Le marché de l’éclairage est un marché de masse à diffusion large en pleine mutation face aux nouvelles contraintes environnementales. Il s’inscrit dans une démarche de préservation de l’environnement avec une volonté européenne de voir sa consommation énergétique réduite de 20% d’ici 2020. Les luminophores jouent un rôle prépondérant dans les performances des systèmes d’éclairage utilisant comme sources d’excitations des LEDs bleues ou UV, ou encore un plasma (Xe-Ne), où ils permettent de convertir les photons incidents (VUV, UV ou bleus) en lumière visible. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la production de lumière blanche. Pour obtenir une couleur la plus proche du blanc idéal et répondant aux mieux au cahier des charges de l’éclairage domestique, une amélioration des performances des luminophores utilisés classiquement est nécessaire. Au cours de ces travaux nous avons porté notre attention sur deux aluminates de formulations Y3Al5O12 dopé Ce3+ (YAG :Ce) et BaMgAl10O17 dopé Eu2+ (BAM :Eu). L’aspect novateur repose d’une part sur la synthèse de ces luminophores sous forme de nanoparticules par des voies de synthèse originales (la voie solvothermale et la combustion assistée par micro-ondes respectivement) et d’autre part sur leur mise en forme (revêtements composites « luminophores/polymère »). Plusieurs techniques expérimentales (DRX, IR, Mössbauer, aimantation, MEB, MET,…) ont été utilisées afin de caractériser leurs propriétés structurales et morphologiques. L’étude des performances optiques de ces luminophores enregistrées sous excitations bleue, UV et/ou VUV nous a permis de mettre en évidence leur utilisation potentielle dans les nouveaux dispositifs d’éclairage : associés à d’autres luminophores (rouge pour le YAG :Ce; rouge et vert pour le BAM :Eu) en proportions adéquates, il est possible de générer de la lumière blanche présentant les propriétés escomptées. / Lighting market is a widespread distribution mass market undergoing radical transformation faced with new environmental restrictions. It fits into an environmental protection approach with a European will to reduce by 20% its energy consumption by 2020. Phosphors play a key role on performances of lighting devices where, combined with LEDs (blue or UV) or plasma (Xe-Ne) excitations, they provide visible light. In this work, we have focused on the generation of white light. In order to obtain a color closest to ideal white and meeting with the specifications of domestic lighting, it is necessary to improve the performances of traditional phosphors. Two aluminates have been investigated: Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG :Ce) and Eu2+ doped BaMgAl10O17 (BAM :Eu). On the one hand, innovation is based on unconventional synthesis methods allowing the preparation of nanostrutured phosphors (solvothermal and microwave induced solution combustion syntheses respectively) and on the other hand on their shaping (composite coatings « phosphors/polymer »). Structural and morphological features have been studied by means of several tools (XRD, IR, Mössbauer, magnetization, SEM, TEM,…). Finally, the optical properties of phosphors recorded upon blue, UV and/or VUV excitations have evidenced that they are suitable for applications in new lighting devices: their combination with other phosphors (red for YAG:Ce; red and green for BAM:Eu) in appropriate proportions allows producing white light with the required specifications.

