<p>Arbetet handlar om sjömätning, både hur det går till i dag och hur det gick till förr. Jag har också forskat i alternativa metoder som skulle kunna komplettera konventionell sjömätning.</p><p>Syftet med mitt arbete var att ta reda på hur många oupptäckta grund det finns kvar i den Svenska skärgården.</p><p>Metoden för att få fram bra och trovärdiga uppgifter har varit att intervjua personer som på ett eller annat sätt sysslar med sjömätning. För att kunna beskriva sjömätningens historia har jag tagit hjälp av litteratur.</p><p>Resultatet av min undersökning är att sjökortet i huvudsak stämmer någorlunda med verkligheten. Det finns dock vissa undantag, ofta stämmer sjökortet sämre i skärgårdar där få yrkesfartyg opererar.</p> / <p>This essay is about hydrography, I will investigate how it is done, both today and from a historic perspective. I have also done some research in alternative methods that may complete conventional hydrography. The purpose with this essay was to investigate how many unknown dangerous shoals there is left in the Swedish archipelago.</p><p>The method to receive good and trustworthy information has been to do some interviews to people that in one way or another are practising hydrography.</p><p>To be able to describe the history of hydrography I have had some literature as an aid.</p><p>The result of my investigation is that the nautical chart is mainly comparable to the reality; however, there are some exceptions. The nautical charts is often less reliable in archipelagos were professional shipping is unusual.</p>

When the nonconformities are independent, a multivariate control chart for nonconformities called a demerit control chart using a distribution approximation technique called an Edgeworth Expansion, is proposed. For a demerit control chart, an exact control limit can be obtained in special cases, but not in general. A proposed demerit control chart uses an Edgeworth Expansion to approximate the distribution of the demerit statistic and to compute the demerit control limits. A simulation study shows that the proposed method yields reasonably accurate results in determining the distribution of the demerit statistic and hence the control limits, even for small sample sizes. The simulation also shows that the performances of the demerit control chart constructed using the proposed method is very close to the advertised for all sample sizes. Since the demerit control chart statistic is a weighted sum of the nonconformities, naturally the performance of the demerit control chart will depend on the weights assigned to the nonconformities. The method of how to select weights that give the best performance for the demerit control chart has not yet been addressed in the literature. A methodology is proposed to select the weights for a one-sided demerit control chart with and upper control limit using an asymptotic technique. The asymptotic technique does not restrict the nature of the types and classification scheme for the nonconformities and provides an optimal and explicit solution for the weights. In the case presented so far, we assumed that the nonconformities are independent. When the nonconformities are correlated, a multivariate Poisson lognormal probability distribution is used to model the nonconformities. This distribution is able to model both positive and negative correlations among the nonconformities. A different type of multivariate control chart for correlated nonconformities is proposed. The proposed control chart can be applied to nonconformities that have any multivariate distributions whether they be discrete or continuous or something that has characteristics of both, e.g., non-Poisson correlated random variables. The proposed method evaluates the deviation of the observed sample means from pre-defined targets in terms of the density function value of the sample means. The distribution of the control chart test statistic is derived using an approximation technique called a multivariate Edgeworth expansion. For small sample sizes, results show that the proposed control chart is robust to inaccuracies in assumptions about the distribution of the correlated nonconformities. / Graduation date: 2004

The problem of relating inter-agent and intra-agent behavioral specifications is investigated. These two views are complimentary, in that the former is closer to scenario-based user requirements whereas the latter is design-oriented. We use a graphical, user-friendly and very simple language as inter-agent specification language: Live Sequence Charts (LSC). LSC is presented and its properties are investigated: it is highly succinct, but inexpressive. There are essentially two ways to relate inter-agent and intra-agent specifications: (i) by checking that an intra-agent specification is correct with respect to some LSC specification and (ii) by automatically building an intra-agent specification from an LSC specification. Several variants of these problems exist: closed/open systems and centralized/distributed systems. We give inefficient but optimal algorithms solving all problems, besides synthesis of open distributed systems, which we show is undecidable. All the problems considered are difficult, even for a very restricted subset of LSCs, without alternatives, interleaving, conditions nor loops. We investigate the cost of extending the language with control flow constructs, conditions, real-time and symbolic instances. An implementation of the algorithms is proposed. The applicability of the language is illustrated on a real-world case study.

