Submitted diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of preserved documents and correspondence of the Duchess of Burgundy Alix of Vergy. The thesis surveys the political and donational pursuit of the duchess during the years 1206-1251 just on the basis of this kind of sources. The thesis analyzes individual documents and letters and subsequently reflects in them the events of the time period and the personality of the Duchess of Burgundy. In the first part are briefly outlined the realities of the burgundian region during this time period and the importance of the reformed orders for the area. Outlined is also the rule of dukes Hugh III. and Odo III. and also the life events of Alix of Vergy from being the wife of Odo III., through being the regent up to the position of mother of the ruling Duke of Burgundy. In the new chapter the thesis outlines the view on the role of medieval women, issue of their rights and disposal of power and free will. In the second part the thesis deals with the analysis of documents and correspondence of Alix of Vergy in particular periods of life. The diploma thesis on the basis of the source reconstructs the extent of her political power, independence and free decision-making throughout her life. Part of the thesis is a comparation of the analysis of the written material of...

This dissertation questions whether the current system of journalistic self-regulation in Australia can give effect to ethical journalism given the conceptual paradigms that have informed its understanding of journalism and journalism ethics. It argues the ideological focus of journalistic self-regulation has constrained the current system's ability to encourage ethical journalism. By taking a grounded theory approach to developing an alternative theory of journalism, this study attempts to fill a void in the reform of journalistic self-regulation in Australia by first highlighting the shortfall in recent reviews. It then argues reform must address the ideological focus of the journalism industry. This means looking at the ideologies espoused in the industry codes. It also means looking at the ideologies that frame how values reflected in the codes are interpreted. In summary, my aim in this dissertation is to articulate a praxis-driven theory of journalism by which to examine the suitability of the Australian self-regulatory environment to give effect to ethical journalism. This will be done by: mapping the current system of journalistic self-regulation; distilling the ideological foci of contemporary interpretations of journalism and journalism ethics; postulating an alternative theory of journalism as practice; evaluating the current system of self-regulation in light of the theory of journalism as practice; and recommending an alternative model of self-regulation that takes account of the theory of journalism as practice. The grounded theory approach to this study involves a textual analysis of a representative sample of self-regulatory codes to identify deficiencies in the way philosophical understandings of identity and ethics have been applied to journalism. By highlighting the gaps in the conceptual paradigm that frames the current theories of journalism and journalism ethics, I offer insights into key problems facing industry self-regulation. Given its grounding in substantive data analysis, the theory developed in this study is able to offer significant insights into ways of improving journalistic self-regulation to encourage ethical journalism. By categorising the self-regulatory codes according to ideology, I aim to explain how core journalistic values can be marginalized. Thus, this study aims to reveal problems with the way in which journalism self-regulation has been conceptualised and operationalised. In this way, it uses the tools of meta-ethics and normative ethics to analyse an ethical problem. Thus the grounded theory emerging from this study falls into the conceptual category of applied ethics. This approach offers a flexible methodology that allows the development of an emergent theory based on raw data derived from the various codes that operate within the journalistic self-regulatory environment. The research problem starts broadly, looking at the ability of the current system of journalistic self-regulation to encourage ethical journalism. The focus of the study is on organizational ideology and conceptions of journalism, rather than individual values of journalists. Through a process of constant comparison I will focus the research problem, constructing a theoretical framework to evaluate whether the current system of journalistic self-regulation can encourage ethical journalism. To achieve these objectives, the study will canvass both process (the ability of self-regulation to give effect to ethical journalism) and action (building a theoretical framework for conceptualising reform). A grounded theory approach offers a way of categorising conceptions of journalism and self-regulation allowing me to develop an alternative theory of journalism that promotes a holistic approach to journalism ethics. This study does not purport to offer final solutions to the ethical problems within Australian journalism. It does, however, aim to present an alternative pathway towards reform of journalistic self-regulation in Australia that focuses on encouraging ethical journalism and expanding the theoretical paradigms that shape current approaches to ethics.

