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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the site of Belfast gasworks

Gallagher, Shirley Anne January 1994 (has links)
No description available.
2

The challenges of applying planetary boundaries as a basis for strategic decision-making in companies with global supply chains

Clift, R., Sim, S,, King, H., Chenoweth, J.L., Christie, I., Clavreul, J., Mueller, C., Posthuma, L., Boulay, A.M., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Chatterton, J., DeClerck, F., Druckman, A., France, C., Franco, A., Gerten, D., Goedkoop, M., Hauschild, M.Z., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Koellner, T., Lambin, E.F., Lee, L., Mair, Simon, Marshall, S., McLachlan, M.S., Milà i Canals, L., Mitchell, C., Price, E., Rockström, J., Suckling, J., Murphy, R. 11 December 2020 (has links)
Yes / The Planetary Boundaries (PB) framework represents a significant advance in specifying the ecological constraints on human development. However, to enable decision-makers in business and public policy to respect these constraints in strategic planning, the PB framework needs to be developed to generate practical tools. With this objective in mind, we analyse the recent literature and highlight three major scientific and technical challenges in operationalizing the PB approach in decision-making: first, identification of thresholds or boundaries with associated metrics for different geographical scales; second, the need to frame approaches to allocate fair shares in the 'safe operating space' bounded by the PBs across the value chain and; third, the need for international bodies to co-ordinate the implementation of the measures needed to respect the Planetary Boundaries. For the first two of these challenges, we consider how they might be addressed for four PBs: climate change, freshwater use, biosphere integrity and chemical pollution and other novel entities. Four key opportunities are identified: (1) development of a common system of metrics that can be applied consistently at and across different scales; (2) setting 'distance from boundary' measures that can be applied at different scales; (3) development of global, preferably open-source, databases and models; and (4) advancing understanding of the interactions between the different PBs. Addressing the scientific and technical challenges in operationalizing the planetary boundaries needs be complemented with progress in addressing the equity and ethical issues in allocating the safe operating space between companies and sectors.
3

Temporal water quality study of the heavily human-impacted Likangala River, Zomba, Malawi

Ullberg, Malin January 2015 (has links)
River water is used for a range of purposes, for example irrigation, laundry, hygiene, mining of sand, as drinking water and for disposal of wastes and wastewater. These anthropogenic activities, along with agriculture and the local climate and geology will have effects on the water quality, and by extension the people living in the area. This study intends to evaluate the water quality of Likangala River, which is a perennial river in southern Malawi, during hot dry season linking it to the activities present in the direct vicinity of the urban segment of the river. A small land use survey was carried out, and eight points for water sampling chosen for analysis of a set of physio-chemical water quality parameters. Also an estimate of the water discharge of the time was made. It was found that most parameters were within the guidelines for drinking water set up by WHO (2011) and Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS, 2008), although turbidity, manganese, iron, chromium and lead showed elevated levels. Some, but not all, parameters showed a trend with low values upstream the city and higher values downstream (except pH with a inverse trend), and almost all parameters were significantly higher in the effluents from the Zomba Sewage Works, and also directly afterwards. / Flodvatten används för en rad olika ändamål, exempelvis bevattning, tvätt, hygien, utvinning av sand, som dricksvatten och för avyttrande av avfall och avloppsvatten. Dessa mänskliga verksamheter, tillsammans med effekter av jordbruk samt det lokala klimatet och geologin kommer att påverka vattenkvaliteten, och i förlängningen de människor som bor i området. Denna studie avser att utvärdera vattenkvaliteten i Likangala, som är en flod i södra Malawi, under heta torrperioden och koppla denna till de verksamheter som finns i dess direkta närhet längs den urbana sträckningen av floden. En liten kartläggning av markanvändning genomfördes, och åtta platser för vattenprovtagning valdes ut för analys av ett antal fysio-kemiska vattenkvalitets- parametrar. Också en uppskattning av vattenföring gjordes. Det visade sig att de flesta parametrar var inom riktlinjerna för dricksvatten som inrättats av WHO (2011) och Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS, 2008), även om turbiditet, mangan, järn, krom och bly visade förhöjda halter. Vissa, men inte alla, parametrar visade en trend med låga värden uppströms staden och högre värden nedströms (förutom pH med en inverterad trend), och nästan alla parametrar var betydligt högre i spillvattnet från Zomba vattenreningsverk, och även direkt efteråt.
4

