O aumento da prevalência mundial dos Transtornos do Espectro Autista (TEA) evidencia a necessidade de identificação e reabilitação precoces para um melhor prognóstico e qualidade de vida das crianças e famílias envolvidas. Entretanto, poucos instrumentos de triagem validados estão disponíveis para uso no Brasil, principalmente na rede pública de assistência. Neste contexto, o estudo teve o objetivo de verificar evidências de validade de critério e aprimorar a parte dedicada à linguagem expressiva oral do Protocolo de Observação para Crianças com Suspeita de Transtornos do Espectro Autista. Participaram da pesquisa 30 crianças em idade pré-escolar (10 com desenvolvimento típico, 10 com síndrome de Down e 10 com TEA). A partir da aplicação do PROTOCS-TEA verificou-se que os itens que melhor diferenciaram as crianças com TEA dos controles foram os referentes à atenção compartilhada, brincadeira simbólica e movimentos repetitivos do corpo, apontando para o potencial uso do instrumento para o fim a que se propõe. / The worldly increasing prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders demonstrates the need of early identification and rehabilitation for a better prognosis and life quality of children and families involved. However, a few screening valid tools are available in Brazil for use in the public health system. In this context, this study aimed to investigating the criterion validity evidence and to upgrade the part concerning to expressive oral language of the Protocolo de Observação para Crianças com Suspeita de Transtornos do Espectro Autista (PROTOCSTEA). Thirty pre-scholars took part in this research (10 with typical development, 10 with Down syndrome and 10 with ASD). The results showed that that the items which better differentiated ASD children from the controls where the ones related to joint attention, symbolic play and repetitive movements of the body, pointing to the potential use of this instrument as a valid one.

O aumento da prevalência mundial dos Transtornos do Espectro Autista (TEA) evidencia a necessidade de identificação e reabilitação precoces para um melhor prognóstico e qualidade de vida das crianças e famílias envolvidas. Entretanto, poucos instrumentos de triagem validados estão disponíveis para uso no Brasil, principalmente na rede pública de assistência. Neste contexto, o estudo teve o objetivo de verificar evidências de validade de critério e aprimorar a parte dedicada à linguagem expressiva oral do Protocolo de Observação para Crianças com Suspeita de Transtornos do Espectro Autista. Participaram da pesquisa 30 crianças em idade pré-escolar (10 com desenvolvimento típico, 10 com síndrome de Down e 10 com TEA). A partir da aplicação do PROTOCS-TEA verificou-se que os itens que melhor diferenciaram as crianças com TEA dos controles foram os referentes à atenção compartilhada, brincadeira simbólica e movimentos repetitivos do corpo, apontando para o potencial uso do instrumento para o fim a que se propõe. / The worldly increasing prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders demonstrates the need of early identification and rehabilitation for a better prognosis and life quality of children and families involved. However, a few screening valid tools are available in Brazil for use in the public health system. In this context, this study aimed to investigating the criterion validity evidence and to upgrade the part concerning to expressive oral language of the Protocolo de Observação para Crianças com Suspeita de Transtornos do Espectro Autista (PROTOCSTEA). Thirty pre-scholars took part in this research (10 with typical development, 10 with Down syndrome and 10 with ASD). The results showed that that the items which better differentiated ASD children from the controls where the ones related to joint attention, symbolic play and repetitive movements of the body, pointing to the potential use of this instrument as a valid one.