L'hydrogène est envisagé comme vecteur énergétique pour le futur. En effet, son utilisation par oxydation dans les piles à combustible ne produit que de la vapeur d'eau et permet la production d'électricité et de chaleur. L'oxydation partielle des hydrocarbures, réaction exothermique, peut être une alternative ou un complément au vaporeformage (endothermique) pour la génération d'hydrogène. L'intérêt du propane, par rapport au méthane, est qu'il se liquéfie à une pression relativement faible. L'objectif de ce travail est l'étude cinétique de l'oxydation partielle catalytique du propane. C'est une réaction complexe : son mécanisme comporte des réactions catalytiques de surface couplées à des réactions en phase gazeuse par l'intermédiaire de radicaux. La réaction a été étudiée dans un réacteur auto-agité catalytique. Dans un premier temps une étude expérimentale a été réalisée sans catalyseur. Un mécanisme homogène a pu ainsi être validé. Ensuite, cette même réaction a été étudiée en présence de pastilles d'oxyde de cérium. Un mécanisme hétérogène a été écrit en utilisant le formalisme d'Eley-Rideal et celui de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. Les données cinétiques ont été estimées selon une méthode originale basée sur la théorie de Benson. En comparant les résultats expérimentaux et ceux issus de la simulation (effectués avec Chemkin®/Chemkin Surface®), un mécanisme hétéro-homogène a été validé sur un large domaine de conditions opératoires / Hydrogen is proposed as an energy vector for the future. Indeed, its energetic use by oxidation in fuel cells produces water vapor only. The partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, an exothermic reaction, can be an alternative or a complement to the steam cracking (endothermic) for hydrogen generation. Propane can be an interesting hydrocarbon for hydrogen production since it can be easily stored in liquid phase and distributed. The aim of this work is the kinetic study of the catalytic partial oxidation of propane. The reaction is complex: catalytic reactions are coupled to reactions in gas phase by the intermediary of radicals. The reaction was studied in a catalytic jet stirred reactor. At first, an experimental study was carried out without a catalyst. A homogeneous mechanism could be validated. Afterwards, this same reaction has been studied in presence of cerium oxide pellets. A heterogeneous mechanism was written using the formalism of Eley-Rideal and that of Langmuir-Hinshelwood. The kinetics parameters are estimated by methods derivated from Benson's techniques. Comparing experimental results and those from the simulation (carried out by Chemkin®/Chemkin Surface®), a hetero-homogeneous mechanism was validated in our experimental conditions

Les émissions de composés organiques volatiles (COV) dans l'atmosphère sont réglementées à caus de leur impact sur la santé. L'oxydation catalytique est une des techniques prometteuses pour limiter ces émissions. L'objectif de ce travail était de mettre au point des catalyseurs actifs, sélectifs en dioxyde de carbone et stables pour la destruction de COV. Afin de trouver une alternative à l'utilisation de catalyseurs à base de métaux nobles, ce travail de recherche a été orienté sur la synthèse de matériaux à base d'oxydes de métaux de transition. Les différents oxydes mixtes ont été caractérisés par différentes techniques physico-chimiques dont la Diffraction des Rayons X (DRX), les Analyses Thermiques (ATD/ATG), la Réduction en Température Programmée (H₂-RTP), la Microscopie Électronique à Transmission (MET), la Spectrométrie de Photoélectrons induits par rayons X (SPX),... Dans un premier temps, une étude sur la préparation d'oxydes mixtes issus de précurseurs de type hydrotalcite a été menée, concernant le remplacement du cation bivalent. Cette étude a montré que l'oxyde mixte contenant du cobalt et de l'aluminium présentait une activité catalytique intéressante pour l'oxydation du toluène ainsi que du monoxyde de carbone. Afin d'améliorer cet oxyde mixte, une étude sur l'influence des méthodes non conventionnelles de préparations du précurseur hydrotalcite a été effectuée. Les micro-ondes ainsi que les ultrasons ont été utilisés lors de cette synthèse et les différents oxydes mixtes ont été testés dans les réactions du toluène et du CO. Lors de cette application, un effet bénéfique de l'utilisation des micro-ondes lors de la synthèse a été observé. Dans un troisième temps, une étude de l'incorporation de cérium dans la structure hydrotalcite a été menée. Un oxyde mixte du type CoAlCe a montré une activité catalytique intéressante pour l'oxydation totale du toluène. De plus, une relation entre la réductabilité et l'activité catalytique a pu être mise en évidence. Une comparaison entre les meilleurs catalyseurs de cette étude et des catalyseurs à base de métaux nobles commerciaux a été abordée. L'étude cinétique de l'oxydation totale du toluène a montré, que dans le cas des oxydes mixtes CoAlCe et CoAl, un mécanisme du type Mars Van Krevelen décrirait le mieux la réaction. Enfin, les quatre meilleurs oxydes mixtes ont été testés dans la réaction d'oxydation du toluène en présence de monoxyde de carbone. Un effet bénéfique de celui-ci sur la réactivité vis-à-vis du toluène a été observé. / Catalytic oxidation is one of the promising technologies to reduce VOC emissions. The objective of this work was to develop active, selective and stable catalyst for the destruction of VOC. In order to find an alternative to the use of noble metals based catalysts, this research has been focused on the synthesis of materials based on transition metal oxides. The various mixed oxides were characterized by different physico-chemical techniques including XRD, Thermal Analysis, H2-TPR, TEM, XPS...Initially, a study on the preparation of mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcite-like precursors was conducted. Thus, it was shown that the mixed oxide containing cobalt and aluminum exhibited interesting for catalytic activity for the toluene aznd carbon monoxide total oxidation. To improve this mixed oxide, a study of the influence of non-conventional methods for the preparation of the precursor was performed. The microwave and ultrasound have been used in these syntheses. The various mixed oxides thus prepared were tested in the oxidation reactions of CO and toluene. In this application, a beneficial effectvof the use of microwaves in the synthesis was observed. Thirdly, a study of the incorporation of cerium in the hydrotalcite structure was conducted. Mixed oxides of CoAlCe show interest for the total oxidation of toluene catalytic activity. Moreover, a relationship between the reductibility and the catalytic activity has been demonstrated. A comparison of the best catalysts of this study and catalysts of noble metals business was discussed. The kinetic study of the complete oxidation of toluene showed that in the case of mixed oxides CoAlCe and CoAl, a mechanism of March Van Krevelen type described the reaction.

