Neste trabalho foram estudados os complexos de transferência (CTC) de carga formados por iodeto com os derivados piridínicos C4(4CP)+ e C3bis(4CP)2+ em solução. A formação de um CTC é caracterizada pelo surgimento de uma nova banda no espectro eletrônico de absorção, em solventes orgânicos como acetonitrila. Este tipo de sistema tem recebido muito interesse em diversos campos como, por exemplo, eletrônica orgânica, espectroscopia não linear, bioquímica, no ramo farmacêutico, etc. O complexo C4(4CP)+I- é caracterizado por uma banda de transferência de carga com máximo em 421 nm em acetonitrila. Cálculos das propriedades eletrônicas e das energias de excitação do complexo foram realizados usando a teoria do funcional da densidade e a teoria do funcional da densidade dependente do tempo. O emprego de funcionais de troca e correlação com correções de longo alcance foi essencial para a obtenção de resultados acurados para as energias de excitação. Usando os funcionais CAM-B3LYP e B97X-D, associados ao modelo contínuo PCM, foi possível descrever muito bem o máximo da banda experimental. No caso do C3bis(4CP)2+ foram encontradas diferentes estruturas possíveis para o complexo, que podem ser formadas pela associação de um ou dois I-. Em todos os casos apenas um dos I- participa da excitação, o que explica a estequiometria 1:1 observada experimentalmente. Uma visão mais aprofunda do comportamento do complexo em solução foi obtida usando a dinâmica molecular clássica. O campo de força foi ajustado para reproduzir os resultados de uma dinâmica por primeiros princípios de vácuo. A dinâmica clássica mostrou não haver dissociação em acetonitrila no complexo formado com o C3bis(4CP)2+. A banda calculada a partir das configurações amostradas da dinâmica está em excelente acordo com o resultado experimental. / In this work, we have studied theoretically charge-transfer complexes (CTC) formed by pyridinium derivatives with iodide. The formation of a CTC is characterized by the appearance of a new absorption band on the electronic spectra, in organic polar solvents like acetonitrile. These type of systems have recently received much interest in a broad variety of fields, for example, organic electronics, nonlinear spectroscopy, medical biochemistry, pharmaceutical industry, etc. The C4(4CP)+I- complex is characterized by the charge-transfer band with a maximum at 421 nm in acetonitrile. We have used density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to calculate electronic properties and the excitation energies of the complex. Functionals with long-range corrections were essential in describing the charge-transfer excitations. CAM-B3LYP and wB97X-D associated with the polarizable continuum model predicts CT excitations in good agreement with experiment. Our results also indicates the existence of different conformations for the complex formed by the C3bis(4CP)2+ with iodide. Complexes were formed by the association of one or two I- to C3bbis(4CP)2+, but the charge transfer excitations were calculated from only one iodide to the aromatic ring, what explain why the stoichiometry 1:1 was observed. A better description of the complex in solution was obtained using classical molecular dynamics. The OPLS-AA force field was fine-tuned to reproduce the results of a first principle molecular dynamics for the complex. No dissociation were observed. The calculated charge-transfer band using configurations sampled from molecular dynamics is in excellent agreement with experiment.

