let-7f. In addition, we found that hsa-miR-31 could be a potential biomarker for type 2b FCD. In the search for target genes, NEUROG2 was found upregulated and DICER1 was found underexpressed, which explains the predominance of miRNAs with decreased expression. Finally, we observed that the differential pattern of expression of three miRNAs, and the two genes identified in our study provide important information which may help to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the failure of neuroglial differentiation in type 2 FCD / Mestrado / Neurociencias / Mestra em Fisiopatologia Médica
185

Approcci innovativi alla modellizzazione della corteccia cerebrale: analisi automatizzate della citoarchitettonica corticale / INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE MODELING OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX: AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF CORTICAL CYTOARCHITECTONICS

DE GIORGIO, ANDREA 04 December 2017 (has links)
In questa tesi descriviamo una procedura automatizzata per l’analisi della corteccia motoria dello scimpanzè, del Macaca fascicularis e del cavallo, basata su un nuovo metodo computerizzato di analisi delle sezioni colorate attraverso il metodo di Nissl, al fine di studiare la corteccia cerebrale in specie differenti. Le microfotografie delle sezioni sono state elaborate con una procedura standardizzata usando il software ImageJ. Questa procedura ha previsto la suddivisione degli strati corticali, dal primo al sesto, in diversi frames. Per misurare la complessità delle cellule nervose (cioè quanto una cellula fosse diversa dalle adiacenti) abbiamo utilizzato un modello di rappresentazione statistica non-parametrica che mostra come la complessità può essere espressa in termini di un adeguato indice di dispersione statistica quale il MAD (mean absolute deviation). Abbiamo quindi dimostrato che gli strati piramidali della corteccia motoria del cavallo sono più irregolari di quelli di scimpanzè e Macaca fascicularis. La combinazione dell’analisi automatica delle immagini e delle analisi statistiche consente pertanto di confrontare e classificare la complessità della corteccia motoria attraverso diverse specie. Il modello viene proposto come strumento al fine di contribuire a stabilire le somiglianze cerebrali tra umani e animali, rispettando il principio delle 3R. / In this thesis we describe an automated procedure based on a new computerized method of partitioning Nissl-stained sections of the motor cortex of the chimpanzee, crab-eating monkey, and horse, to study the neocortex in different species. Microphotographs of the sections were first processed using a standard procedure in ImageJ, then the stained neuronal profiles were analyzed within continuously adjoining frames from the first to the sixth layer of neocortex. To measure the neuronal complexity (how a given cell is different from its neighbors) we used a general non-parametric data representation model showing that the complexity can be expressed in terms of a suitable measure of statistical dispersion such as the mean absolute deviation. We demonstrated that the pyramidal layers of the motor cortex of the horse are more irregular than those of the monkeys studied. The combination of automated image analysis and statistical analysis made it possible to compare and rank the motor cortex complexity across different species. Therefore, we are confident that our work will help to establish brain similarities between humans and animals used for alimentary purpose, whose brain is often discarded. This, in turn, will allow to carry out the experimental brain research obeying the 3Rs principle.
186

Ephrin-B1 controls the spatial distribution of cortical pyramidal neurons by restricting their tangential migration

Dimidschstein, Jordane 29 August 2012 (has links)
During development of the cerebral cortex, the various neuronal subtypes have to reach their correct final position in the post mitotic compartment where they complete their maturation and eventually establish functional networks. Precise positioning of individual neurons is acquired through tight regulation of the multiple transitions that neurons undergo on their way to the cortical plate. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are organized in layers and columns. Although several molecular mechanisms have been identified that control the final position of neurons along the radial dimension of the cortex (i.e. layer specificity), much less is known about how their final tangential, or mediolateral, distribution is controlled. However this may have a direct impact on the structural and functional organization of cortical columns, since sister neurons derived from the same progenitor display selective patterns of connectivity with each other and/or share similar functional properties. Here we studied the role of B-ephrins in the control of migration of cortical pyramidal neurons. Gain of function experiments using in utero electroporation of ephrin-B1 revealed a striking alteration of the tangential distribution of pyramidal neurons during the multipolar stage of radial migration, resulting in clustering of the pyramidal neurons in the cortical plate. Conversely, clonal analysis of migrating neurons in ephrin-B1 knockout mice showed a wider mediolateral dispersion of cortical neurons. Static and dynamic analyses of migrating neurons revealed that ephrin-B1 modulates the morphology of pyramidal neurons during their multipolar phase, thereby restricting their tangential migration at that stage. Our results demonstrate that ephrin-B1 is a specific inhibitor of non-radial migration of pyramidal neurons, thereby controlling the pattern of cortical columns. These data shed new light on this important aspect of pyramidal neuronal migration, and illustrate how alterations of patterns of migration can affect cortical column organization. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
187

Making cortex in a dish: an intrinsic mechanism of corticogenesis from embryonic stem cells