As ligas de alumínio vêm sendo amplamente usadas nas indústrias aeronáuticas e automobilísticas por suas propriedades mecânicas superiores às do metal puro. Entretanto, como as propriedades de corrosão dessas ligas variam, sendo piores do que as do alumínio puro, surge a necessidade de estudos de diferentes métodos de proteção contra a corrosão. O uso de coberturas protetoras é uma alternativa para diminuir os processos corrosivos e, desta maneira, aumentar a vida útil desses materiais. Das coberturas de conversão existentes, as mais usadas ainda são à base de cromo, porém o cromo tem se mostrado danoso ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Por outro lado, as coberturas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério, ambientalmente mais corretas e menos nocivas, já têm sido usadas com sucesso para este propósito. Ademais, partindo do consenso sobre o bom desempenho da polianilina (PAni) em proteger metais oxidáveis contra a corrosão, inclusive o alumínio e suas ligas, o presente estudo propõe o desenvolvimento de proteção anticorrosiva de ligas de alumínio pela combinação de camadas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério associada com camadas de PAni nas ligas de alumínio das séries AA1xxx e AA6xxx. A combinação de camadas duplex surge como uma alternativa promissora por: (i) possibilitar a formação de pontos de ancoragem sobre a superfície, promovidos pelas camadas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério, para a posterior deposição de PAni; (ii) ampliar o uso das camadas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério isoladamente ou combinadas com PAni e (iii) promover o melhor sinergismo na proteção contra a corrosão das ligas de alumínio e de outros materiais pela associação e maior interação desses sistemas. / Aluminium alloys have been widely used in automobile and aircraft industries for their superior mechanical properties to the pure metal. However, as the corrosion properties of these alloys vary, being worse than those of pure aluminium, there is a need for studies of different methods of corrosion protection. The use of protective coverings appears as an alternative to reduce the corrosion process and thereby increase the useful life of these materials. Conversion of existing coverage, the most used are still based on chrome, but chrome has proven harmful to the environment and human health. Furthermore, coverage of cerium-based conversion, more environmentally friendly and healthy, have already been successfully used for this purpose. Furthermore, based on the consensus on the proper performance of polyaniline (PAni) to protect oxidizable metals against corrosion, including aluminium and its alloys, this study proposes the development of corrosion protection of aluminium alloys by combining layers of cerium conversion associated with layers of polyaniline on aluminium alloys AA1xxx and AA6xxx series. The combination of double layers arises as a promising alternative, which may: (i) facilitating formation of anchor points on the surface, driven by layers of cerium conversion, for the subsequent deposition of PAni (ii) expand the use of cerium conversion coatings alone or combined with PAni and (iii) promote synergy in protection against corrosion of aluminium alloys and other materials by the association and greater interaction of these systems.