Introdução: A aquisição da flexão de tempo verbal é um processo gradual, realizado inicialmente sem conhecimento de significado e regra que diferencia as formas. A dificuldade gramatical é uma das marcas mais características de muitas crianças com Alterações Específicas de Linguagem - AEL, o que inclui alterações como omissão da flexão de verbos. Objetivos: verificar a habilidade gramatical de flexão de tempo verbal no passado em crianças em Desenvolvimento Normal de Linguagem - DNL e em com AEL. Método: Foram sujeitos 30 crianças em desenvolvimento normal de linguagem - DNL e 30 crianças diagnosticadas com AEL, com idades entre quatro a seis anos em ambos os grupos. Para avaliar o uso dos verbos no passado, foi desenvolvido um teste composto por 30 verbos regulares e irregulares. A análise das respostas considerou os acertos, as substituições, as generalizações e as respostas incorretas. Resultados: As crianças de quatro anos em DNL tiveram desempenho inferior às crianças de cinco e seis anos para acertos e a pontuação total. Não houve diferença entre a quantidade de substituição em função da idade. Aos quatro anos observamse mais erros de modificação do tempo verbal. Os erros de generalização de regra não diferiram entre os grupos etários. Aos quatro anos as crianças acertaram mais verbos regulares do que irregulares. Para os sujeitos com AEL das diferentes idades não houve diferença para nenhum tipo de categoria de respostas. A comparação dos sujeitos em DNL e com AEL mostrou que os sujeitos em DNL apresentaram mais acertos, menor quantidade de erros e maior pontuação total do que o grupo com AEL. Houve diferença entre os grupos para todas as categorias, exceto para verbos regulares. O grupo com AEL mostrou maior número de sujeitos que apresentaram mais de uma ocorrência de substituição de verbo irregular por verbo regular do que os sujeitos em DNL. Os erros de generalização não foram diferentes para os grupos de sujeitos em DNL e com AEL. Conclusão: Os sujeitos de quatro anos em DNL tiveram desempenho inferior aos demais, pois ainda estão aprimorando o uso de verbos em suas produções. Nesta idade observamos erros de modificação do tempo verbal. Aos cinco e seis anos as crianças já dominam a habilidade de flexão do verbo no passado e não se diferenciam. As crianças com AEL não apresentam evolução com o aumento da idade e mostram desempenho inferior aos sujeitos em DNL. Assim como para os sujeitos em DNL de quatro anos, o grupo com AEL mostrou maior quantidade de acertos para verbos regulares / Introduction: The acquisition of tense inflection is a gradual process, children appear unaware of the significance of inflectional endings, without recognizing that there is a general rule for deriving one form from another. The grammatical difficulty is an important mark of many children with Specific Language Impairment - SLI, which includes omission of verb inflection. Objective: To investigate the ability of past tense in children with Normal Language Development - NLD and with SLI. Method: The subjects were 30 children with NLD and 30 children diagnosed with SLI, aged between four to six years in both groups. To evaluate the use of past tense, we developed a test composed of 30 regular and irregular verbs. The analysis of the answers considered the correct ones, the replacement, overregularization and errors. Results: The four years old children with NLD had worse performance than the children of five and six years in correct answers and total score. There was no difference between the numbers of replacement based on age. By the age of four we had observed more tense inflection errors. The overregularization did not differ between age groups. By the age of four, children had more regular than irregular verbs correct answers. For children with different ages with SLI werent any difference for any category of responses. The comparison between NLD and SLI groups showed that children with NLD had more correct answers, fewer errors and higher total score than SLI. There were differences between groups for all categories, except for regular verbs. The SLI group showed a larger number of children who had more than one replacement occurrence of an irregular verb for a regular verb, than children with NLD. The overregularizations were not different for groups with NDL and with SLI. Conclusion: The four years old children with NLD had worse performance than five and six years old children, because they are still improving the use of verbs in their productions. At this age, we had observed tense inflection errors. The five and six years old children have already mastered the skill of past tense. The children with SLI didnt show improvement by increasing age and show worse performance than the children with NLD. The four years old children with NLD and SLI showed a higher number of correct responses for regular verbs

As alterações primárias de linguagem (APL) são alterações fonoaudiológicas de manifestação primária relacionadas às defasagens no desenvolvimento de linguagem em qualquer aspecto: fonológico, sintático, morfológico, semântico e/ou pragmático; são muito prevalentes na população infantil, entre 2 e 19%, ao redor do mundo. As alterações auditivas também são bastante prevalentes em crianças, especialmente as perdas auditivas temporárias, causadas por alterações de orelha média, resultando em prejuízos ao desenvolvimento infantil. Não há concordância na literatura quanto ao impacto das perdas auditivas transitórias no desenvolvimento da linguagem. Neste estudo pretendeu-se: caracterizar as crianças atendidas no Setor de Fonoaudiologia do Centro de Saúde Escola Samuel Barnsley Pessoa, entre 1985 e 2009, quanto às alterações primárias de linguagem (APL) - alteração no desenvolvimento de linguagem (ADL), transtorno fonológico (TF) e alteração de leitura e escrita (ALE), bem como seu perfil demográfico e perfil audiológico; verificar a existência de associação entre as APLs e as variáveis demográficas; verificar a existência de associação entre as APLs e as alterações audiológicas. Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento de prontuários e registros do Setor de Fonoaudiologia do CSE Samuel Barnsley Pessoa, coletando-se os dados de diagnóstico fonoaudiológico e audiológico de todos os pacientes, que realizaram avaliação fonoaudiológica completa, totalizando 2424 indivíduos. Destes, 1524 (62,87%) apresentaram APL, sendo que 1047 (68,70%) tinham dados de avaliação audiológica. Inicialmente, os resultados obtidos por variável estudada foram submetidos à análise descritiva. Para verificação da existência de associação entre audição e linguagem, foi criada uma variável que representasse o perfil audiológico, formada pela junção das variáveis que compuseram a avaliação audiológica (audiometria tonal, curva timpanométrica e pesquisa de reflexos acústicos). Esta variável foi dicotomizada em: sim (normal para todos os testes) e não (alterada em pelo menos um teste). Para a análise das variáveis estudadas, usou-se o teste de comparação intergrupos, o teste chi-quadrado de Pearson e medidas de associação (para cálculo do risco e das razões de prevalência). Para todas as análises, foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Quanto às APL, verificou-se as seguintes prevalências: TF - 58,84%, ADL - 30,75% e ALE - 10,41%, com predominância no sexo masculino (64,19%) e da faixa etária até 6 anos (67,15%). A suspeita inicial da alteração de linguagem dividiu-se entre: família (31,23%), instituições de ensino (30,75%) e profissionais de saúde (29,13%). Quanto ao perfil audiológico, para a audiometria tonal, houve predominância de limiares auditivos dentro da normalidade (81,34%), seguido por perdas auditivas condutivas (15,47%). A curva timpanométrica mais prevalente foi do tipo A (56,24%), seguida pelo tipo B e C (21,84% e 18,16%, respectivamente). Os reflexos acústicos estavam presentes na maioria dos sujeitos (51,7%). Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa para o fato de pertencer ao grupo de 7 a 12 anos e apresentar TF, pertencer ao grupo de idade até 6 anos e ter ADL, e pertencer ao grupo de idade mais avançada e apresentar ALE. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre sexo masculino e ADL. Na verificação da associação entre APL e alteração no perfil audiológico, não houve significância estatística. Entretanto, os indivíduos com o perfil audiológico alterado apresentaram quatro vezes mais chance de ter APL em relação àqueles que apresentaram perfil audiológico normal. Apesar de não haver resultados estatisticamente significantes que suportem a associação entre alteração do perfil audiológico e APL, na presente pesquisa, eles sugerem que o fato de o indivíduo apresentar algum teste auditivo alterado seria um fator de risco para APL. Desta forma, estes achados caracterizam-se como fundamento para o acompanhamento audiológico e fonoaudiológico de crianças, sendo importante para o planejamento de ações de promoção e prevenção, assim como para o desenvolvimento e aplicação de programas de intervenção / Primary language impairments (PLI) are primary manifestations of speech-language disorders related to delays in language development in any aspect: phonological, syntactic, morphological, semantic and / or pragmatic; they are very prevalent in children, between 2 and 19% around the world. Hearing disorders are also very prevalent in children, especially temporary hearing losses caused by middle ear diseases, resulting in damage in children development. In literature, there is no agreement on the impact of transient hearing loss on language development. In this study, children seen at the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Service in Samuel Barnsley Pessoa Health Center, between 1985 and 2009, were characterized regarding primary language impairments (PLI): language development impairment (LDI), phonological disorder (PD) and reading and writing impairment (RWI); as well as demographic and audiological profile; association between PLI and demographic variables; and association between PLI and hearing disorders. Thus, data from all the patients who undergone comprehensive speech-language and audiological assessment was collected from medical records of the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Service in Samuel Barnsley Pessoa, totaling 2424 individuals. 1524 (62.87%) presented PLI, and 1047 (68.70%) had audiological evaluation data. Initially, data obtained on each studied variable was subjected to descriptive analysis. To verify the association between hearing and language, a variable formed by the reunion of the variables that composed the audiological evaluation (pure tone audiometry, tympanometry and acoustic reflexes) was created to represent the audiological profile. This variable was dichotomized into: yes (normal for all tests) and no (abnormal in at least one test). For the analysis of the studied variables, the intergroup comparison test, the Pearson\'s chi-square test and measures of association (for the risk and odds ratio calculation) were used. For all analyzes, a significance level of 5% was used. Concerning the PLI, the following prevalences were observed: PD - 58.84%, LDI - 30.75%, RWI - 10.41 %, with a predominance of males (64.19%) and the group aged up to 6 years (67.15 %). The initial assumption of the language impairment was divided among family (31.23%), educational institutions (30.75%) and health professionals (29.13%). Regarding the audiological profile, audiometric thresholds predominated within the normal range (81.34%), followed by conductive hearing loss (15.47%). The tympanogram type A was more prevalent (56.24%), followed by types B and C (21.84% and 18.16%, respectively). Acoustic reflexes were present in most of the subjects (51.7%). Statistically significant association was found between belonging to the group aged 7-12 years and having PD, belonging to the age group up to 6 years and presenting LDI, and belonging to the older group and presenting RWI. Statistically significant association between male and LDI was found. Verifying the association between PLI and abnormal audiological profile, statistical significance was not observed. However, individuals with abnormal audiological profile were four times more likely to present PLI than those who had normal audiological profile. Although no statistically significant results that support the association between abnormal audiological profile and PLI were found in this study, it is suggested that presenting any abnormal hearing test would be a risk factor for PLI. Hence, these findings can serve as a basis for children hearing and speech-language monitoring, and as an important tool for the planning of health promotion and prevention actions, as well as the development and implementation of intervention programs

A Fissura Labiopalatina (FLP) é uma das malformações mais comuns da infância, apontada por alguns estudos como um risco para o desenvolvimento global, de fala e linguagem. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar as habilidades do desenvolvimento infantil, enfocando a linguagem de crianças de 3 ano a 3 anos e 11 meses com fissura labiopalatina. A amostra foi dividida em grupo amostral (GA) com 30 crianças entre 3 anos a 3 anos e 11 meses com FLP e o grupo comparativo (GC) com 30 crianças sem FLP de 3 anos a 3 anos e 11 meses provenientes de um Banco de dados. Os grupos foram submetidos a avaliação de três instrumentos: Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II; Escala ELM - Early language Milestone Scale e o Inventário MacArthur de Desenvolvimento Comunicativo (CDI´s). Houve relação entre a alteração no DNPM e nas habilidades de linguagem e a presença da FLP. Alteração nas habilidades Motor Grosso e de Linguagem, nas áreas Auditivo Expressivo (AE) e Auditivo Receptivo (AR), com prejuízo maior na AE, e no vocabulário expressivo, ambos relacionados a linguagem expressiva. Observou-se desempenho abaixo do esperado, com indicadores de risco para o desenvolvimento das habilidades comunicativas e globais, considerando a amostra estudada. / The Cleft Lip and Palate is one of the most common malformations of childhood, considered by some studies as a risk to the overall development of speech and language. The aim of this study was to characterize the child developmental skills, focused on language of children 3 years old with cleft lip and palate. The sample was divided into sample group (SA) with 30 children between 3 years to 3 years and 11 months with FLP and the comparison group (CG) with 30 children without cleft lip and palate 3 years to 3 years and 11 months subjected to evaluation of three instruments: the Denver II Developmental Screening Test; ELM scale - Early language Milestone Scale and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI\'s). There was a relationship between issues in the development of neuropsychological and language skills and the presence of FLP. Children with cleft palate and lip shows changes in Gross Motor and language skills, in the Auditory Expressive and Auditory Receptive areas with deficits in Auditory Expressive, and expressive vocabulary, related to expressive language. There was poor performance, with risk factors for the development of communicative skills and overall, considering the sample.

The thesis presents a pragmatic analysis focused on the communication of twins from the 35th to the 37th month of their life in different communicative situations. The paper is based on a case study of twins. The theoretical part of the thesis is based on texts on language acquisition and communication of 3-year-old children and acquisition of pragmatics. The material for the analysis comprises of audiovisual recordings made with informed consent from the parents of the twins who were further supplemented by information obtained through parental questionnaires and interviews with the parents. Video recordings are transcribed according to the principles of CHAT of CHILDES corpus. The material is analyzed in terms of means that the children use to express communication plans. The results of the analysis are compared with the results from the theoretical part. Keywords Child speech, child language, communication, twins

Noun clauses are grammatical constructions that are of relevance both to typical language development and impaired language development. These clauses have been part of published techniques for the clinical analysis of language samples, and computer software for the automated analysis of clinical language samples has attempted to identify noun clauses, with limited success. The present study examined the development and clinical use of noun clauses as well as the automated identification of these clauses. Two sets of language samples were examined. One set consisted of 10 children with specific language impairment (SLI) whose age ranged from 7;6 to 11;1 (years;months), 10 peers matched for language development equivalence, and 10 peers matched for chronological age. The second set of samples were from 30 children considered to be typically developing, who ranged in age from 2;6 to 7;11. Language sample utterances were manually coded for the presence of noun clauses (including wh- noun clauses, that- noun clauses, and gerunds.) Samples were then automatically tagged using software. Results were tabulated and compared for accuracy. ANCOVA revealed that differences in the frequencies of WH-infinitive noun clauses and gerunds were significant between the matched groups. "Zero that clauses" (that-noun clauses containing no subordinator that) and gerunds were significantly correlated with age. Kappa levels revealed that agreement between manual and automated coding was high on WH-infinitive clauses, gerunds, and finite wh-noun clauses.