Ombord på moderna fartyg finns möjligheten att navigera med enbart ECDIS. ECDIS är beroende av många olika delsystem för att kunna fungera optimalt. Failure Mode and Effect Anylysis (FMEA) är ett verktyg med vilket man kan undersöka ett specifikt system för att upptäcka eventuella konstruktionsfel och brister i produktionsdesignen. Detta examensarbete har med hjälp av en FMEA undersökt ECDIS simulatorerna vid Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar för att ta reda på hur ECDIS påverkas när ett eller flera av delsystemen kopplade till ECDIS fallerar. Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att upptäcka konstruktionsfel, brister och begränsningar i ECDIS systemet vid simulatorerna i Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar. Det kunde påvisas att ECDIS i vissa fall ej har avgett de larm som enligt tillverkaren skall varsko navigatören att ett delsystem har fallerat. Vidare har vissa funktioner i ECDIS ej fungerat enligt tillverkarens anvisningar samt att vissa simulatorfunktioner som skall kunna testa en specifik situation i en säker miljö ej har fungerat. / Modern ships have the ability to navigate with the use of ECDIS only. ECDIS is dependent on many subsystems to function optimally. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a tool with which you can examine a specific system to detect potential construction errors and deficiencies in the production design. This thesis has used a FMEA to investigate ECDIS simulators at Sjöfartshögskolan in Kalmar to examine how ECDIS was affected when one or more of the subsystems connected to ECDIS have failed. The purpose of this study was to detect design errors, deficiencies and limitations of the ECDIS simulators at Sjöfartshögskolan in Kalmar. It could be demonstrated that some of the alarms in ECDIS that should alert the navigator that a subsystem has failed not has worked according to the manufacturer´s instructions. Additionally has some features of ECDIS not operated according to the manufacturer's instructions and some simulator functions which should test a specific situation in a safe environment have not worked.

This thesis presents a study of the effects of deep excavations on adjacent metro or utility tunnel in soft to medium soil. The main objective of the thesis is to develop a method of estimating these effects quantitatively. Extensive review of relevant literature published in the past four decades was conducted in order to understand the trends and the key developments in this area. It was revealed from the literature review that the concurrent use of the Observational Method and the finite element method for monitoring and controlling of ground deformations around the excavation has become a norm for deep excavation projects. Several design charts and guidelines for estimation of effects of deep excavations on adjacent raft foundations or pile foundations were found in the literature; however, no such charts or guidelines were found for estimation of effects of deep excavations on existing circular tunnels. Consequently, the development of these guidelines was established as one of the objectives of this study. <p>The initial phase of the research was focused on detailed study and analysis of two well-documented case studies the Chicago Subway Renovation Project, USA and the Tan Tock Seng Hospital Deep Excavation, Singapore. The back analyses of these two case studies were carried out using the finite element software PLAXIS. Exact site conditions and input parameters for the soil and the structural components were incorporated as much as possible. Appropriate adjustments in some of the input parameters were necessary to achieve good match between the computed and the observed results. <p> The back analyses were followed by parametric studies to identify important variables controlling the mechanisms of soil-structure interaction. The variables identified from the parametric studies of the two case studies were: soil stiffness, tunnel lining thickness, the depth of the excavation, and the location of tunnel. These variables were used to conduct a series of finite element analyses using simplified geometry and ground conditions for the purpose of formulating preliminary design charts. Results from these analyses were recorded in terms of in-plane and out-of-plane distortion of tunnel lining as well as additional shear forces and bending moments induced in the tunnel lining due to an adjacent deep excavation. The results were made non-dimensional before presenting them as contour plots. These contour plots constitute preliminary design charts, which can be used for the estimation of tunnel lining deformation caused by adjacent deep excavation.<p> Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that a finite element program (such as PLAXIS) that is able to model construction processes associated with tunnelling and deep excavation in urban environment can be an invaluable tool in exploring the mechanism of ground deformation around the deep excavation and in quantifying the effects of ground deformation on existing adjacent structures. The modeller must, however, be aware of the fact that ways of modelling a particular construction process could be different for various finite element programs. It is important to interpret the instructions given in the manual of the program correctly. <p>Detailed back analyses of well-documented deep excavation case histories are vital from the point-of-view of building confidence in the selected finite element program. Such analyses also have the potential to identify key variables influencing the soil-structure interaction. <p> Preliminary design charts proposed in this thesis are very convenient for obtaining approximate values of tunnel lining deformation caused by adjacent deep excavation. Non-dimensional nature of these design charts makes it possible to be used for any depth of the deep excavation and for tunnels of any size, depth of cover, and distance from the vertical face of the excavation. These design charts can be used by engineers and contractors for initial estimation, selection and preliminary design of excavation support system, and are particularly useful during the planning phase. Town planners and project managers, who need to decide on the feasibility, damage control and risk management aspects of a deep excavation project, may also find these design charts equally useful. It should, however, be kept in mind that the estimates obtained from these design charts are highly approximate and as such, should be taken as guidelines for decision making processes. These estimates do not replace site specific detailed analysis and monitoring.