The photocatalytic water splitting reaction showed to be a promising process to obtain renewable and clean energy, but the efficiency reached in this process is still low and must be improved to be viable. Considering this, the research on improving the efficiency of photocatalysts has attracted a strong interest in the past last years. Cerium oxide (CeO2−, 0 < x < 0.5) is a material recently investigated as a possible photocatalyst to obtain H2 from H2O. In this work, cerium oxide nanoparticles with high surface area (104 < S < 201 m2/g), high pore volume (32 < V < 132 mm3/g) values, wide range of diameter (2 < d < 90 nm) and O vacancies population (0.05 < x < 0.46) were applied to the H2 production photocatalytic reaction. The nanoparticles presented activity of up to 10 times higher than the commercial cerium oxide standard. UV-Vis, X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared measurements were performed aiming to elucidate these results and to determine the main structural and electronic properties that can improve the H2 production photocatalytic reaction. It was obtained that the band gap energy depends on the nanoparticle synthesized and can be as low as 2.73 eV. The Ce 4f orbital occupation and the structural disorder presented by the nanoparticles is directly related with the band gap energies obtained. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to obtain the relation between the band structure (DOS) and the O vacancy population in order to explain the dependence of the band gap energy with the Ce 4f orbital occupation. Moreover, the O vacancies population at the surface have a very different effect depending on the presence or absence of mesopores, where a lower O vacancy population at the surface is better (worse) to the photocatalytic activity in the presence (absence) of mesopores. Furthermore O vacancies population at the surface plays a more fundamental role on the photocatalytic activity than the band gap energies for the samples presenting mesopores. The results allowed shedding light on the improvement of the properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles applied to optimize the H2 production photocatalytic activity.

Investiga-se a influência de diferentes tratamentos sobre o sistema alumínio com cobertura de óxido de alumínio. A anodização do alumínio em meio de ácido sulfúrico e meio misto de sulfúrico e fosfórico foi empregada para alterar a resistência à corrosão, a espessura, o grau de cobertura e a microdureza do óxido anódico; e a eletrodeposição de ferro no interior óxido anódico em meio de sulfato com tratamento químico de selagem com cério, para alterar a sua condutividade elétrica e a sua resistência à corrosão. Para a eletrodeposição de ferro aplicou-se corrente contínua e pulsada e diversificou-se a composição do eletrólito de Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O, com a adição dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico e para o tratamento de selagem, variou-se a concentração do CeCl3. A espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS), a fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e a análise morfológica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram verificar que, a corrente pulsada eleva o teor de ferro na camada anódica e a presença dos aditivos inibe a oxidação do ferro. As curvas cronopotenciométricas obtidas durante a eletrodeposição de ferro indicaram que a mistura dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico aumentaram a eficiência do processo de eletrodeposição. A espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), medidas de microdureza Vickers (H) e análise morfológica evidenciaram que o tratamento de selagem melhora a resistência à corrosão do filme óxido modificado com ferro. As medidas de impedância elétrica por duas pontas permitiram comprovar o aumento da condutividade elétrica do alumínio anodizado com ferro, mesmo após o tratamento com baixas concentrações de cério. Nanofios de ferro foram preparados utilizando os poros do óxido anódico como matriz. / The influence of different treatments on the aluminum system covered with aluminum oxide is investigated. The aluminum anodization in sulphuric media and in mixed sulphuric and phosphoric media was used to alter the corrosion resistance, thickness, coverage degree and microhardness of the anodic oxide. Iron electrodeposition inside the anodic oxide was used to change its electric conductivity and corrosion resistance. Direct and pulsed current were used for iron electrodeposition and the Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O electrolyte composition was changed with the addition of boric and ascorbic acids. To the sealing treatment the CeCl3 composition was varied. The energy dispersive x-ray (EDS), the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (FRX) and the morphologic analysis by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allowed to verify that, the pulsed current increase the iron content inside the anodic layer and that the use of the additives inhibits the iron oxidation. The chronopotentiometric curves obtained during iron electrodeposition indicated that the boric and ascorbic acids mixture increased the electrodeposition process efficiency. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE), the Vickers (H) microhardness measurements and morphologic analysis evidenced that the sealing treatment improves the corrosion resistance of the anodic film modified with iron. The electrical impedance (EI) technique allowed to prove the electric conductivity increase of the anodized aluminum with iron electrodeposited even after the cerium low concentration treatment. Iron nanowires were prepared by using the anodic oxide pores as template.