Les oxydes de métaux de transition (Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, etc) présentent une multitude de fonctionnalités tout en cristallisant dans un nombre réduit de structures. C’est le cas par exemple dans la famille des pérovskites qui arborent de nombreux ordres électroniques (isolants, métaux, supraconducteurs) et magnétiques (ferro- et antiferromagnétiques). La compatibilité structurale de ces différents composés permet de les combiner au sein d'hétérostructures multifonctionnelles mais aussi, dans certains cas, de faire émerger de nouvelles propriétés aux interfaces. Un exemple typique découvert en 2004 est celui du gaz électronique bidimensionnel se formant à l'interface entre deux isolants de bande, LaAlO₃ et SrTiO₃ .S’inspirant de ce résultat majeur, ce travail de thèse a pour but de générer de nouvelles phases électroniques et magnétiques aux interfaces, non à partir d'isolants de bande mais d'isolants de Mott et d'isolants à transfert de charge. A l'interface entre ces deux types de composés, l’alignement de bande est rendu plus complexe par la présence de fortes corrélations électroniques.Ainsi, les reconstructions d’interface peuvent donner lieu à une déstabilisation de l'état fondamental, et à la génération de nouvelles phases magnétiques, conductrices ou supraconductrices absentes du diagramme de phase du matériau massif.Dans un premier temps, lors de ce travail nous avons synthétisé, par ablation laser pulsé des couches minces d'isolants de Mott, les titanates de terre-rare (RTiO₃ ). Nous avons caractérisé leurs propriétés magnétiques, optiques et électroniques.Dans un second temps, nous avons également optimisé des couches minces d’isolants à transfert de charge, les nickelates de terre-rare (RNiO₃ ). Nous avons étudié en détail l’effet du rayon ionique de la terre-rare sur la structure électronique à basse température de ces composés.Le cœur de ce travail de thèse a été l'étude des propriétés de l’interface formée par ces deux constituants via une combinaison de plusieurs techniques de spectroscopie (absorption de rayonnement synchrotron, XAS, dichroïsme linéaire et circulaire, XMCD, et spectroscopie de perte d’énergie, STEM-EELS) en lien avec des calculs ab-initio.Après avoir démontré l’apparition d’une nouvelle phase ferromagnétique dans les nickelates, nous discutons du rôle des corrélations dans les nickelates sur le transfert de charge et sur la reconstruction magnétique, observés à l’interface avec GdTiO₃ .Enfin, nous mettons en évidence la possibilité d’utiliser un paramètre de contrôle externe comme la lumière pour altérer le niveau de covalence dans les nickelates sans modifier la terre-rare. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à de nouveaux dispositifs tirant partie du contrôle actif du niveau de covalence dans les isolants à transfert de charge. / Transition metal oxides (Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, etc.) display a multitude of features while crystallizing in a reduced number of structures. This is the case for example of perovskites which exhibit many electronic (insulators, metals, superconductors) and magnetic (ferro- and antiferromagnetic) orders. Their structural compatibility offers a unique playground for combining them in the search for new interfacial properties. A typical example discovered in 2004 is LaAlO₃ and SrTiO₃ whose interface reveals a high-mobility electron gas although the parent constituents are two conventional band insulators.Following-up on this major achievement, this thesis aims at generating new electronic interfacial phases, not from band insulators but rather from Mott and charge transfer insulators. At the interface between these types of compounds, band alignment is made more complex by the presence of strong correlations between electrons.Hence, interfacial reconstructions can destabilize the ground state, and generate new phases absent from the phase diagrams of the two building blocks.Initially, we synthetized, by pulsed laser deposition, a typical Mott insulator, rare earth titanates (RTiO₃ ) in the form of thin layers, which were optimized and characterized on different substrates.Secondly, we also grew charge transfer insulators, rare earth nickelates (RNiO₃ ). We specifically studied the effect of the ionic radius of the rare earth on the electronic structure of these compounds at low temperature.The core of this thesis is to study the interface formed by these two constituents via a combination of spectroscopic techniques (synchrotron radiation-based absorption, XAS, linear and circular dichroism XMCD and energy loss spectroscopy, STEM-EELS) in connection with ab-initio calculations.After demonstrating the emergence of a new ferromagnetic phase in nickelates, absent of the bulk phase diagram, we discuss in particular the role of correlations in nickelates on the charge transfer and magnetic reconstruction, observed at the interface with GdTiO₃ .Finally, we will propose a new external knob, light, to alter the level of covalence in nickelates without changing the rare earth. These results open the way for new devices taking advantage of the active control of the level of covalence in charge transfer insulators.

