Dans cette thèse, les déterminants des trajectoires éducationnelles et professionnelles des jeunes dans les pays en développement sont examinés, avec un accent particulier mis sur les relations au sein du ménage. Le premier chapitre fournit une revue des contributions théoriques et empiriques de la littérature autour du concept de transition de l'éducation au marché du travail dans les pays en voie de développement. Le deuxième chapitre développe un modèle d'équilibre général calculable, appliqué de manière rétrospective à l'économie de la Malaisie, dans l'optique d'étudier les conséquences sur le marché du travail du progrès technique biaisé et d'une politique éducative de masse. Les chapitres suivants s'interrogent sur les interactions au sein des ménages et leurs impacts lors de chocs. Un accent est ici mis sur le travail des enfants ainsi que sur leur scolarisation. Les résultats soulignent d’importantes externalités et une absorption hétérogène des chocs au niveau des ménages. L'évaluation de politiques publiques gagnerait à tenir compte de ces externalités intra-ménage. / This thesis seeks to promote our understanding of the constraints and opportunities facing youth as they transit through schooling and to the labor market. The first chapter provides a literature review of the theoretical and empirical contributions to what we know about school-to-work transitions in developing countries and their specificities. The following chapter builds a computable general equilibrium model that is applied to the Malaysian labor market, in order to study the impact of skill-biased technological change and educational policy on labor market evolutions. Subsequent chapters examine household interactions arising from exogenous shocks, from the angle of children’s work and schooling. The findings from these chapters point to the presence of important spillover effects and heterogeneous absorption of shocks in the household. Impact evaluation of policy would therefore benefit from the systematic incorporation of such household-level externalities.

Background: The pain in general, located in different areas of the body, presents with higher prevalence in adolescents. At the national level it is estimated that three out of four children between 6 and 17 years of age dedicate approximately 11 hours a week to activities within their home, which implies repetitive mechanics, muscle overloads and as a consequence the presence of pain. Objectives: Determine the association between the number of hours an adolescent does household activities and the presence of pain. Design: Cross sectional analytical observational that analyzes a secondary population data base of the INEI in urban and rural areas of the 24 departments of Peru and in the Constitutional Province of Callao. The data collection period was from October to December 2015. Patients/Materials: The secondary base of the INEI was included for children and adolescents from 10 to 17 years old. The dependent variable was defined as the presence of pain in the back, head or bones. The independent variable was defined as the number of hours dedicated to domestic activities and was categorized. The descriptive analysis shows absolute and relative frequencies for the categorical variables and in the bivariate, the Chi2 test was used. Finally, in the multivariate analysis, the Poisson model was used considering the 95% confidence intervals. Results: The results obtained according to our objectives show that adolescents who perform domestic activities for a time greater than 3 to 13 hours have a 10% lower risk of presenting pain compared to those of 1 to 3 hours (CI = 0.84 - 0.97) and a p value = 0.007. In a multivariate analysis adjusted to area, region, sex, age (years) -categorized, reason for which they carry out domestic work, adolescents who carry out dangerous tasks and work outside the home; adolescents who perform domestic activities in a time greater than 3 to 13 hours have a 5% lower risk of presenting pain compared to those of 1 to 3 hours (CI = 0.87 - 1.04) and a value of p = 0.320 Conclusion: Our study was able to determine that there is an association between the number of hours an adolescent performs domestic activities and the presence of pain. / Introducción: El dolor en general, localizado en diferentes zonas del cuerpo se presenta con mayor prevalencia en los adolescentes con un rango de 20% a 46% a nivel mundial. A nivel nacional se estima que tres de cada cuatro niños entre los 6 y 17 años dedican aproximadamente 11 horas semanales a las actividades dentro de su hogar, lo que implica mecánicas repetitivas, sobrecargas musculares y como consecuencia la presencia de dolor. Objetivos: Determinar la asociación entre el número de horas que un adolescente de 10 a 17 años realiza actividades domésticas y la presencia de dolor. Diseño: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal que analiza una base secundaria poblacional del INEI en zona urbana y rural de los 24 departamentos del Perú y en la Provincia Constitucional del Callao. El periodo de recolección de la data fue en los meses de octubre a diciembre del 2015. Participantes/Materiales: Se incluyó de la base secundaria del INEI a niños y adolescentes de 10 a 17 años. La variable dependiente se definió como presencia de dolor en espalda, cabeza o huesos. La variable independiente se definió como el número de horas dedicadas a actividades domésticas y fue categorizada. En el análisis descriptivo se muestran frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables categóricas y en el bivariado se utilizó la prueba de Chi2. Finalmente, en el análisis multivariado se utilizó el modelo de Poisson considerando los intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado ajustado a la variable Área, Región, Sexo, Edad (años) categorizada, Motivo por el cual realiza la labor doméstica y trabajo fuera del hogar se encontró que los adolescentes que realizan Actividades domésticas por un tiempo mayor de 3 hasta 13 horas tienen 8% menor probabilidad de presentar dolor de espalda cabeza o huesos en comparación a los adolescentes que realizan las actividades del hogar durante 1 a 3 horas y un valor estadísticamente significativo de p= 0.029 (IC= 0.85 – 0.99), Conclusión: Nuestro estudio logró determinar que sí hay asociación entre la cantidad de horas que un adolescente realiza actividades domésticas y la presencia de dolor. / Tesis