Investiga-se a influência de diferentes tratamentos sobre o sistema alumínio com cobertura de óxido de alumínio. A anodização do alumínio em meio de ácido sulfúrico e meio misto de sulfúrico e fosfórico foi empregada para alterar a resistência à corrosão, a espessura, o grau de cobertura e a microdureza do óxido anódico; e a eletrodeposição de ferro no interior óxido anódico em meio de sulfato com tratamento químico de selagem com cério, para alterar a sua condutividade elétrica e a sua resistência à corrosão. Para a eletrodeposição de ferro aplicou-se corrente contínua e pulsada e diversificou-se a composição do eletrólito de Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O, com a adição dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico e para o tratamento de selagem, variou-se a concentração do CeCl3. A espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS), a fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e a análise morfológica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram verificar que, a corrente pulsada eleva o teor de ferro na camada anódica e a presença dos aditivos inibe a oxidação do ferro. As curvas cronopotenciométricas obtidas durante a eletrodeposição de ferro indicaram que a mistura dos ácidos bórico e ascórbico aumentaram a eficiência do processo de eletrodeposição. A espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), medidas de microdureza Vickers (H) e análise morfológica evidenciaram que o tratamento de selagem melhora a resistência à corrosão do filme óxido modificado com ferro. As medidas de impedância elétrica por duas pontas permitiram comprovar o aumento da condutividade elétrica do alumínio anodizado com ferro, mesmo após o tratamento com baixas concentrações de cério. Nanofios de ferro foram preparados utilizando os poros do óxido anódico como matriz. / The influence of different treatments on the aluminum system covered with aluminum oxide is investigated. The aluminum anodization in sulphuric media and in mixed sulphuric and phosphoric media was used to alter the corrosion resistance, thickness, coverage degree and microhardness of the anodic oxide. Iron electrodeposition inside the anodic oxide was used to change its electric conductivity and corrosion resistance. Direct and pulsed current were used for iron electrodeposition and the Fe(SO4)2(NH4)2.6H2O electrolyte composition was changed with the addition of boric and ascorbic acids. To the sealing treatment the CeCl3 composition was varied. The energy dispersive x-ray (EDS), the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (FRX) and the morphologic analysis by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allowed to verify that, the pulsed current increase the iron content inside the anodic layer and that the use of the additives inhibits the iron oxidation. The chronopotentiometric curves obtained during iron electrodeposition indicated that the boric and ascorbic acids mixture increased the electrodeposition process efficiency. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE), the Vickers (H) microhardness measurements and morphologic analysis evidenced that the sealing treatment improves the corrosion resistance of the anodic film modified with iron. The electrical impedance (EI) technique allowed to prove the electric conductivity increase of the anodized aluminum with iron electrodeposited even after the cerium low concentration treatment. Iron nanowires were prepared by using the anodic oxide pores as template.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Olegario.pdf: 5279781 bytes, checksum: 47c1e5b7166f5caec9a3a371cfe659e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study focused on the Cerium oxide (CeO2) based pigmenting systems, doped with Praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11) and hematite (Fe2O3 – iron oxide) synthesized through the solid state reaction (OM – oxide mixture) and the Pechini method. Simultaneously, CeO2-Pr6O11-Fe2O3 ternary system pigments were synthesized through OM, with the addition of mineralizers. The samples synthesized through OM were wet homogeneized, in isopropyl alcohol, in a horizontal ball mill for 18 hours and dried in oven at 110 C, then thermally treated at 1300 ºC for 3 hours. In samples synthesized through the Pechini method, the process started from the synthesis of