Cerias, appropriately doped with trivalent rare earth ions in particular, can have high oxide ion conductivity and are attractive as both SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) electrolytes and anodes. Here, four groups of candidate electrolyte materials were synthesised using a low temperature method in order to determine the effect of multiple doping on their microstructure and ionic conductivity. In an initial study, seven compositions of Ce0.8SmxGd[sub]yNd[sub]zO1.9 (where x, y and z = 0.2, 0.1, 0.0667 or 0 and x + y + z = 0.2) were synthesised and the properties of multiply-doped materials were compared with the corresponding singly-doped parent materials. The effect of co-doping with Gd and Sm was investigated in more detail by preparing and studying five compositions of Ce1−2xSmxGdxO2−x (where x = 0.125, 0.1, 0.0875, 0.075 or 0.05) and seven compositions of Ce0.825SmxGd0.175−xO1.9125 (where x = 0.175, 0.14, 0.105, 0.0875, 0.07, 0.035 or 0). The effect of additional doping with a divalent ion- Ca2+- was studied in six compositions of Ce[sub](0.825+y)Sm[sub](0.0875-y)Gd[sub](0.0875-y)Ca[sub]yO1.9125 (where y = 0, 0.00875, 0.0175, 0.02625, 0.035 or 0.04375). The materials were characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Crystallite sizes were determined in the powders and relative densities and grain size distributions were obtained in sintered pellets. Total, bulk and grain boundary conductivities were obtained using impedance spectroscopy and corresponding activation energies and enthalpies of ion migration and defect association were calculated. The most promising material for SOFCs operating at intermediate temperatures was found to be Ce0.825Sm0.0875Gd0.0875O1.9125 which had a total conductivity at 600 °C of 2.23 S m−1. Lastly, doped ceria materials, primarily Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9, were employed as catalytic supports for Pd and PdO nanoparticles and these were investigated as SOFC anode materials.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6783.pdf: 3853594 bytes, checksum: 5c76462cb2ede47f0f6638372f3f2364 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important process in the petroleum refining industry, being responsible for the increase of the yield of the most valuable light hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the FCC process generates big amounts of CO, NOx and SOx emissions. The CO emissions from the most of pollution sources are abatement using noble metal based catalysts. However, the growing demand and scarcity of those metals have caused an increase in the process cost and consequently promoting studies to find alternative catalysts with comparable efficiency and lower in cost. In this respect, the literature had presented interesting results with transitions metal catalysts. Thus, the objective of this work was to prepare exchanged or impregnated Fe or Mn on H-mordenite or Ce-mordenite, which were evaluated between 150 and 550 oC in the CO oxidation with O2, in the presence or absence of interfering compounds (water steam or SO2). The catalysts were characterized by ICP-OES, DRX, DRS-UV-VIS and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results showed that the preparation procedures of the interchanged or impregnated Fe or Mn catalysts were adequate, and no mordenite crystallinity loss was observed. Contrary to the exchanged Fe or Mn based catalysts, those based on impregnated Fe or Mn oxides showed a important potential as catalysts in the CO oxidation with O2. Then, in the applied operational conditions the Ce-MOR/Fe10, Ce-MOR/Mn5, Ce-MOR/Mn10 e H-MOR/Mn5 catalysts were able to produce an effluent with CO content lower than 500 ppm, which is the allowed limit by the environmental regulations related with FCC units. In the presence of water steam the evaluated Fe or Mn catalysts presented activity loss that was recovered after the elimination of that interfering from the feed. Nevertheless, in the presence of SO2, the tested catalysts showed an irreversible and significantly activity loss. / O craqueamento catalítico fluido (FCC) é uma das etapas mais importantes no refino de petróleo, sendo responsável pelo aumento do rendimento em frações leves, de maior valor agregado. Por outro lado, o FCC é responsável na refinaria por uma grande parcela das emissões de monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) e óxidos de enxofre (SOx). O CO, em particular, na maioria das fontes poluidoras é eliminado via oxidação sobre catalisadores à base de metais nobres. Porém, o aumento na demanda desses metais e sua baixa disponibilidade criam um forte impacto no custo do processo, surgindo a necessidade de buscar catalisadores alternativos, com eficiência comparável e de menor custo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar catalisadores à base de ferro ou manganês impregnados ou trocados em H-mordenita ou Ce-mordenita e avaliá-los entre 150 e 550 oC na oxidação de CO com oxigênio (O2), na ausência ou presença de compostos interferentes à reação como vapor de água e dióxido de enxofre (SO2). Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de emissão atômica (ICP-OES), difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (DRS-UV-VIS), redução com H2 à temperatura programada (RTP-H2) e espectroscopia Mössbauer (MOSS). Os resultados mostraram que os procedimentos de preparação dos catalisadores, trocados ou suportados, foram eficientes, não se observando perda de cristalinidade da mordenita. Os catalisadores com óxidos de Fe ou Mn suportados na mordenita apresentaram um importante potencial para serem utilizados como catalisadores na oxidação de CO com O2, contrário ao que ocorreu com cátions de Fe ou Mn em sítios de troca. Assim, nas condições operacionais utilizadas, os catalisadores Ce-MOR/Fe10, Ce-MOR/Mn5, Ce-MOR/Mn10 e H-MOR/Mn5 foram capazes de converter CO suficiente para produzir um efluente gasoso com teor menor que 500 ppm de CO, sendo essa a concentração limite permitida pela legislação que rege as emissões de unidades FCC. Os catalisadores impregnados com Fe e Mn, quando avaliados na presença de vapor de água e de SO2, ocorreu perda da atividade, a que foi recuperada somente no caso do vapor de água.