The literature surrounding children's language attitudes has blossomed in recent years, but little is known about modern children's attitudes toward ethnic varieties of English. In addition, little is known about what factors may influence these attitudes. Here I investigate the language attitudes of children in kindergarten through third grade. These children in South Central Idaho have considerable experience with Spanish-accented English (SPE), but very little real-world experience with African American English (AAE). White, Latinx, and biracial participants were asked to evaluate samples of Standard American English (SAE), AAE, and SPE in relation to each other on scales of both status and solidarity. The status measure used a ladder task modified for children, and the solidarity task used a friendship-preference task and asked which variety the participant thought sounded like them. On the status task, children were more likely to rank SAE than SPE as the highest, and were more likely to rank SPE than SAE as the lowest. Native speakers of English were more likely than English language learners (ELLs) to rank SPE as the highest pick. Moreover, the reasons participants gave for their choices on the status task were found to be more positive and less negative for SAE than for either AAE and SPE. For the solidarity tasks, it was found that SAE was more likely to be chosen than both SPE and AAE as the variety that sounded like the participant, and ELLs responded similarly to native speakers. For the friendship-preference task, participants were more likely to choose SAE than AAE. Participants' race and grade level were not statistically significant factors for either the status or solidarity tasks. These findings add to the knowledge of the current state of American children's language attitudes and suggest that modern children have definite attitudes and beliefs about the different varieties, even varieties with which they have little real-world exposure. Additionally, this research confirms previous results that children prefer native, standard speakers to foreign-accented speakers as potential friends.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">This study investigates the acquisition of obligatory and variable subjunctive across modality type among child heritage speakers of Spanish. Specifically, it focuses on the production of obligatory and variable subjunctive in deontic, epistemic, and epistemological predicates, and the role of extralinguistic factors such as chronological age, proficiency and language exposure/use in the use of the subjunctive.</p><p dir="ltr">The subjunctive mood, known for its grammatical complexities, has been extensively studied among heritage speakers. Previous research has documented difficulties in the mastery of the subjunctive mood with Spanish heritage speakers showing lower rates of subjunctive use in variable contexts, but higher rates in obligatory contexts (Montrul, 2007, 2009; Silva-Corvalán, 1994; Van Osch & Sleeman, 2018). These findings have been taken as evidence of interface vulnerability effects in the acquisition of mood. Nonetheless, recent studies by Lustres et al. (2020) and Perez-Cortes (2021) have suggested that differences between obligatory and variable subjunctive might be mitigated if the modality of the predicates is controlled. This study builds upon existing literature that emphasize the role of modality in language acquisition (Blake, 1983; Merino, 1983; Silva-Corvalán, 1994) and employs a comparative analysis to examine whether child heritage speakers of Spanish exhibit similar patterns of subjunctive use as their monolingual peers and parents. The study contributes to heritage language research by incorporating child participants, filling a significant gap in existing literature predominantly focused on adult heritage speakers.</p><p dir="ltr">Thirty child heritage speakers of Spanish (age range: 6;5 - 12;8, <i>M=</i> 9;11, <i>SD=</i>1.91), thirty monolingual children from Mexico (age range: 6;0 - 12;2, <i>M=</i> 9;46, <i>SD=</i>2.17), fifteen immigrant parents (age range: 29 - 47, <i>M=</i> 39;27, <i>SD=</i>6.56) and fifteen monolingual parents (age range:<b> </b>25 - 45<b>, </b><i>M=</i> 34;67, <i>SD=</i>6.87) completed an elicited production task. The results revealed significant differences in subjunctive use between groups. The heritage children were outperformed by the monolingual children and parents as they exhibited lower subjunctive use. However, there was variability in their production. The results showed that the heritage children employed the subjunctive more frequently in deontic contexts than in epistemic and epistemological contexts. Similarly, monolingual children showed high subjunctive usage in deontic and epistemic contexts but lower usage in epistemological contexts. No differences were observed between obligatory and variable contexts within the same modality. These findings challenge previous assertions regarding the influence of selection type and underscore the significance of modality in research of mood. Despite variability within participants, the results indicated that the subjunctive production was influenced by the participants’ age and proficiency levels. High proficiency along with increased age led to a higher proportion of subjunctive. These findings provide support to the Bilingual Alignment approach and the activation approach which relates differences in heritage grammars to the degree of activation of each language on the mind.</p>