the polymeric resin, formed by the citric acid reaction, glycol ethyl, water and the desired oxide salts, kept in thermal blanket at 150 C, under constant agitation for 2 hours, following two thermal treatments at 300 C for 2 hours, and then one at 900 C for 3 hours. After the thermal treatment the pigmenting systems were characterized through XRD, UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis, determining the phases present, the colorimetric parameters, band gap values, micro-structural agglomerations and thermal and chemical stability to glass enamel. Single phase pigments were obtained in the binary system CeO2-Pr6O11, with addition of up to 10% Pr6O11 synthesized through OM and up to 3% Pr6O11 synthesized through the Pechini method, whereas the binary system CeO2-Fe2O3, presented single phase only in OM synthesis, with concentrations up to 2% of Fe2O3. More intense shades were obtained in pigments with addition of up to 5% mol praseodymium oxide in the CeO2-Pr6O11 system, and with up to 3% mol iron oxide in the CeO2-Fe2O3 system. The ternary system CeO2-Pr6O11-Fe2O3 presented secondary phase PrFeo3, remaining this phase even with the addition of mineralizers. The pigments applied to low temperature frits (LTF) and windscreen glass (WSG) showed chemically and thermally resistant at 800 C, free of surface defects on the ceramic plates, presenting better dispersion and color homogeneity. / A presente pesquisa estudou os sistemas pigmentantes à base de óxido de cério (CeO2) dopados com óxido de praseodímio (Pr6O11) e hematita (Fe2O3 - óxido de ferro), sintetizados pelo método de reação de estado sólido (mistura de óxidos - MO) e pelo método Pechini. Paralelamente foram sintetizados pelo método MO, pigmentos do sistema ternário CeO2-Pr6O11-Fe2O3 com adição de mineralizadores. As amostras sintetizadas por MO foram homogeneizadas a úmido, em álcool isopropílico, em um moinho de bolas horizontal por 18 horas e secas em estufa a 110 C, e tratadas termicamente a 1300 C por 3 horas. Nas amostras sintetizadas pelo método Pechini partiu-se da síntese da resina polimérica, formada pela reação de ácido cítrico, etileno glicol, água e os sais contendo os íons metálicos dos óxidos pretendidos, mantida em manta térmica a 150 C, sob agitação constante, por 2 horas, sendo tratadas termicamente duas vezes a 300 C por 2 horas, e, na sequência, a 900 C por 3 horas. Após tratamento térmico os sistemas pigmentantes foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, espectroscopia de reflectância na região do UV-Vis, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia Raman e análise térmica, sendo determinadas as fases presentes, os parâmetros colorimétricos, valores de band gap, aglomerações micro estruturais e a estabilidade térmica e química frente à esmaltação vítrea. Pigmentos de fase única foram obtidos no sistema binário CeO2-Pr6O11, com adição de até 10% de Pr6O11 sintetizado por MO e com até 3% de Pr6O11 sintetizado por Pechini; já no sistema binário CeO2-Fe2O3, fase única somente em sínteses por MO, com concentrações até 2% de Fe2O3. Tonalidades mais intensas foram obtidas nos pigmentos com adição de até 5% mol de óxido de praseodímio no sistema CeO2-Pr6O11, e com adição de até 3% mol de óxido de ferro no sistema CeO2-Fe2O3. O sistema ternário CeO2-Pr6O11-Fe2O3 apresentou fase secundária PrFeO3, persistindo esta fase mesmo com adição de mineralizadores. Os pigmentos aplicados em frita de baixa temperatura (FBT) e vidro de pára-brisa (VPB) se mostraram resistentes química e termicamente a 800 ºC, sem presença de defeitos superficiais nas placas cerâmicas, apresentando melhor dispersão e homogeneidade da cor.

Si la chimie des complexes cyanures des métaux d est une discipline fortement étudiée depuis de nombreuses années, celle-ci est cependant peu développée avec les métaux f et en particulier avec les actinides. L’ion cyanure, qui est un ligand extrêmement coordinant, bidente et apte à stabiliser les hauts comme les bas degrés d’oxydation des centres métalliques semble particulièrement adapté à l’uranium. Son utilisation avec les éléments f offre, outre des perspectives synthétiques attrayantes qui ont déjà bouleversé certaines idées communément admises, un intérêt certain pour l’obtention de composés doués de propriétés physico-chimiques intéressantes. Ce doctorat concerne le