Expanding our Knowledge on the Impact of Organic Chemicals on Freshwater Lakes

Machate, Oliver 03 August 2023 (has links)
Lakes provide essential ecosystem services to humankind, with the provision of freshwater likely being their most important contribution to human well-being. Therefore, it is mandatory to prevent freshwater lakes from harm in order to protect our livelihood. Pollution is known to put the health of our planet at risk, including our aquatic ecosystems. For European lowland surface waters, certain key organisms, including algae, crustacea, and fish, have been shown to be impacted by chemical pollution. However, currently little is known about the influence on other key organisms (e.g. macrophyte communities) and the spatial extent of these impacts. To close these gaps in knowledge and generally develop a better understanding of the impact of chemical pollution on our aquatic environment, is key for its efficient protection and the preservation of its ecosystem services. This dissertation aims to close these knowledge gaps and thereby increase our understanding of the impact of organic chemicals on our aquatic environment. During the course of this dissertation, two field studies and one literature review were conducted. The first field study was performed in eight lowland lakes of Schleswig-Holstein. Goal was to demonstrate that contaminated sediments prevent macrophyte communities from reaching a good ecological state. It was possible to show that sediment toxicity, driven by antifouling biocides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is one of the factors that limit the ecological quality macrophyte communities can reach. The second field study was performed in eight lakes of the French Pyrenees. In this case, the aim was to explore the exposure and risk for waterbodies as remote as mountain lakes by organic chemicals. It was found that also mountain lakes are exposed to a wide variety of organic chemicals, including substances introduced via the atmosphere and local sources. All lakes under investigation were experiencing a chronic toxic risk for crustacea and three of eight lakes were even exposed to an acute toxic risk for crustacea. As this risk was also reflected in lowered abundancies of crustacea, this demonstrated that also waterbodies as remote as mountain lakes are impacted by chemical pollution. Following up on these findings, a literature review was performed. While generally little investigated, the data that could be found support the idea that toxic effects on mountain lakes might be widespread. The results of this thesis add to the growing knowledge, indicating that chemical pollution is jeopardizing the ecological quality of our planet and thereby, causing it to become unhealthy and dysfunctional. To protect our aquatic ecosystems, and planetary heath in general, it will be necessary to reduce our emissions of organic chemicals and use of particularly toxic substances.
5

Évaluation du niveau de contamination chimique et de la qualité des ressources vivantes aquatiques / Evaluation of the level of chemical contamination and quality of the aquatic alive resources

Diop, Mamadou 01 April 2016 (has links)
Très appréciés des consommateurs du fait de leur qualité nutritionnelle, les produits de la mer jouent un rôle important dans l'alimentation humaine. Toutefois, la confiance du consommateur vis-à-vis de leur qualité est affectée par les riques associés à une exposition aux contaminants chimiques et à la fraîcheur des produits. Si le premier aspect résulte de la pollution des eaux marines sous l'effet d'une forte anthropisation des littoraux, le second est lié à la haute périssabilité de ces produits. Évaluer les niveaux de contamination chimique et la qualité-fraîcheur des produits de la mer est plus qu'un besoin : c'est aujourd'hui une nécéssité. C'est dans ce contexte que les travaux de cette thèse ont été menés. Deux objectifs principaux ont été visés dans la présente étude. Le premier objectif de ce travail était de faire une évaluation spatiale et saisonnière des niveaux de contamination par les polluants métalliques et organiques (HAPs et PCBs) des zones côtières du Sénégal en s'intéressant aux teneurs en contaminants dans les organismes marins. Nous avons étudié 7 espèces marines représentatives des différents maillons de la chaîne trophique (une macroalgue verte, un mollusque bivalve, un crustacé et 4 espèces de poisson) prélevées le long du littoral au niveau de 5 sites présentant des degrés d'anthropisation différents. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les teneurs en contaminants chimiques des organismes marins sont variables selon les espèces et soulignent ainsi la nécéssité de l'approche multi-espèces pour l'étude de la contamination chimique du milieu. Des variations inter-sites de la teneur en contaminants chimiques dans les organismes ont été mis en évidence. Les sites les plus anthropisés comme Soubédioune et Rusfisque sont ceux qui présentent les teneurs les plus élevées. Les niveaux de contamination métalliques et organiques dans les organismes marins du littoral sénégalais sont inférieurs ou du même ordre de grandeur que ceux mesurés dans d'autres régions d'Afrique de l'Ouest ou dans d'autres régions du monde. L'évaluation des risques associés à l'ingestion des produits de la mer analysés montre que les teneurs en contaminants chimiques sont faibles et inférieures aux limites maximales admissibles pour la consommation humaine (norme EU). Seuls les sites de Rufisque et Soumbédioune présentent quelques dépassements chez certaines espèces (moules, sardinelles). Le deuxième objectif de cette étude était de développer des méthodes permettant d'évaluer la fraîcheur des filets de poisson et de différencier des filets frais des filets décongelés. Les méthodes retenues sont basées sur la mesure de l'augmentation de la perméabilité cellulaire du muscle de poisson. La conservation des filets de poisson à 4°C va conduire à une perméabilisation des cellules dans le temps qui peut être apréhendée par la mesure de la libération d'enzymes intracytoplasmiques ou par l'augmentation de la perméabilité des cellules à des colorants fluorescents. La mesure de l'activité LDH est intéressante à double titre : elle va permettre d'une part de mesure le niveau de lyse cellulaire, donc le niveau d'altération, des filets de poisson dans le temps. Elle va permettre d'autre part grâce à sa sensibilité à la congélation de mieux cerner les conditions qui permettraient à terme de faire la distinction entre les filets frais et des filets congelés/décongelés. / Much appreciated by consumers for its nutritional qualities, seafood plays an important role in human diet. Consumer confidence in the quality of these foodstuffs is nevertheless affected by concerns about risks associated with exposure to chemical contaminants and the freshness of these products. If the first of these is the result of pollution resulting from increasing human activities along coastlines, the second is linked to the highly perishable nature of these products. An evaluation of the levels of chemical contaminants in seafood and of its freshness is therefore a necessity. It is within this context that the work presented in this thesis was carried out. Two principal objectives were targeted in the present study. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variability of seafood contamination by elements (including metals) and organic pollutants (PAHs and PCBs) along the Senegalese coast. We studied 7 marine species representative of different trophic level (a green macro algae, a bivalve mollusc, a crustacean and 4 species of fish) sampling them along the coastline at 5 sites representing different human activity pressur. The result of this study showed that contamination levels varied with species, underlining the importance of a multi-species approach to study contamination in the marine environment. Variations between sites were also observed. Sites with the greatest human activity, such as Soumbédioune and Rufisque, were also those where the highest levels of contaminants in seafood were found. The levels of contamination measured along the Senegalese coast, of both elements and organic pollutants, were inferior or of the same order of magnitude as those reported from other West African sites or from other regions of the globe. The risks associated with eating theseseafood products were low, with contaminant levels generally below the admissible limits (EU) for human consumption. Only a few samples of certain species (mussels, sardines) exceeded these limits at Soumbédioune and Rufisque. The second objective of this study was to develop methods to evaluate the freshness of fish fillets, and to distinguish fresh fillets from previously frozen ones. The methods developed were based upon a measure of cellular permeability within the fish muscle tissue. The conservation of fish fillets ar 4°C results in increased permeability of cells over time, measurable by studying the liberation of intra-cytoplasmic enzymes or the increasing permeability of cells to fluorescent colouring agents. The measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is doubly interesting in this contex : on the one hand it enables a measure of cell lysis, and so the level of alteration of the fillets over time, to be established. It also, thanks to its sensitivity to freezing, to better distinguish fresh fillets from those that have been frozen then thawed.
6

Impacts de perturbateurs environnementaux sur un organisme sentinelle des milieux côtiers anthropisés, la moule bleue Mytilus spp. : caractérisation génomique et écophysiologique de l'adaptation au stress / Impacts of environmental stressors on a bioindicator species of anthropized coastal ecosystems, the blue mussel, Mytilus spp. : genomic and ecophysiological characterization of stress adaptation