Gaspard, Nicolas 03 September 2009 (has links)
The cerebral cortex develops through the coordinated generation of dozens of neuronal <p>subtypes, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we show that mouse embryonic <p>stem cells, cultured without any morphogen but in the presence of a sonic hedgehog inhibitor, <p>recapitulate in vitro the major milestones of cortical development, leading to the sequential <p>generation of a diverse repertoire of neurons that display most salient features of genuine <p>cortical pyramidal neurons. When grafted into the cerebral cortex, these neurons develop <p>patterns of axonal projections corresponding to a wide range of cortical layers, but also to <p>highly specific cortical areas, in particular visual and limbic areas, thereby demonstrating that <p>the identity of a cortical area can be specified without any influence from the brain. The <p>discovery of intrinsic corticogenesis sheds new light on the mechanisms of neuronal <p>specification, and opens new avenues for the modelling and treatment of brain diseases. <p>In a further attempt to prove the validity of this model, we have initiated the study of the <p>mechanism of action of FoxG1, a forkhead box transcription factor involved in the control of <p>cell fate decision in the developing cortex. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
188

Organisation multi-échelle du cortex humain : des réseaux anatomo-fonctioneles à l'expression des gènes / Multiscale organization of the human cortex : from anatomo-functional cognitive networks to gene expression

Cioli, Claudia 30 September 2015 (has links)
Ce travail est conçu dans le panorama de développement rapide de grandes bases de données qui rassemblent des ensembles de résultats expérimentaux sur l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cerveau humain à différentes échelles; l’abondance d’informations demande un effort intra et interdisciplinaire pour les synthétiser de façon cohérente. Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à cet effort de synthèse. Le travail suit deux chemins: intra disciplinaire pour relier et synthétiser les résultats produits par la communauté de l’imagerie cérébrale, avec une focalisation particulière sur les Réseaux de Repos et les Réseaux Cognitifs; inter-disciplinaire pour relier l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cortex cérébral (résultats en imagerie cérébrale), et les expressions des gènes révélées par les bases de données publiées très récemment sur le transcriptome humain.Cette thèse est organisée en trois parties: dans Partie I nous étudions l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cortex à partir des études d’imagerie cérébrale. Dans la Partie II, nous étudions les liens entre l’expression corticale des gènes et l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cortex, à la fois en termes de similitude topographique et de congruence de fonction, en se focalisant en particulier sur le traitement de l’information et la mémorisation. Dans la Partie III, nous présentons une plate-forme pour intégrer dans une même représentation les données d’imagerie cérébrale et d’expression génétique.En perspective, nous montrons comment notre approche pourrait donner des nouveaux points de vu au débat sur les maladies neurodégénératives et psychiatriques, et sur les modelés des dynamiques corticales. / This work is conceived in the present panorama of fast development of large databases gathering experimental results about the organization of the human brain at different scales. This abundance of information calls for an intra and inter-disciplinary effort aimed to synthesize this information in a coherent way.The aim of this thesis was to contribute to this effort for knowledge synthesis to better understand the multiscale organization of the cerebral cortex. The work followed two paths: an intra-disciplinary effort to bring together results produced by the brain imaging community with particular focus on Resting State and Task Based MRI experiments; an inter-disciplinary attempt to draw a link between the anatomo-functional organization of the cortex as emerging from brain imaging studies and the cortical patterns of gene expression as revealed by recently published atlases of the adult human brain transcriptome.The thesis is organized into three parts: In Part I studied the anatomo-functional organization of the human cortex starting from brain imaging studies. In Part II we studied the link between cortical gene expression and the anatomo-functional organization of the cortex both in term of their topography and in term of their function, focusing in particular on information processing and memory formation. In Part III we present a platform that we developed to favor knowledge integration between cognitive networks and gene expression databases.In perspective we show how our approach may provide new insights to the debate about neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases on one hand, modeling of dynamical processes in different areas of the cortex on the other.
189

The neural basis for auditory-motor interactions during musical rhythm processing

Chen, Joyce Lynn January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
190

Parvalbumin-producing striatal interneurons received excitatory inputs onto proximal dendrites from motor thalamus in male mice / 線条体パルブアルブミン発現介在ニューロンは運動視床の入力を近位樹状突起に受ける / センジョウタイ パルブアルブミン ハツゲン カイザイ ニューロン ワ ウンドウ シショウ ノ ニュウリョク オ キンイ ジュジョウ トッキ ニ ウケル

中野 泰岳, Yasutake Nakano 22 March 2018 (has links)
本研究は、線条体パルブアルブミン発現ニューロン(PVニューロン)が受け取るグルタミン酸作動性軸索投射を順行性ウィルストレーサーを用い形態学的に調べた。その結果、運動皮質および視床腹側部からのグルタミン酸作動性軸索入力はいずれもPVニューロン樹状突起の広範囲に投射を行っているものの、視床腹側部の投射のみが細胞体から20µm程度の近位樹状突起に高密度な分布を示すことが明らかとなった。 / Using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing somatodendritic membrane–targeted green fluorescent protein in striatal parvalbumin (PV) interneurons, we demonstrate that glutamatergic inputs originating from the ventral anterior/ventral lateral motor thalamus preferentially contact on proximal dendrites, while inputs from motor cortex are uniformly distributed on PV neurons. These results were confirmed using a combination of vesicular glutamate transporter immunoreactions. Collectively, these findings suggest that PV neurons produce fast and reliable inhibition of medium spiny neurons in response to thalamic inputs. In contrast, excitatory inputs from motor cortices modulate PV dendrite excitability, possibly in concert with other glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic inputs. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

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