développement de la chimie des complexes cyanures des éléments f (Ce, U, Th) dans les deux séries de précurseurs [Mf(N*)₃]ʲ˖ (j = 0, 1) et [An(Cot)₂] (N* = −N(SiMe₃)₂ ; Cot = C₈H₈²⁻). Le premier chapitre traite de la réactivité des complexes trivalents [Mf(N*)₃] (Mf = Ce, U) avec l’ion cyanure. Les synthèses et les structures cristallines des complexes mono- et polycyanures [Mf(N*)₃(CN)][M], [Mf(N*)₃(CN)₂][M]₂ et [Mf(N*)₂(CN)₃][M]₂ et des complexes bimétalliques [{Mf(N*)₃}₂(µ-CN)][M] (M = NR₄, K(18-C-6)) y sont présentées. Selon l’ion considéré, Ce³˖ ou U³˖, les caractérisations structurales montrent un mode de coordination différent du ligand cyanure. Par exemple, les complexes bis-cyanures dévoilent une coordination du cérium par l’atome d’azote (Ce−NC) et de l’uranium par l’atome de carbone (U−CN). Le mode de coordination isocyanure est extrêmement rare avec les métaux de transition d et f. Des complexes cyanures d’U(IV) présentés dans le chapitre 2 ont également été obtenus à partir du nouveau précurseur tris-amidure [U(N*)₃][BPh₄]. L’espèce bimétallique [{U(N*)₃}₂(µ-CN)][BPh₄] et surtout les dérivés à cyanures terminaux neutre [U(N*)₃(CN)] et anionique [U(N*)₃(CN)₂][M] (M = NEt₄, K) ont été isolés. Ces espèces monométalliques présentent le mode de ligation isocyanure U−NC, au contraire des autres complexes cyanures de l’uranium déjà connus. Des études théoriques de DFT expliquent l’origine de ces différents modes coordinations du ligand cyanure vis-à-vis des ions Ce³˖ et U³˖ par l’implication des orbitales 5f et les duretés distinctes (selon Pearson) des centres métalliques. Ces calculs sont en accord avec l’expérience et mettent en avant la stabilité énergétique légèrement plus grande des composés à liaison Ce³˖−NC , U³˖−CN et U⁴˖−NC. L’apport du cyanure dans la chimie des actinocènes [An(Cot)₂] (An = U, Th), composés sandwiches mythiques considérés jusqu’à peu comme des espèces sans aucune chimie de coordination, est manifeste avec la préparation d’une nouvelle classe de composés de géométries coudées. Alors que le complexe mono-cyanure [U(Cot)₂(CN)][NEt₄] est le seul composé coudé caractérisé avec l’uranium, [Th(Cot)₂] présente une chimie beaucoup plus variée qui fait l’objet du troisième chapitre. Le thorocène réagit ainsi avec les ions CN⁻, N₃⁻ et H⁻ pour donner les complexes anioniques [Th(Cot)₂(X)][M] (X = CN⁻, N₃⁻ et M = Na(18-C-6) et NBu₄), dianionique [Th(Cot)₂(CN)₂][NBu₄]₂ et les bimétalliques [{Th(Cot)₂}₂(μ-X)][M] (X = CN⁻, H⁻ et M = Na(18-C-6) et NBu₄]. Les structures des analogues [An(Cot)₂(CN)][NR₄]₂ sont notablement différentes (monomère pour U et polymère pour Th). Les complexes à cyanures terminaux sont des briques moléculaires intéressantes pour l’élaboration de systèmes polynucléaires et de matériaux qui, du fait des propriétés physico-chimiques particulières des éléments f, sont particulièrement attractifs pour des applications dans le domaine du magnétisme moléculaire et/ou de la luminescence. / The cyanide ligand is one of the most widely used ligands in coordination chemistry of d-transition metals. The low number of cyanide complexes of lanthanides and actinides incited us to develop this field for reactivity and theoretical aspects, and also for their potentially interesting physicochemical properties. In this Ph.D., we investigated the reactivity of [An(Cot)₂] (An = Th, U ; Cot = C₈H₈²⁻) and [Mf(N*)₃]ʲ˖ (j = 0, 1; Mf = Ce, U ; N* = ⁻N(SiMe₃)₂) precursors toward the cyanide ion. The first chapter is dedicated to the synthesis and characterization of trivalent f-elements cyanide complexes [Mf(N*)₃(CN)][M], [Mf(N*)₃(CN)₂][M]₂, [Mf(N*)₂(CN)₃][M]₂ and the cyanido-bridged binuclear compounds [{Mf(N*)₃}₂(µ-CN)][M] (M = NR₄, K(18-C-6)). Crystals of the bis(cyanido) uranium and cerium complexes are not isostructural since the data revealed distinct coordination modes of the CN group, through the C or N atom to the U³˖ or Ce³˖ metal center, respectively. In chapter 2, the novel silylamide uranium(IV) precursor [U(N*)₃][BPh₄] has been isolated, and proved to be useful for the synthesis of the cationic species [{U(N*)₃}₂(µ-CN)][BPh₄] and the neutral monocyanide [Mf(N*)₃(CN)] and anionic bis(cyanide) [Mf(N*)₃(CN)₂][M] derivatives. Here again, the X-ray data reveal the uncommon N coordination mode of the CN group to the U(IV) center. This global differentiation has been analyzed