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-03-29T14:51:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2889280 bytes, checksum: 9c7ca34cb774b831c8a33f50c09aee7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-29T14:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2889280 bytes, checksum: 9c7ca34cb774b831c8a33f50c09aee7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Nanomedicine is the use of nanomaterials in developing new therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. However, despite the advantages and different applications of nanoparticles, they also have potential toxic effects that should be properly assessed before use. Metal oxides and, in particular, metal oxide nanoparticles have many applications. Among them, cerium oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide have shown different pharmacological activities, both alone, and in combination with each other. Cancer is a complex genetic disease which is a major public health problem worldwide, one of the leading causes of death in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and antitumor activity in vivo of cerium oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide association (NCZ). Initially it was evaluated the acute preclinical toxicity orally with estimated NCZ LD50 above 2000 mg/kg, therefore, the sample is considered to have low toxicity in our experimental conditions. Subsequently it was performed the evaluation of repeated doses toxicity study (28 days) of NCZ by oral route. The treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the consumption of water and feed, significant increase in enzyme activity of ALT and AST, significant decrease of urea, significant increase in the total white blood cell count, significant decrease in thymus index, significantly increased of ambulation and a decrease in time of self-cleaning and withdrawals. The study of acute toxicity by intraperitoneal route, the LD50 of NCZ was estimated at about 300 mg/kg enabling the choice of doses to be used in the study of antitumor activity. NCZ showed significant antitumor activity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model (EAC) at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, considering the mass, tumor volume and total cell parameters. In the investigation of its mechanism of action was observed that NCZ increased the percentage of cells in sub-G1 phase, decreased microvessel peritoneal vascular, as well promoted an increased in the concentration of IL-1, IL-10, TNF- and IFN-. It was also evaluated the toxicity of NCZ in animals with EAC submitted to antitumor treatment for nine days. It was observed a significant decrease in feed intake, significant increase in ALT activity, significant decrease in serum urea concentration, significant increase in serum creatinine and significant increase in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin. According to the results, we can infer that NCZ has low toxicity and significant antitumor activity in vivo with mechanism of action probably related to interference with the progression of the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, increased immune response and antiangiogenic action. / A nanomedicina consiste na utilização de nanomateriais no desenvolvimento de novas modalidades terapêuticas e de diagnóstico. Todavia, apesar das vantagens e diferentes aplicações das nanopartículas, estas também possuem potenciais efeitos tóxicos que devem ser devidamente avaliados antes de sua utilização. Óxidos de metais e, em especial, nanopartículas de óxido de metais possuem várias aplicações. Dentre eles o óxido de zinco e nanopartículas de óxido de cério já demonstraram diversas atividades farmacológicas tanto de forma isolada, quanto em associação entre si. Especialmente para nanopartículas de óxido de cério, vários estudos mostram seu potencial antitumoral. O câncer é uma doença genética complexa que constitui um importante problema de saúde pública em todo mundo, sendo uma das principais causas de morte no Brasil. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade e atividade antitumoral in vivo de nanopartículas de óxido de cério associadas ao óxido de zinco (NCZ). Inicialmente foi avaliada a toxicidade pré-clínica aguda, por via oral, com estimativa de DL50 para NCZ acima de 2000 mg/kg sendo, portanto, a amostra considerada de baixa toxicidade nas condições experimentais avaliadas. Em seguida foi realizada a avaliação da toxicidade pré-clínica de doses repetidas (28 dias) de NCZ, por via oral. O tratamento resultou em diminuição significativa no consumo de água e ração, ureia, índice do timo e tempo de auto-limpeza e levantamentos, assim como resultou em um aumento significativo na atividade enzimática de ALT e AST, contagem total de leucócitos e ambulação. No estudo de toxicidade aguda por via intraperitoneal de NCZ a DL50 foi estimada em torno de 300 mg/kg possibilitando a escolha das doses a serem utilizadas no estudo de atividade antitumoral. NCZ apresentou significante atividade antitumoral em modelo de Carcinoma Ascítico de Ehrlich (CAE) nas doses de 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg, considerando os parâmetros massa e volume tumoral, bem como total celular. Na investigação de seu mecanismo de ação foi observado que NCZ aumentou a percentagem de células na fase sub-G1, reduziu a microdensidade vascular peritoneal, bem como aumentou a concentração de IL-1, IL-10, TNF- e IFN-. Foi avaliada ainda, a toxicidade de NCZ nos animais com CAE submetidos ao tratamento antitumoral de nove dias, sendo observada uma diminuição significativa no consumo de ração e na concentração sérica de ureia, assim como resultou em aumento significativo na atividade da ALT, concentração sérica de creatinina e hemoglobina corpuscular média. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, é possível inferir que NCZ apresenta baixa toxicidade e significante atividade antitumoral in vivo com mecanismo de ação provavelmente relacionado a uma interferência na progressão do ciclo celular com indução de apoptose, aumento da resposta imune antitumoral e ação antiangiogênica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:04/00364-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP