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CNPq; CAPES; / Cinquenta por cento da população mundial vive em cidades, e a expectativa para 2050 é de que essa porcentagem chegue a 70% (WHO, 2014). As cidades consomem 75% dos recursos naturais e de energia do mundo, e geram 80% dos gases-estufa responsáveis pelo efeito estufa; considerando que, ocupam apenas 2% do território mundial (Signori, 2008). As cidades são também o palco de grande parte dos problemas ambientais globais (Gomes, 2009), e é no contexto urbano onde a dimensão social, econômica e ambiental convergem mais intensamente (European Commission, 2007). Esse crescimento populacional, tem influências sociais, econômicas e ambientais que representam um grande desafio para o desenvolvimento sustentável do planejamento urbano. Os conceitos de sistemas de informação geográfica, cidades inteligentes, dados abertos, algoritmos de clusterização e visualização de dados, permitem entender diversas questões em relação a atividade urbana nas cidades. Em particular, se torna importante a variável “onde”: onde existe tráfego e quais são os horários mais frequentes; onde é necessário realizar modelagem de espera residencial, comercial e industrial de acordo com o crescimento populacional para o plano de uso da terra; quais são os tipos de negócios que mais cresceram em cada bairro e qual é a relação entre eles. Para este fim, esta dissertação apresenta um sistema web-mobile que permite entender o crescimento espaço-temporal e econômico dos alvarás de restaurantes dos bairros Centro, Batel e Tatuquara da cidade de Curitiba nas últimas três décadas (1980 até 2015), realizando clusterização e visualização de uma grande quantidade de dados abertos georreferenciados. Em termos de resultados alcançados destacam-se: 1) capacidade de resolver problemas computacionais de sobreposição de pontos sobre um mapa, 2) capacidade de entender o crescimento econômico dos alvarás e qual é a relação entre as diversas categorias e entre os bairros, 3) tempo de execução inferior a 3 segundos para 99% das consultas espaciais executadas, 4) 80,8% dos usuários em fase de avaliação consideram que a solução proposta permite uma melhor identificação e visualização de dados georreferenciados, e 5) possibilita a integração de novas fontes e tipos de dados. / Fifty percent of the world's population live in cities, and the expectation until 2050 is that it reaches 70% (WHO, 2014). Cities consume 75% of the world's natural resources and energy, and generate 80% of greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, considering that they occupy only 2% of the world's territory (Signori, 2008). Cities are also the scene of most of the global environmental problems (Gomes, 2009), and it is in the urban context where the social, economic and environmental dimension converge more intensely (European Commission, 2007). This population growth has social, economic and environmental influences that represent a great challenge for the sustainable development of urban planning. The concepts of geographic information systems, smart cities, open data, clustering and data visualization algorithms allow us to understand several questions regarding urban activity in cities, especially, understand the variable "where" things happen. For example: where there is traffic and what time is the most frequent, where it is necessary to perform residential, commercial, industrial standby modeling according to population growth for the land use plan, what are the types of businesses that grew the most in each neighborhood and what is the relationship between them. For this purpose, the following thesis presents a web-mobile system that allows us to understand the spatiotemporal and economic growth of the restaurant licenses of districts Centro, Batel and Tatuquara of Curitiba for the last three decades, performing clustering and visualization of a large amount of open georeferenced data. In terms of achieved results, we can highlight: 1) ability to solve computational problems of overlapping points representing business on a map, 2) ability to understand the economic growth of restaurants licences and what is the relationship between different categories and between districts, 3) execution time less than 3 seconds for 99% of the spatial queries executed, 4) 80.8% of users in evaluation phase consider that the proposed solution allows a better identification and visualization of georeferenced data, and 5) it allows the integration of new sources and types of data.

This contribution analyzes the role fulfilled by International Labor Standards and, specifically, by social clauses in Free Trade Conventions and Agreements, as a way of preventing social dumping and building a social dimension in the globalization and regionalization of economy. The author offers the case of the MERCOSUR Labor and Social Declaration, issued in 2015, which amends that of the year 1998, studying its contents, legal efficacy and supervision mechanisms. He emphasizes the fact that social charters generally limit themselves to recognizing fundamental or basic labor rights already found in the legislation of the member countries, but which are nonetheless useful for hindering attempts to deregulate or relax social and labor provisions. / En la presente contribución, se analiza el rol que cumplen las Normas Internacionales del Trabajo y en particular las cláusulas sociales en los Tratados y Acuerdos de Libre Comercio, como forma de evitar el dumping social y c onstruir u na d imensión s ocial e n l a g lobalización, mundialización y regionalización de la economía. El autor expone el caso de la Declaración Social Laboral del MERCOSUR, aprobada en el 2015, que revisa la sancionada en el año 1998, estudiando su contenido, su eficacia jurídica y los mecanismos de contralor. Destaca que las Cartas sociales generalmente se limitan a reconocer derechos laborales fundamentales o básicos que ya se encuentran contemplados en los ordenamientos de los países que se integran, pero que igualmente sirven para poner un freno alos intentos de desregular o flexibilizar la normativa socio-laboral.

Le règne de Charles le Chauve fut une période de transformations politiques et idéologiques pour la royauté carolingienne. Les conflits de la marche de Bretagne et d’Espagne ainsi que les incursions externes sont les troubles ayant probablement le plus retenu l’attention des médiévistes. La prétendue quête émancipatrice des Armoricains ou encore les ambitions personnelles et familiales des magnats aristocratiques septimaniens et ibériques sont encore citées comme preuves de l’affaiblissement du pouvoir royal carolingien, suite au traité de Verdun de 843. En s’attardant sur les politiques de résolution de conflit du roi dans ces deux territoires, à priori hostiles à son pouvoir, ce mémoire veut établir si les tensions dans les marches étaient aussi complexes et insurmontables que les sources primaires le laissent entendre. En comparant les politiques de terrain visibles dans les actes royaux, nous remarquons que ces troubles n’étaient pas fondamentalement différents de ceux présents ailleurs dans le royaume. Les stratégies employées par le souverain montrent que la royauté détenait les moyens de venir à bout des obstacles à sa suprématie politique. Visiblement, ces dissidences ne semblent pas aussi particulières. Les enjeux politiques et économiques qu’elles impliquaient étaient, de toute évidence, à l’image des principales préoccupations politiques des rois carolingiens suite à la guerre civile de 840-843. Il importait d’argumenter leur légitimité divine ainsi que d’apparaître comme le seul choix politique. / Charles the Bald’s reign was a period of political and ideological transformations for the carolingian royalty. The troubles with the Breton and Spanish march along with the external raids are probably the sources of tension which have captured the most attention from medievalists. The so-called armorican emancipatory quest or the personal and familial ambitions of the septimanian and iberian magnates are still cited as evidences of the weakening of Carolingian political power following the 843 treaty of Verdun. By focusing on the king’s conflict resolution policies in these two territories, apparently hostile to his power, this study wants to establish wheter the tensions in the marches were as complex and irremediable as the primary sources suggested. By comparing the field policies visible in the royal charters, we noticed that theses troubles were not fundamentally different from those present elsewhere in the kingdom. The strategies employed by the king shows that the royalty had the means to overcome these obstacles and to affirm his political supremacy. Noticeably, these oppositions do not seem to be so particular. The political and economic issues that they were impliying were reflecting the main political concerns of the Carolingian kings following the 840-843 civil war. It was important to them to promote their divine legitimacy as well as appearing as the only political choice for the kingdom’s elites.

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