using density functional theory calculations. The observed preferential coordination of the cyanide ion in Ce³˖−NC, U³˖−CN and U⁴˖−NC is corroborated by energetic considerations and by the comparison of DFT optimized geometries with the true crystal structures. Finally, the recent discovery of the first bent "uranocene" species, eg [U(Cot)₂(CN)]⁻, led us to compare the reactivity of the actinocenes [An(Cot)₂] (Th, U) in order to understand the effect of the metal electron configuration (respectively 5f² for U⁴˖ and 5f⁰ for Th⁴˖). [Th(Cot)₂] reacted with the cyanide, azide and hydride anion and distinct products, eg anionic, dianionic and binuclear complexes [Th(Cot)₂(X)][M] (X = CN⁻, N₃⁻ et M = Na(18-C-6), NBu₄), [Th(Cot)₂(CN)₂][NBu₄]₂ and [{Th(Cot)₂}₂(μ-X)][M] (X = CN⁻, H⁻ et M = Na(18-C-6), NBu₄] were isolated depending on the nature of counter ion (Na˖ vs. R₄N˖). This study which is presented in chapter 3 clearly illustrates the distinct chemical behavior of thorocene versus uranocene. All these mononuclear mono and polycyanides compounds of the f-elements might serve as valuable building blocks for the synthesis of novel clusters and coordination polymers with interesting magnetism and/or luminescence properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCPC.pdf: 1447913 bytes, checksum: 8f65c2f6df911f6db297163eb551fb69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The metalic oxides have been studies due to differents applications as materials semiconductor in solar cells, catalysts, full cells and, resistors. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has a high electric conductivity due to oxygen vacancies. The Ce(SO4)2.2H2O doped samples TiO2 and TiO2 pure was obtained sol-gel process, and characterized by X-ray diffractometry,thermal analysis, and impedance spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns for TiO2 pure samples shows at 700?C anatase phase is absent, and only the diffraction peaks of rutile phase are observed. However, the cerium doped samples only at 900?C rutile in the phase present with peaks of cerium dioxide (CeO2). The thermal analysis of the TiO2 pure and small concentration cerium doped samples show two steps weight loss corresponding to water of hydration and chemisorbed. To larger concentration cerium doped samples were observed two steps weight loss in the transformation of the doped cerium possible intermediate species and SO3. Finally, two steps weight loss the end products CeO2 and SO3 are formed. Analyse electric properties at different temperatures and concentration cerium doped samples have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy. It was observed that titanium, can be substituted by cerium, changing its electric properties, and increased thermal stability of TiO2 anatase structure / Os ?xidos met?licos t?m sido muito estudados devido suas diversas aplica??es como materiais semicondutores em c?lulas solares, catalisadores, c?lulas combust?veis e resistores. O Di?xido de Tit?nio possui uma alta condutividade el?trica devido ?s suas vac?ncias de oxig?nio. Amostras de TiO2 puro, obtidas pelo m?todo sol-gel e dopadas com solu??es de Ce(SO4)2.2H2O, foram analisadas atrav?s de difratometria de raios-X, an?lise t?rmica e espectroscopia de imped?ncia. Atrav?s dos difratogramas de raios-X observou-se a transi??o completa das fases anat?sio-rutilo, para a amostra do TiO2 puro a partir de 700?C. Entretanto, para as amostras dopadas, essa transi??o s? ? completa a partir de 900?C, aparecendo picos correspondentes ao ?xido de c?rio. Atrav?s da an?lise t?rmica se observou uma perda de massa, para o TiO2 puro e dopado com a menor concentra??o de c?rio, correspondente ? desidrata??o e a ?gua quimissorvida. Para as amostras dopadas em uma maior concentra??o, foram observados dois est?gios de perda de massa, devido a decomposi??o do dopante em intermedi?rios e SO3. Essas amostras apresentaram mais duas perdas de massa devido a forma??o do CeO2 e SO3. A partir da espectroscopia de imped?ncia analisou-se as propriedades el?tricas das amostras em fun??o da temperatura de calcina??o e em fun??o da concentra??o do dopante. Tamb?m foi observado que o c?rio, por ter a capacidade de substituir o tit?nio na sua estrutura cristalina, modifica suas propriedades el?tricas e tem o poder de estabiliz?-lo termicamente em certas temperaturas