Cette étude vise à analyser la place occupée par les moines et les monastères, d’un double point de vue pratique et idéologique, dans la société hispanique du haut Moyen Âge, à l’exclusion de la Catalogne et d’al-Andalus. Les fonctions remplies par les monastères sont, pour une part, traditionnelles et conformes à celles qu’ils exercent à la même époque dans d’autres régions de l’Occident chrétien. Le développement du monachisme – c’est-à-dire la fondation de monastères, leur enrichissement par donation et leur capacité à se nourrir de nouvelles recrues – s’explique par la croyance en la doctrine du salut, qui incite chacun à œuvrer pour sa rédemption et celle de ses proches. Mais la profusion de monastères dans la chrétienté péninsulaire tient aussi à d’autres facteurs : stratégies économiques, politiques et mémorielles des élites ; capacité de communautés rurales solidaires à faire émaner d’elles-mêmes de modestes établissements monastiques ; progression des royaumes septentrionaux aux dépens d’al-Andalus. La prolifération des monastères est favorisée par la souplesse des cadres normatifs dans lesquels ils s’intègrent ; il en résulte une grande adaptabilité de forme et de contenu, si bien que les monasteria les plus modestes se distinguent mal de simples églises rurales, l’une de leurs fonctions essentielles étant de servir aux nécessités du culte. Les grands monastères contribuent également à l’encadrement socio-pastoral par l’emprise qu’ils exercent sur les fonctions épiscopales, par la célébration de cérémonies liturgiques ouvertes aux laïcs, par le contrôle d’églises rurales, par la réception d’immunités qui les placent à la tête de véritables seigneuries. La situation frontalière qui caractérise la péninsule Ibérique du haut Moyen Âge confère aux monastères une couleur spécifique. Victimes des assauts musulmans, ils s’engagent en retour dans la défense des territoires chrétiens. Une partie de leurs fonctions habituelles se trouve réorientée, dans un tel contexte, en des applications particulières dont témoignent l’attention au sort des captifs ou le développement, à la fin du XIe siècle, d’une liturgie belliqueuse. Les fonctions sociales remplies par les monastères et le prestige attaché au genre de vie monastique justifient que les moines occupent, en pratique, une position centrale dans le fonctionnement de la société. Celle-ci n’apparaît pourtant pas telle qu’elle laisse émerger, dans les discours, l’idée promue à la même époque par les grands monastères du nord des Pyrénées selon laquelle les moines formeraient l’élite d’une société chrétienne hiérarchisée en fonction d’un critère de pureté, et pourraient prétendre, à ce titre, occuper le sommet de l’ordre du monde. Ancré dans une tradition wisigothique qui participe à expliquer une durable imperméabilité aux courants monastiques ultra-pyrénéens, le monachisme hispanique connaît à la fin du XIe siècle un processus de normalisation qui le fait entrer dans une nouvelle phase de son histoire. / This study aims to analyse, from a double practical and ideological point of view, the place of monks and monasteries in the early medieval hispanic society, apart from Catalonia and al-Andalus. The functions of monasteries were in part traditional and in keeping with the ones they fulfilled elsewhere in the christian West. The rise of monasticism – that is, the foundation of monasteries, their increase in wealth trough donations, their ability to feed themselves with new recruits – may be explained by the belief in the doctrine of salvation, which incited every one to strive for his own redemption and that of his relatives. However, the abundance of monasteries in the peninsular christendom also depended on other factors : economic, political and memorial strategies of the elite ; ability of rural communities to make appear from themselves small monasteries ; expansion of the northern realms at the expense of al-Andalus. The proliferation of monasteries was boosted by the fluidness of the normative framework in which they took place and which favoured a wide range of formal adaptation, in such a way that many modest monasteria were not easy to distinguish from simple rural churches – one of their essential functions being to serve as places of worship. The big monasteries also took part in the social control and pastoral care, thanks to the hold on the episcopal functions, celebration of liturgical ceremonies opened to lay people, ownership of rural churches and privileges of immunity that put them at the head of authentic seigniories. The border situation of the early medieval Iberian Peninsula gave to monasteries a peculiar tone. As well as they suffered from the muslim assaults, they took part in the defence of the christian territories. In such a context, part of their usual functions were redirected to specific applications, of which the attention to the lot of prisoners or the development of a bellicist liturgy at the end of the 11th century are good examples. The social functions assumed by monasteries and the prestige of the monastic way of life explain that the monks, in practical terms, held a central position in the running of society. However, this role was not enough to make emerge, in discursive terms, the idea – promoted at the same time by some big monasteries north of the Pyrenees – that the monks were the elite of a christian society hierarchically organized by a criterion of purity and claimed, for that very reason, to be at the top of the social order. The visigothic tradition in which hispanic monasticism was rooted may partly explain that it remained for long impervious to the ultra-pyrenean monastic trends. At the end of the 11th century, a process of normalization drove the iberian monasteries into a new phasis of their history.

Dieses Buch verdankt sein Entstehen zwei Gründen. Zunächst ist es die Absicht, die an versteckter Stelle befindlichen Urkunden und Aktenabschriften des historischen Pfarrarchivs St. Nikolai der Fachwelt zugänglich zu machen. Außerdem möge diese Urkundensammlung dazu beitragen, die überregionale Bedeutung der Stadt Geithain weiter aufzuhellen und ihren Platz in der Landesgeschichte zu festigen. Insofern richtet sich das Buch sowohl an den interessierten Historiker als auch an den gebildeten Laien. Es enthält eine Fülle von Ereignissen zur Stadt- und Landesgeschichte der Mark Meißen bzw. des Herzogtums Sachsen vom 12. bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts, die in der Mehrzahl bisher noch nicht im Druck vorliegen.