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The thesis challenges popular generalisations about the trades, occupations and locations to which pauper apprentices were consigned, shining the spotlight away from the familiar narrative of factory children, onto the fate of their destitute peers in port towns. A comparative investigation of Liverpool, Bristol and Southampton, it adopts a deliberately broad definition of the term pauper apprenticeship in its multi-sourced approach, using 1710 Poor Law and charity apprenticeship records and previously unexamined New Poor Law and charity correspondence to provide new insight into the chronology, mechanisms and experience of pauper apprenticeship. Not all port children were shipped out. Significantly more children than has hitherto been acknowledged were placed in traditional occupations, the dominant form of apprenticeship for port children. The survival and entrenchment of this type of work is striking, as are the locations in which children were placed; nearly half of those bound to traditional trades remained within the vicinity of the port. The thesis also sheds new light on a largely overlooked aspect of pauper apprenticeship, the binding of boys into the Merchant service. Furthermore, the availability of sea apprenticeships as well as traditional placements caused some children to be shipped in to the ports for apprenticeships. Of those who were still shipped out to the factories, the evidence shows that far from dying out, as previously thought, the practice of batch apprenticeship persisted under the New Poor Law. The most significant finding of the thesis is the survival and endurance of pauper apprenticeship as an institution involving both Poor Law and charity children. Poor children were still being apprenticed late into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Pauper apprenticeship is shown to have been a robust, resilient and resurgent institution. The evidence from port towns offers significant revision to the existing historiography of pauper apprenticeship.

Le PIB/ habitant de Madagascar classe le pays parmi l'un des plus pauvres au monde. L’État s'est engagé dans les objectifs de l’Éducation primaire universelle. Malgré cela, les indicateurs d'efficacité du système scolaire sont faibles. En 2012, seul 68,8% des enfants achèvent le cycle primaire, les taux de redoublement sont élevés, le taux de passage en cycle secondaire est faible. Aussi, le travail des enfants est encore un phénomène important dans la grande île. En 2010, près de 21% des 5-17 ans travaille, c'est le cas de 49% des 5-14 ans dans la région d'enquête, le Vakinankaratra. Dans les zones rurales, où la plupart des ménages vivent de l'agriculture d'autosubsistance, la main-d’œuvre infantile est fortement mise à contribution dans la production domestique. Les enfants sont tenus de combiner leurs activités scolaires et les activités productives. Nous proposons dans cette thèse de présenter les processus de scolarisation et de mise au travail des enfants à une échelle très fine. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative portant sur 247 ménages et une enquête qualitative dans deux villages et deux écoles primaires publiques qui étaient rattachées pendant quatorze mois. Les données quantitatives ont permis de mettre en exergue le lien entre les structures démographiques des ménages et la réussite scolaire des enfants. La monographie d'une des écoles primaires a permis de montrer les effets d'une faible qualité de l'offre sur les processus d'apprentissage des enfants et sur la demande scolaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé les conséquences de la faible dotation en capitaux scolaires et économiques des ménages sur le déroulement de la scolarisation. Nous avons également mené des enquêtes par entretien auprès des enfants âgés entre 8 et 14 ans. Nous avons voulu savoir comment leurs représentations du travail et de l'école et leurs aspirations pouvaient influencer les processus de mise au travail et d'arrêt de la scolarisation. Finalement cette thèse permet d'analyser comment les objectifs de l'école primaire universelle peuvent être atteints face à la pauvreté des ménages et aux manques de moyens de l'école. Elle questionne également la capacité que pourrait avoir l'école à infléchir les processus de transmission des inégalités sociales et, dans notre cas, la reproduction de la grande pauvreté. / Madagascar is one of the poorest country in the world regarding its GPD per capita. Most of its population lives under the poverty line. The government is committed in the education for all plan since 1990. However, the quality of education is still low. In 2012, only 68.8% of the children achieved the primary school cycle, there are high repetition rates and few students access to the secondary school cycle. Most of international institution and NGO's oppose child labor and schooling. Child labor remains important, in 2010, 21% of the children aged from 5 to 17 years old work. We have conducted a survey about the households living in the rural zones. Most of them live from subsistence farming activities. Their children must participate to the domestic chores and economic activities and combine school at the same time. This work aims to understand the process of schooling and child work in a rural zone. We have collected quantitative data on 246 household and we made an ethnography in a primary state school for 14 months. Then, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, teachers and children aged from 8 to 14 years old. The quantitative data helped to analyze the relationship between the household demographic structures and the children school attainment. The ethnography shown the impact of a weak quality of education on the children learning process and on the school demand. The interviews conducted with the children shown how their perception of work and schooling and their aspiration could influence the reproduction of their economic and social position. To conclude, we question how the primary education for all can be reached when most of the household live in poor life conditions and the education sector suffers from a lack of funds. Can the school system stop the transmission of social and economic inequalities and break the poverty cycle?

No Brasil há um número significativo de adolescentes que estudam e trabalham. O exercício de atividades laborais inadequadas pelo adolescente coloca em risco as suas possibilidades de conciliar satisfatoriamente estudo e trabalho e as oportunidades de desenvolvimento e aprendizado pleno. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar como adolescentes, filhos de trabalhadores migrantes, estavam sendo inseridos no mercado de trabalho e conciliavam o estudo e a atividade laboral. Para tanto, foram alvos da pesquisa adolescentes que estudavam e trabalhavam, residentes em um bairro da periferia do município de Guariba/SP, marcadamente habitado por trabalhadores rurais que migraram de regiões pobres do país para trabalhar nos canaviais da região. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, teve a entrevista gravada como a técnica principal de coleta de dados. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas com adolescentes trabalhadores de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 14 e 18 anos incompletos, estudantes das escolas: Escola Estadual Professora Josephina de Camargo Neves e Escola Municipal de Ensino Médio Professora Izabel Sadalla Crispino, situadas na periferia de Guariba. Realizamos também entrevistas com profissionais do município que puderam auxiliar o nosso entendimento sobre aspectos que envolvem os nossos objetivos. De acordo com os dados obtidos, foi possível detectar que esses adolescentes estavam sendo inseridos no mercado de trabalho em atividades proibidas, demonstrando o desamparo em relação à aplicação da legislação brasileira; exerciam atividades que concorriam contra a saúde física, mental e a moral do adolescente. A maior parte dos adolescentes da pesquisa atuava sem contratos formais de trabalho e apresentou relatos de ocorrências de acidentes de trabalho, sobrecarga e dificuldades para conciliar escola e trabalho. Assim, a situação encontrada junto a esses adolescentes pode ser configurada como empecilho à superação do histórico de pobreza e exploração de seus pais migrantes altamente explorados pela dinâmica do modo de produção capitalista vigente. / In Brazil there is a significant number of adolescents who study and work. The practice of inadequate labor activities by adolescents jeopardizes their chances of successfully reconcile study and work and the development of opportunities and full learning. This study aimed to investigate how adolescents, children of migrant workers, were being included in the labor market and reconciled study and work activities. Therefore were study subjects teenagers who studied and worked, residents of a suburban neighborhood in the city of Guariba / SP, markedly inhabited by peasants who migrated from poorer regions of the country to work in the sugar cane fields of the region. The research, a qualitative one, had the recorded interview as the main technique of data collection. 30 interviews were conducted with adolescent workers of both gender, aged between 14 and 18 years incomplete, students of schools \"State School Professor Josephine de Camargo Neves\" and \"Municipal Preparatory High School Teacher Izabel Sadalla Crispino\", located on the outskirts Guariba. There were also interviews with municipal professionals who could help us on understanding the aspects involving our goals. According to the obtained data, it was possible to detect that these teenagers were being inserted in the labor market in prohibited activities, demonstrating the helplessness regarding the application of Brazilian law; while performing activities that competed against physical, mental health and adolescent morals. Most adolescents in this research worked without any formal employment contracts and reported workplace accidents, work overload and difficulties regarding the reconcile between school and work. Thus, the situation found among these adolescents can be configured as an obstacle to the overcome of poverty history and exploration of their parents - migrant highly exploited by the dynamics of the current capitalist mode of production.