Lacroix, Camille 12 December 2014 (has links)
Dans le contexte actuel de changement global et particulièrement de réchauffement climatique et de pollution chimique chronique, se pose la question de la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes côtiers et notamment des populations d’invertébrés filtreurs jouant un rôle structurant dans la plupart de ces écosystèmes. Dans ces travaux de thèse, une approche couplée d’écophysiologie et de génomique fonctionnelle a été mise à profit afin de mieux comprendre les processus moléculaire, cellulaire et physiologique de réponse à une contamination chimique chronique modérée et d’évaluer la capacité à faire face à une augmentation de température chez des populations naturelles de moules bleues (Mytilus spp.) de la Rade de Brest. Les résultats obtenus révèlent qu’une contamination chronique modérée induit des réponses adaptatives au niveau subcellulaire chez les moules exposées, prévenant ainsi l’apparition de souffrances physiologiques et permettant aux populations de se maintenir dans un environnement variable. Ces réponses impliquent en particulier, une activation des mécanismes de défense cellulaire (métabolisme énergétique et défenses antioxydantes) et d’élimination des xénobiotiques. Par ailleurs, l’exposition à une augmentation de température en conditions expérimentales ne met pas en évidence de sensibilité particulière au stress thermique chez les moules provenant d’un site exposé à une contamination chronique modérée. En revanche, les résultats indiquent que ces dernières pourraient avoir une plus grande capacité à compenser grâce à des réponses adaptatives, les effets délétères générés par une augmentation de température. Cependant, le fort coût énergétique généré par la contamination chimique ainsi que les effets importants du stress thermique mis en évidence dans ces travaux indiquent que la combinaison de ces deux sources de stress pourrait provoquer des dysfonctionnements métaboliques et représenter à l’avenir, une menace pour les populations naturelles de moules bleues. Ces travaux de thèse ont également contribué au développement de nouvelles méthodologies permettant respectivement, de quantifier des contaminants environnementaux dans des tissus biologiques marins, d’étudier des réponses génomiques précoces de stress et de mesurer des paramètres physico-chimiques in situ. Ces méthodologies pourront contribuer à améliorer les performances du diagnostic de l’état de santé des populations naturelles de moules et au delà, d’espèces-sentinelles de mollusques bivalves dans un contexte de contamination chimique mais également de changements climatiques. / In the current context of chronic chemical pollution and on-going climate change, coastal ecosystems, and in particular keystone filter-feeding bivalve populations inhabiting them, appear vulnerable. In this thesis, an approach coupling ecophysiology and functional genomics was used to study the molecular, cellular and physiological responses of wild blue mussel populations of the Bay of Brest to a moderate chronic chemical contamination, and to assess the ability of these populations to face a heat stress. Results indicate a moderate chronic chemical contamination induces adaptive responses in wild mussel populations from the Brest harbour area, which prevents severe physiological disturbances and sustain long-term population survival. These responses include an activation of cellular stress response [energetic metabolism and antioxidant defences) and xenobiotic elimination mechanisms. Furthermore, experimental heat stress exposure does not highlight a higher sensitivity to a temperature increase in mussels sampled in a moderately contaminated area but suggests that these mussels could have a better ability to offset the adverse effects of heat stress thanks to adaptive responses. However, the high energetic cost of chemical contamination and the strong effects of heat stress presented in this work, suggest combined chemical and heat stress could be a future threat for wild blue mussel populations. This work also contributes to the development of new methodologies to, respectively, quantify environmental contaminants in marine biota, study early warning genomic stress responses and to survey physicochemical parameters in situ. These methodologies contribute to improving the health diagnostics of natural mussel populations and thus, appear as useful tools to assess health of bivalve sentinel species populations in biomonitoring studies, in a context of chemical contamination and climate change.
7

Development of chemical separation processes for the treatment and monitoring of metallic cations and oxoanions in polluted waters

Güell Martí, Raquel 07 October 2011 (has links)
The chemical contamination of natural waters is a global problem with a worldwide impact. Considering the relevance of this problem, this thesis is intended, on one hand, to develop different separation/preconcentration techniques based on membranes ability to permeate anions for the transport of toxic oxyanions of chromium(VI) and arsenic contained in aqueous matrices. In particular, we have investigated supported liquid membranes and polymer inclusion membranes, both of which contain the commercial quaternary ammonium salt Aliquat 336 as a carrier, as well as commercial anion exchange membranes. On the other hand, we have focused on the development of chemical sensors to facilitate the monitoring of several metals from different aqueous matrices. Thus, a selective optical sensor for Cr(VI) based on polymeric membranes containing Aliquat 336 as an ionophore has been designed. Additionally, mercury-based screen-printed electrodes have been evaluated for for cadmium, lead, copper and zinc detection. / La contaminació química de les aigües naturals és un problema global amb repercussió a nivell mundial. Donada la rellevància que té aquesta problemàtica, en la present tesi s’han desenvolupat d’una banda tècniques de separació/preconcentració basades en diferents sistemes de membrana en què el mecanisme de transport proposat és un bescanvi aniònic per als oxoanions tòxics de crom(VI) i arsènic presents en matrius aquoses. Concretament, s’ha treballat amb membranes líquides suportades que contenien el portador comercial Aliquat 336, membranes d’inclusió polimèriques amb el mateix portador i membranes de bescanvi aniònic comercials. D’altra banda, s’ha treballat en el desenvolupament de diferents sensors químics per monitoritzar diversos metalls presents en matrius aquoses. Així, s’ha dissenyat un sistema de sensor òptic selectiu a Cr(VI) basat en membranes polimèriques utilitzant també el portador Aliquat 336 i s’ha desenvolupat un sistema de monitorització per plom, coure, cadmi i zinc basat en microelèctrodes serigrafiats modificats amb mercuri.

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