Dieses Buch verdankt sein Entstehen zwei Gründen. Zunächst ist es die Absicht, die an versteckter Stelle befindlichen Urkunden und Aktenabschriften des historischen Pfarrarchivs St. Nikolai der Fachwelt zugänglich zu machen. Außerdem möge diese Urkundensammlung dazu beitragen, die überregionale Bedeutung der Stadt Geithain weiter aufzuhellen und ihren Platz in der Landesgeschichte zu festigen. Insofern richtet sich das Buch sowohl an den interessierten Historiker als auch an den gebildeten Laien. Es enthält eine Fülle von Ereignissen zur Stadt- und Landesgeschichte der Mark Meißen bzw. des Herzogtums Sachsen vom 12. bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts, die in der Mehrzahl bisher noch nicht im Druck vorliegen.

The dissertation traces events that contributed towards a climate where the status of children changed from property to that of person status with the concomitant recognition of children's rights. Social conditions in England, America and France from late preindustrial times to the early twentieth century were investigated. The United Nations' role in establishing children rights documentation and an evaluation of these d~μrpents in terms of the educational implications thereof were described and discussed. The African perspective towards international children's rights documents events was outlined while the attempts of Africa to address the unique needs of the African child were detailed. In the light of the changing social orientation in the Republic of South Africa, children's rights advocacy in South Africa was reviewed. Criteria for evaluati-ng documents addressing the needs of children were proposed and based on the findings of the study, recommendations regarding the direction of children's rights advocacy were advanced. / M. Ed. (History of Education)

The dissertation traces events that contributed towards a climate where the status of children changed from property to that of person status with the concomitant recognition of children's rights. Social conditions in England, America and France from late preindustrial times to the early twentieth century were investigated. The United Nations' role in establishing children rights documentation and an evaluation of these d~μrpents in terms of the educational implications thereof were described and discussed. The African perspective towards international children's rights documents events was outlined while the attempts of Africa to address the unique needs of the African child were detailed. In the light of the changing social orientation in the Republic of South Africa, children's rights advocacy in South Africa was reviewed. Criteria for evaluati-ng documents addressing the needs of children were proposed and based on the findings of the study, recommendations regarding the direction of children's rights advocacy were advanced. / M. Ed. (History of Education)