No Brasil há um número significativo de adolescentes que estudam e trabalham. O exercício de atividades laborais inadequadas pelo adolescente coloca em risco as suas possibilidades de conciliar satisfatoriamente estudo e trabalho e as oportunidades de desenvolvimento e aprendizado pleno. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar como adolescentes, filhos de trabalhadores migrantes, estavam sendo inseridos no mercado de trabalho e conciliavam o estudo e a atividade laboral. Para tanto, foram alvos da pesquisa adolescentes que estudavam e trabalhavam, residentes em um bairro da periferia do município de Guariba/SP, marcadamente habitado por trabalhadores rurais que migraram de regiões pobres do país para trabalhar nos canaviais da região. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, teve a entrevista gravada como a técnica principal de coleta de dados. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas com adolescentes trabalhadores de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 14 e 18 anos incompletos, estudantes das escolas: Escola Estadual Professora Josephina de Camargo Neves e Escola Municipal de Ensino Médio Professora Izabel Sadalla Crispino, situadas na periferia de Guariba. Realizamos também entrevistas com profissionais do município que puderam auxiliar o nosso entendimento sobre aspectos que envolvem os nossos objetivos. De acordo com os dados obtidos, foi possível detectar que esses adolescentes estavam sendo inseridos no mercado de trabalho em atividades proibidas, demonstrando o desamparo em relação à aplicação da legislação brasileira; exerciam atividades que concorriam contra a saúde física, mental e a moral do adolescente. A maior parte dos adolescentes da pesquisa atuava sem contratos formais de trabalho e apresentou relatos de ocorrências de acidentes de trabalho, sobrecarga e dificuldades para conciliar escola e trabalho. Assim, a situação encontrada junto a esses adolescentes pode ser configurada como empecilho à superação do histórico de pobreza e exploração de seus pais migrantes altamente explorados pela dinâmica do modo de produção capitalista vigente. / In Brazil there is a significant number of adolescents who study and work. The practice of inadequate labor activities by adolescents jeopardizes their chances of successfully reconcile study and work and the development of opportunities and full learning. This study aimed to investigate how adolescents, children of migrant workers, were being included in the labor market and reconciled study and work activities. Therefore were study subjects teenagers who studied and worked, residents of a suburban neighborhood in the city of Guariba / SP, markedly inhabited by peasants who migrated from poorer regions of the country to work in the sugar cane fields of the region. The research, a qualitative one, had the recorded interview as the main technique of data collection. 30 interviews were conducted with adolescent workers of both gender, aged between 14 and 18 years incomplete, students of schools \"State School Professor Josephine de Camargo Neves\" and \"Municipal Preparatory High School Teacher Izabel Sadalla Crispino\", located on the outskirts Guariba. There were also interviews with municipal professionals who could help us on understanding the aspects involving our goals. According to the obtained data, it was possible to detect that these teenagers were being inserted in the labor market in prohibited activities, demonstrating the helplessness regarding the application of Brazilian law; while performing activities that competed against physical, mental health and adolescent morals. Most adolescents in this research worked without any formal employment contracts and reported workplace accidents, work overload and difficulties regarding the reconcile between school and work. Thus, the situation found among these adolescents can be configured as an obstacle to the overcome of poverty history and exploration of their parents - migrant highly exploited by the dynamics of the current capitalist mode of production.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Martha Carvalho.pdf: 4475111 bytes, checksum: 76f166887f1cbfc468c72d2f27328bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-07 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / "Wicked Inclusion: child labor of students in the city of São Paulo" discusses the matter of the wicked insertion that characterizes the child labor in the nowadays society in big cities, such as São Paulo. In this way, the research that has been made came from the idea that what characterizes the children and teenagers submitted to the dynamics of child labor is their precarious urban insertion. For this purpose, it has been tried to find how that happens in the neighborhoods of the periphery of the city. The universe that has been researched, Paraisopólis and Cidade Tiradentes, are located in places marked by the precarious conditions of life and housing and/or irregular and disordered settlements of its population. The study proposed aimed to analyze the portion of the population that works and study, evaluating the situation of the families involved in the phenomenon of the child labor. It has been tried to characterize the situation of the children and teenagers - aged between 7 and 14 years old - paying attention for the involvement of the families: in productive activities and in their strategies. In particular, it has been a special concern to verify how the universe of children and teenagers articulate itself with the representations about the work and their meanings. In order to obtain a more deepened and wide-ranging discussion of the problems related with the object of study, it has been introduced the