Arbetet handlar om sjömätning, både hur det går till i dag och hur det gick till förr. Jag har också forskat i alternativa metoder som skulle kunna komplettera konventionell sjömätning. Syftet med mitt arbete var att ta reda på hur många oupptäckta grund det finns kvar i den Svenska skärgården. Metoden för att få fram bra och trovärdiga uppgifter har varit att intervjua personer som på ett eller annat sätt sysslar med sjömätning. För att kunna beskriva sjömätningens historia har jag tagit hjälp av litteratur. Resultatet av min undersökning är att sjökortet i huvudsak stämmer någorlunda med verkligheten. Det finns dock vissa undantag, ofta stämmer sjökortet sämre i skärgårdar där få yrkesfartyg opererar. / This essay is about hydrography, I will investigate how it is done, both today and from a historic perspective. I have also done some research in alternative methods that may complete conventional hydrography. The purpose with this essay was to investigate how many unknown dangerous shoals there is left in the Swedish archipelago. The method to receive good and trustworthy information has been to do some interviews to people that in one way or another are practising hydrography. To be able to describe the history of hydrography I have had some literature as an aid. The result of my investigation is that the nautical chart is mainly comparable to the reality; however, there are some exceptions. The nautical charts is often less reliable in archipelagos were professional shipping is unusual.

Our project presents the research on visualization of statistical contents. Here wewill introduce the concepts of visualization, software quality metrics andproposed visualization technique (line chart). Our aim to study the existingvisualization techniques for visualization of software metrics and then proposedthe visualization approach that is more time efficient and easy to perceive byviewer.In this project, we focus on the practical aspects of visualization of multipleprojects with respect to the versions and metrics. This project also gives animplementation of proposed visualization techniques of software metrics. In thisresearch based work, we have to compare practically the proposed visualizationapproaches. We will discuss the software development life cycle of our proposedvisualization system, and we will also describe the complete softwareimplementation of implemented software.

This thesis presents a study of the effects of deep excavations on adjacent metro or utility tunnel in soft to medium soil. The main objective of the thesis is to develop a method of estimating these effects quantitatively. Extensive review of relevant literature published in the past four decades was conducted in order to understand the trends and the key developments in this area. It was revealed from the literature review that the concurrent use of the Observational Method and the finite element method for monitoring and controlling of ground deformations around the excavation has become a norm for deep excavation projects. Several design charts and guidelines for estimation of effects of deep excavations on adjacent raft foundations or pile foundations were found in the literature; however, no such charts or guidelines were found for estimation of effects of deep excavations on existing circular tunnels. Consequently, the development of these guidelines was established as one of the objectives of this study. <p>The initial phase of the research was focused on detailed study and analysis of two well-documented case studies the Chicago Subway Renovation Project, USA and the Tan Tock Seng Hospital Deep Excavation, Singapore. The back analyses of these two case studies were carried out using the finite element software PLAXIS. Exact site conditions and input parameters for the soil and the structural components were incorporated as much as possible. Appropriate adjustments in some of the input parameters were necessary to achieve good match between the computed and the observed results. <p> The back analyses were followed by parametric studies to identify important variables controlling the mechanisms of soil-structure interaction. The variables identified from the parametric studies of the two case studies were: soil stiffness, tunnel lining thickness, the depth of the excavation, and the location of tunnel. These variables were used to conduct a series of finite element analyses using simplified geometry and ground conditions for the purpose of formulating preliminary design charts. Results from these analyses were recorded in terms of in-plane and out-of-plane distortion of tunnel lining as well as additional shear forces and bending moments induced in the tunnel lining due to an adjacent deep excavation. The results were made non-dimensional before presenting them as contour plots. These contour plots constitute preliminary design charts, which can be used for the estimation of tunnel lining deformation caused by adjacent deep excavation.<p> Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that a finite element program (such as PLAXIS) that is able to model construction processes associated with tunnelling and deep excavation in urban environment can be an invaluable tool in exploring the mechanism of ground deformation around the deep excavation and in quantifying the effects of ground deformation on existing adjacent structures. The modeller must, however, be aware of the fact that ways of modelling a particular construction process could be different for various finite element programs. It is important to interpret the instructions given in the manual of the program correctly. <p>Detailed back analyses of well-documented deep excavation case histories are vital from the point-of-view of building confidence in the selected finite element program. Such analyses also have the potential to identify key variables influencing the soil-structure interaction. <p> Preliminary design charts proposed in this thesis are very convenient for obtaining approximate values of tunnel lining deformation caused by adjacent deep excavation. Non-dimensional nature of these design charts makes it possible to be used for any depth of the deep excavation and for tunnels of any size, depth of cover, and distance from the vertical face of the excavation. These design charts can be used by engineers and contractors for initial estimation, selection and preliminary design of excavation support system, and are particularly useful during the planning phase. Town planners and project managers, who need to decide on the feasibility, damage control and risk management aspects of a deep excavation project, may also find these design charts equally useful. It should, however, be kept in mind that the estimates obtained from these design charts are highly approximate and as such, should be taken as guidelines for decision making processes. These estimates do not replace site specific detailed analysis and monitoring.

The research method of this thesis is Archival Analysis method. First of all, according to accreditation of the hospital, we selected 104 hospitals, 73 hospitals organization charts in total, for the research objects. Secondly, we categorized organization charts based on the ownership of hospital and its statues. Finally, we deduced the types of hospitals administration department from their history and hospital administration management developed history. According to the result, there are three types of hospitals administration department that include: the Model of National Taiwan University Hospital, the Model of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and the Model of China Medical University Hospital. Most of Taiwan hospitals are belonged to the Model of National Taiwan University Hospital and the Model of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. These two types existed before the National Health Insurance practiced. However, the Model of China Medical University Hospital occurred and developed into a staff system after the National Health Insurance practiced. By the configuration theory of Henry Mintzberg, the National Taiwan University Hospital Model is a professional organization, and its administration department is acting as assistance in managing, the medical unit leads the control over all. On contrast with the National Taiwan University Hospital Model, The Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Model tended to be a machine organization, administration is a core management which had a powerful authority. The China Medical University Hospital Model is a combination of those two models but slightly tends to machine organization; therefore its administration department has the authority. By understanding the role of management and it¡¦s important in hospital system, administrator has to rethink about the mission statement, the prospect and the impact from the changing of hospital system based on macro viewpoint in order to manage its Human Resource Management resources efficiently.

Tabular data is pervasive in the form of spreadsheets and relational databases. Although tables often describe multivariate data without explicit network semantics, it may be advantageous to explore the data modeled as a graph or network for analysis. Even when a given table design conveys some static network semantics, analysts may want to look at multiple networks from different perspectives, at different levels of abstraction, and with different edge semantics. This dissertation is motivated by the observation that a general approach for performing multi-dimensional and multi-level network-based visual analysis on multivariate tabular data is necessary. We present a formal framework based on the relational data model that systematically specifies the construction and transformation of graphs from relational data tables. In the framework, a set of relational operators provide the basis for rich expressive power for network modeling. Powered by this relational algebraic framework, we design and implement a visual analytics system called Ploceus. Ploceus supports flexible construction and transformation of networks through a direct manipulation interface, and integrates dynamic network manipulation with visual exploration for a seamless analytic experience.