Charge transfer reactions and their rates play a key role in correctly estimating element abundances in astrophysical objects such as supernovae. The reaction $C + O^+ \rightarrow C^+ + O(^1D) + \Delta E$ has been shown to be of significance when estimating oxygen abundances through model spectrum evaluations, and the relative rate of this reaction can under certain circumstances completely dictate the neutralization rate of oxygen ions. In this project, the rate of this reaction for four different temperatures is estimated using the Olson-Demkov model to calculate the cross section of the reaction as well as calculating rates for a few more reactions to compare to established literature values.  We find that the Olson-Demkov model produces good estimates for reactions that have small energy defects (within an order of magnitude of more rigorous quantum mechanical calculations), but the model underestimates the rate coefficient by several orders of magnitude as the energy defect increases. As the investigated reactions are all exothermic, the energy defect is the released energy from the reaction (i.e., the energy defect is positive). It is also found in most cases that the Olson-Demkov model rate is poorly estimated by the rate coefficient based only on the cross section at the mean velocity, caused by the cross section rising rapidly for velocities higher than the mean. The rate estimates produced for C+O$^+$ are also likely to be underestimated, especially for the temperatures 100 and 1000 Kelvin. No literature comparison is available for this specific reaction, but this conclusion is consistent with the other investigated reactions. / Supernovor är bland de mest extrema fenomen vi kan observera i hela Universum. Dessa våldsamma explosioner lämnar spår efter sig i många år och har varit ovärdeliga objekt att observera för att lära oss mer hur vår galax och Universum har utvecklats över tid. Ljuset från supernovor och deras kvarlevor kan analyseras för att ta reda på vad för ämnen som finns kvar eller som har bildats av både explosionen och de processer som ägt rum efteråt. En typ av reaktion som är viktig för att fullt ut förstå dessa miljöer är så kallade "laddningsöverföringar", en reaktion där en laddad och en oladdad partikel interagerar med varandra varvid laddningen förflyttas mellan de två. Detta projekt har fokuserat på en modell som avser att räkna ut uppskattningar på hur sannolikt det är för dessa reaktioner att äga rum. Modellen, som kallas för Olson-Demkov-modellen, har även jämförts med andra modeller för att se under vilka förhållanden som den fungerar.

Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift befasst sich mit der Darstellung, Charakterisierung sowie der Aufklärung des elektro- und spektroelektrochemischen Verhaltens metallocenyl-funktionalisierter Fünfring-Heterocyclen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei in den Messungen und der Analyse des Elektronentransfers zwischen den redoxaktiven Ferrocenylendgruppen über die heterocyclische Kerneinheit. Hierfür wurde zunächst eine Serie an Diferrocenyl-Thiadiazolen hergestellt und der Einfluss unterschiedlicher intermetallischer Abstände auf den Elektronentransfer untersucht (Kapitel 2.1). Im Weiteren wurden verschiedene Serien an 2,5-Diferrocenyl- und 2,3,4,5-Tetraferrocenyl-Heterocyclen hergestellt und bezüglich ihres Elektronentransferverhaltens studiert. Es zeigte sich, dass die elektronischen Eigenschaften der heterocyclischen Verbrückungseinheit einen großen Einfluss auf die Kommunikation zwischen den Ferrocenylendgruppen haben. Die geometrische Ähnlichkeit der Moleküle untereinander ermöglicht erstmals eine direkte Korrelation der elektrochemischen (ΔE°′) mit den spektroelektrochemischen (Oszillatorstärke der IVCT-Bande) Messungen. Aus diesem Zusammenhang konnte ein neues Verfahren zur Berechnung der effektiven Ladungstransferabstände entwickelt werden. (Kapitel 2.2 und 2.3) Ferrocenylsubstituierte Maleinsäureimide konnten synthetisiert und wie in Kapitel 2.4 gezeigt, hinsichtlich der intermetallischen Kommunikation entlang der C,C-Doppelbindung untersucht werden. Des Weiteren wurde das elektrochemische Verhalten ferrocenylsubstituierter drei- und fünfgliedriger Titanacyclen untersucht. Dabei zeigten sich strukturelle Neuorientierungen während des Oxidationsvorganges (Kapitel 2.5).

Tetrathiafulvalene derivatives are remarkable molecules, with various application, reported relatively recently. The radical cation of these compounds has very inter- esting optical, electronic, electrocatalytic superconducting and magnetic properties that have been intensively studied recently. Quantitative in-situ EPR voltammetric spectroelectrochemistry studies of 2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3-(benzylsulfanyl)-6,7- bis(octadecylsulphanyl)tetrathiafulvalene (TTF-Der3) have been carried out with the aim to confirm the oxidation sites, follow-up reactions (after the first electron transfer), and electrochemical behaviour. The diffusion process was confirmed by the depen- dence of current on the square root of the scan rate. It was claimed that the ratio of the number of generated radicals to transferred charge (electrons) for two representative TTF derivatives was determined to 5.5:500 for and 7:500 for TTF, indicating the follow- up reactions. Experiments were performed using the commercially available EPR standards, calibrated for this method (experimental setup). The latter was validated by quantitative EPR with standard 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl radical concentration (1·10−4 mol dm−3). For the ratios the confidence interval was reported for the first time for TTF-Der3 it was...

Four types of astrochemically relevant radiative processes are studied: bound-bound, bound-free, free-bound and free-free. The former two together determine radiative lifetimes, which are calculated for the HeLi+ molecular ion. Free-bound processes, also called radiative association, are studied on two systems: He in collisions with Li+ , and O in collision with C+. Collisions of He and Li+ are believed to have occurred during the recombination era of the Universe, while collisions of O with C+ are considered to be relevant in SN 1987A. Altogether, 17 radiative association cross sections and rate coefficients are calculated for radiative association, and the effect of a stimulated emission is also illustrated. A free-free process, also called radiative charge transfer, is studied in collisions of He with Li+.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die elektronische Struktur verschiedener undotierter und mit Alkalimetallen beziehungsweise 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethan (F 4 TCNQ) dotierter, polyzyklischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen waren motiviert durch verschiedene Veröffentlichungen in denen supraleitendes Verhalten an unterschiedlichen alkalimetalldotierten PAK beschrieben wurde. Erste Studien erfolgten an undotiertem 1,2:8,9-Dibenzopentacen (DBP) und Pentacen unter Nutzung von Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES), Elektronenenergieverlustspektroskopie (EELS) und Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT). Die spektroskopischen Methoden zeigten für beide Materialien eine große Ähnlichkeit der elektronischen Zustände, vor allem im niederenergetischen Bereich, welche durch die theoretischen Ergebnisse bestätigt wurde. Die elektronische Ähnlichkeit beider Materialien ist im starken Gegensatz zu dem in der Literatur bei Dotierung beobachteten Verhalten, bei dem Pentacen zum Mott-Isolator wird, während DBP Supraleitung zeigt. Weitere Untersuchungen erfolgten an Picen und Coronen. Bandstrukturrechnungen zeigten, dass Picen vermutlich ein stark korreliertes Elektronensystem besitzt. Neben dem mit PES ermittelten Ionisationspotential und der Austrittsarbeit waren auch die mit EELS gemessenen optischen Bandlücken der beiden Materialien sehr ähnlich. Unterschiede zeigten sich hingegen vor allem in der Dichte der gemessenen Zustände von Picen und Coronen am Ferminiveau. Bei der Untersuchung der elektronischen Eigenschaften von mit Kalium-dotierten Picen und Coronen wurde trotz der erfolgreichen Dotierung in keinem der untersuchten Filme eine Zustandsdichte am Ferminiveau beobachtet somit wurde auch keiner der untersuchten Filme metallisch. Dasselbe Verhalten konnte auch für Natrium-dotierte Filme beobachtet werden. Eine Diskussion dieses Ergebnisses, welches im Gegensatz zu der von anderen Gruppen in dotierten Molekülen beobachteten Supraleitung steht, erfolgte im Hinblick auf die Bildung unterschiedlich dotierter Phasen, Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung, der Formierung von Bi-Polaronen und Korrelationseffekten. Für ein weitergehendes Verständnis der dotierungsinduzierten elektronischen Eigenschaften in den untersuchten Molekülen wurden diese nicht nur mit Alkalimetallen, sondern teilweise auch mit elektronenziehenden Molekülen wie F 4 TCNQ interkaliert. Dabei entstanden Kristalle verschiedener Ladungstransfersalze. Eine ausführliche Charakterisierung erfolgte für Picen/F 4 TCNQ-Kristalle, welche im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal hergestellt und untersucht wurden. Dabei wurde zunächst deren Kristallstruktur mit Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD) bestimmt. Eine Abschätzung der Größe des Ladungstransfers innerhalb der Molekülpaare aus Picen/ F 4 TCNQ erfolgte über Infrarot- und Bindungslängendaten, die auf diese Weise gefunden Werte wurden zusätzlich durch DFT-Rechnungen untermauert. Transportmessungen zeigten außerdem, dass die hergestellten Kristalle entlang ihrer Hauptwachstumsrichtung Isolatoren sind. Die Untersuchung der elektronischen Eigenschaften wurde mit EELS und PES an Picen/ F 4 TCNQ -Dünnfilmen durchgeführt, welche durch die Verdampfung der Einkristalle hergestellt wurden. Die Molekülpaare zeigen einen Ladungstransfer, der neue elektronische Anregungen im Niederenergiebereich der mit EELS gemessenen Verlustfunktion hervorruft. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit erfolgte eine Diskussion bezüglich des Charakters und der Lokalisierung dieser neuen Anregungen. Bei den PES-Messungen zeigte sich der Ladungstransfer durch energetische Verschiebungen in den gemessen Rumpfniveauspektren sowie durch im Vergleich zu den reinen Materialien deutlich veränderte Ionisationspotentiale. Trotz des erfolgreichen Ladungstransfers und der damit verbundenen Füllung von unbesetzten Zuständen mit Elektronen in F 4 TCNQ wurde jedoch in den Valenzbandspektren keine Emission am Ferminiveau beobachtet. DFT-Rechnungen ermöglichten schließlich Aussagen über den Charakter des Ladunstransfers und die daraus resultierende, fehlende Zustandsdichte am Ferminiveau.

In this dissertation, density functional theory calculations are performed to calculate the thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of metal coordinated frameworks for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Gibb's free energy, overpotential, charge transfer and ligands effect are evaluated. The charge transfer analysis shows the positive charges on the metal coordinated frameworks play an essential role in improving the electrochemical properties of the metal coordinated frameworks. Based on the calculations, design principles are introduced to rationally design and predict the electrochemical properties of metal coordinated frameworks as efficient catalysts for ORR and OER. An intrinsic descriptor is discovered for the first time, which can be used as a materials parameter for rational design of the metal coordinated frameworks for energy storage and conversion. The success of the design principles provides a better understanding of the mechanism behind ORR and OER and a screening approach for the best catalyst for energy storage and conversion.

Sn2P2S6 is ferroelectric at room temperature. It is of technological interest in a variety of applications such as pyroelectric motion detectors and the photorefractive effect. Until now the defect structure and the light-induced charge transfer processes in this material have not been subject of a detailed investigation. The main part of this thesis describes and interprets data of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), optical absorption spectroscopy and their combination at 10 K to unravel the light-induced sensitization and charge transfer paths. In the photosensitized crystal at excitation with 1.5 eV a hole is transferred from a previously generated Sn3(plus) site to another inequivalent site of the ferroelectric phase. For higher excitation energies another hole present as Fe3(plus) is transferred to S2- creating S-. Optical absorption spectroscopy at room temperature indicates the validity of this model for evelated temperature below the Curie-temperature as well. It is consistent with both our interpretation of EPR spectra and the observation of photoinduced persistent conductivity that electronic bipolarons are the negative charge carriers. An additional chapter interprets a manifestation of pyroelectric luminescence already reported in other pyroelectric materials in terms of an internal Poole-Frenkel-effect induced by the pyroelectric field under changing temperature. The numerical simulation based on published material parameters is in good agreement with the experimental data for both heating and cooling.

The aim of the current work was to investigate the photo-induced charge transport at low temperatures, allowing more sensitive, detailed measurements of the first steps in the build-up of space charge fields, which modify the refractive index, leading to modern applications like volume holographic storage. We investigated the light-induced properties of SBN:Ce, KTO and KTN materials like origin of trapping centers which are involved in the charge transport process, characterization of trapping centers, like temperature dependence, illumination intensity dependence, evolution with time, spectral response, activation energies, the basic properties of the electronic excitations and photo-carriers localization based on results of absorption, light-induced absorption, photoluminescence, and photocurrent. The main contributions of this dissertation are summarized as follows: The experimental intensity dependence, temperature dependence, and decay process of the light-induced polaron (NIR) and VIS center absorption can be fitted with the help of a simplified charge transfer model (for SBN). The decay observed of the NIR polaron and the VIS centers is present due to the Fourier spectrometer light. The dissociation of the VIS centers into NIR centers under red light was observed. The model proposed for the VIS-centers in SBN is a triad structure related to the simultaneous bonding of two hole polarons and one electronic polaron.In KTN the emergence of the UV-light induced wide absorption bands in the NIR region with maxima at 0.69 0.8 eV at low temperatures is treated as a manifestation of the localization of photo-induced electrons and the formation of small electron polarons in close-neighbor Nb-Nb pair centers. Also, these properties in KTN can be fitted with the help of the simplified charge transfer model.