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Comme le titre l’indique, cette recherche contribue à une étude de l’institutionnalisation de la gouvernance des organisations, celles-ci pouvant être perçues comme des institutions ou des entreprises. Deux parties sont développées au cours de cette étude :une partie qui explore les concepts, les notions, les théories et les méthodes ;une deuxième qui concerne différentes études empiriques au travers d’une analyse de contenu, d’analyses factorielles, typologiques et binaires classiques.<p><p>Dans la première partie, le premier chapitre est consacré, après une introduction particulièrement réservée à la définition du concept d’institutionnalisation, à la description de ce que l’on entend par « organisation ». Le deuxième chapitre rassemble une bibliographie sur le concept de pouvoir ;tandis que le troisième interroge les finalités des organisations (et du pouvoir de celles-ci). Le quatrième chapitre, qui présente un statut particulier, explore la littérature sur le concept de gouvernance (des organisations). C’est au cours de ce chapitre que l’on analyse la relation qui existe entre les notions de pouvoir et de gouvernance. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre de cette première partie est consacré à la méthodologie. Il constitue un trait d’union entre la première partie dite théorique et la deuxième partie dite empirique, dans le sens où il mobilise et décrit les méthodes et techniques d’analyse empruntées lors des différentes études menées. <p><p>Cette deuxième partie se fonde sur une analyse de la perception du discours sur la gouvernance au travers d’une analyse de contenu de certains documents (textes) de référence en matière de gouvernance (dont le discours contribue à l’institutionnalisation de la gouvernance) et des analyses statistiques à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Quatre études sont principalement menées. La première consiste en une analyse de contenu des chartes de gouvernance des entreprises du Bel 20, l’objectif étant de voir comment se structure le discours porté par ces documents :les résultats montrent qu’il existe un lien d’ancrage entre le contenu du discours de ces chartes et celui du code belge de gouvernance auquel ces entreprises déclarent adhérer. Lors de la deuxième étude, des interviews sont menées pour comprendre comment se sont déroulées la rédaction et la publication de ces documents de référence. Dans le but de vérifier s’il existe (ou non) une institutionnalisation de la gouvernance (et du discours sur celle-ci), une autre analyse de contenu des chartes et codes belges de gouvernance est réalisée (troisième étude). Elle consiste en une analyse de traces, d’indices et d’indicateurs (de cette institutionnalisation) dans deux chartes (de l’entreprise Befimmo) et deux codes belges de gouvernance (ceux de 2004 et 2009). Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une tendance d’institutionnalisation de la gouvernance et du discours sur celle-ci au travers de l’évolution des facteurs psychologiques repérés dans ces documents. Parallèlement, cette étude révèle qu’il y a institutionnalisation de ce discours par la loi (notamment les lois récentes qui règlent certaines matières relevant de la gouvernance). <p><p>Pour clore cette recherche, une quatrième étude est réalisée sur la base d’un questionnaire (analyses statistiques). Elle vise à comprendre la structuration de la perception de ce discours sur la gouvernance au sein d’une catégorie d’acteurs, à savoir les étudiants de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, futurs acteurs des organisations. Il s’agit d’une étude de cas :six cas en l’occurrence. L’objectif est de tenter de récolter des types de perceptions possibles et observer comment se structurent celles-ci. L’analyse des résultats montre in fine que le discours sur la gouvernance est davantage perçu (par une grande partie d’étudiants) comme un mode de gestion qui privilégie les mécanismes informels sous-tendant la négociation, la coopération, le dialogue… Par ailleurs, dans l’ensemble, les résultats de l’étude suggèrent l’existence d’une institutionnalisation de la gouvernance à travers le discours sur la gouvernance (lois, chartes, codes de gouvernance…) et la perception de celle-ci. Ce discours prône moins de mécanismes formels et plus de mécanismes informels ;d’où le pouvoir institutionnel sous-tendu par les premiers doit être redéfini ou réinventé. Cette institutionnalisation présente alors un impact sur le pouvoir (des organisations) ;d’où elle doit être mieux étudiée et mieux gérée afin de favoriser leur adaptation. <p><p>Summary :<p><p>As suggested by the title, this research contributes to a study of the institutionalization of the governance of organizations, institutions or enterprises. Two parts are developed :the first one explores the concepts, notions, theories and methods ;the second one concerns various studies through content analysis, factor analysis, typological analysis and classic binary analysis. <p><p>In the first part, the first chapter, after an introduction dedicated to the definition of the concept of institutionalization, is concerned with the description of what ‘organization’ meant. A second chapter contains literature about the concept of power, while the third one questions the goals or finalities of the organizations (and their power). The fourth chapter, which has a particular status, explores the literature covering the concept of governance (of organizations). We analyze in this chapter the relationship between the notions of power and governance. The fifth and last chapter of this first part is devoted to the methodology. It is a hyphen between the first part called theoretical and the second part called empirical, in the sense that it mobilizes and describes the methods and analytical techniques used in the various realized studies. <p><p>The second part is based on an analysis of the perception of discourse on governance through a content analysis of some reference’documents (texts) for governance (including the discourse that contributes to the institutionalization of governance) and a statistical analysis displaying a questionnaire. Four studies are carried out. The first one consists in a content analysis of corporate charters of the enterprises of Bel 20. The aim is to see how is structured the discourse supported by these documents. The results show an ‘anchorage’ link between the content discourse of these charters and the content discourse of belgian corporate governance to which these companies declare their allegiance. In the second study, interviews are conducted to understand how the writing and publication of these reference’documents were realized. In order to check if the institutionalization of governance (and discourse about it) exists (or not), another content analysis of charters and belgian governance codes is achieved (third study). It consists in the study of the trace, indices and indicators analysis (about this institutionalization) in two charters (company Befimmo) and two belgian governance codes (those of 2004 and 2009). The results show a tendency to institutionalize governance and discourse on it through the development of psychological factors identified in these documents. At the same time, this study reveals the institutionalization of this discourse by the law (including recent laws that regulate certain matters of governance). <p><p>To close this research, a fourth study is proposed on the basis of a questionnaire (statistical analysis). It aims to understand the structure of the perception of the discourse on governance within a category of actors, namely students at Free University of Brussels (ULB), future organizations’actors. It is takes the form of a case study :six cases. The goal of this study is to try to collect the possible perceptions and observe how they are structured. The analysis shows that ultimately the discourse on governance is more perceived (by a majority of students) as a management approach that focuses on informal mechanisms underlying the negociation, cooperation, dialogue… Moreover, in the overall, the results of this study suggest the existence of an institutionalization of governance through the discourse on governance (laws, charters, governance codes…) and the perception of it. This discourse advocates less formal and more informal mechanisms ;hence the institutional power underpined by the formal mechanisms must be redefined or reinvented. This institutionalization presents then an impact on the power of organizations ;hence it must be better investigated and managed to promote their adaptation. <p><p><p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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