technique of the focal groups. This doctoral thesis presented here, aimed , therefore, to discuss the articulation that exists between the factors of socio-spatial segregation , that express the inequalities presents in the structuration of the city with the processes of wicked social inclusion that create the growth of the child labor in the city of São Paulo. / "Inclusão perversa: trabalho infantil de estudantes na cidade de São Paulo" discute a questão da inserção perversa que caracteriza o trabalho infantil na sociedade contemporânea em grandes cidades, como São Paulo. Nesse sentido a pesquisa realizada partiu da idéia de que as características das crianças e adolescentes submetidos à dinâmica do trabalho infantil prendeu-se a sua inserção urbana precária. Para isso, tentou-se descobrir como acontece isso nos bairros da periferia da cidade. O universo que foi pesquisado radicou-se em dois bairros. Paraisópolis e Cidade Tiradentes, se localizam, justamente, em lugares marcados pela precária condição de vida e habitação e/ou pelo assentamento irregular e desordenado de suas populações. O estudo proposto visou analisar o contingente de 7 a 14 anos da população que trabalha e estuda avaliando a situação das famílias envolvidas no fenômeno do trabalho infantil. Tentou-se caracterizar a situação das crianças e adolescentes atentando para o método envolvendo as famílias em atividades produtivas e para suas estratégias. Em particular, procurou-se também verificar de que modo o universo infanto-juvenil se articula com as representações sobre o trabalho e seus significados. Para uma discussão mais aprofundada e abrangente dos problemas relacionados com o objeto de estudo, foi introduzida a técnica do grupo focal. A tese de doutorado, apresentada aqui, buscou, pois, discutir a articulação existente entre os fatores de segregação sócio-espacial, que exprimem as desigualdades presentes na estruturação da cidade, com os processos de inclusão social perversa que geram o crescimento do trabalho infantil na cidade São Paulo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Martha Carvalho.pdf: 4475111 bytes, checksum: 76f166887f1cbfc468c72d2f27328bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-07 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / "Wicked Inclusion: child labor of students in the city of São Paulo" discusses the matter of the wicked insertion that characterizes the child labor in the nowadays society in big cities, such as São Paulo. In this way, the research that has been made came from the idea that what characterizes the children and teenagers submitted to the dynamics of child labor is their precarious urban insertion. For this purpose, it has been tried to find how that happens in the neighborhoods of the periphery of the city. The universe that has been researched, Paraisopólis and Cidade Tiradentes, are located in places marked by the precarious conditions of life and housing and/or irregular and disordered settlements of its population. The study proposed aimed to analyze the portion of the population that works and study, evaluating the situation of the families involved in the phenomenon of the child labor. It has been tried to characterize the situation of the children and teenagers - aged between 7 and 14 years old - paying attention for the involvement of the families: in productive activities and in their strategies. In particular, it has been a special concern to verify how the universe of children and teenagers articulate itself with the representations about the work and their meanings. In order to obtain a more deepened and wide-ranging discussion of the problems related with the object of study, it has been introduced the technique of the focal groups. This doctoral thesis presented here, aimed , therefore, to discuss the articulation that exists between the factors of socio-spatial segregation , that express the inequalities presents in the structuration of the city with the processes of wicked social inclusion that create the growth of the child labor in the city of São Paulo. / "Inclusão perversa: trabalho infantil de estudantes na cidade de São Paulo" discute a questão da inserção perversa que caracteriza o trabalho infantil na sociedade contemporânea em grandes cidades, como São Paulo. Nesse sentido a pesquisa realizada partiu da idéia de que as características das crianças e adolescentes submetidos à dinâmica do trabalho infantil prendeu-se a sua inserção urbana precária. Para isso, tentou-se descobrir como acontece isso nos bairros da periferia da cidade. O universo que foi pesquisado radicou-se em dois bairros. Paraisópolis e Cidade Tiradentes, se localizam, justamente, em lugares marcados pela precária condição de vida e habitação e/ou pelo assentamento irregular e desordenado de suas populações. O estudo proposto visou analisar o contingente de 7 a 14 anos da população que trabalha e estuda avaliando a situação das famílias envolvidas no fenômeno do trabalho infantil. Tentou-se caracterizar a situação das crianças e adolescentes atentando para o método envolvendo as famílias em atividades produtivas e para suas estratégias. Em particular, procurou-se também verificar de que modo o universo infanto-juvenil se articula com as representações sobre o trabalho e seus significados. Para uma discussão mais aprofundada e abrangente dos problemas relacionados com o objeto de estudo, foi introduzida a técnica do grupo focal. A tese de doutorado, apresentada aqui, buscou, pois, discutir a articulação existente entre os fatores de segregação sócio-espacial, que exprimem as desigualdades presentes na estruturação da cidade, com os processos de inclusão social perversa que geram o crescimento do trabalho infantil na cidade São Paulo.