Objetivos. Evaluar el estado nutricional, los patrones alimentarios y de actividad física en escolares del Cercado de Lima. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra incluyó escolares del 1.° a 4.° grado de primaria de cuatro instituciones educativas públicas ubicadas en el Cercado de Lima. Las variables de estudio fueron el estado nutricional, nivel de hemoglobina, los patrones de consumo de alimentos y de actividad física. Se calcularon los porcentajes de las variables cualitativas y medidas de tendencia central para las cuantitativas, en el análisis bivariado se aplicó la prueba t y la prueba de Chi cuadrado para analizar las diferencias según sexo. Resultados. De 824 escolares incluidos en el estudio, se encontró un 24% con obesidad, mientras que el sobrepeso afectó al 22%, la proporción de talla baja fue de 5% y la de anemia fue 11,9%, en todos los casos no hubo diferencias significativas según sexo. Más del 40% de escolares consumían 2 o más veces a la semana galletas saladas, jugos envasados y/o gaseosas. Además, el 28% de escolares eran sedentarios, encontrándose diferencias significativas según sexo (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La obesidad es un problema vigente, con mayor frecuencia que el sobrepeso y que juntos afectan a casi el 50% de los escolares del estudio. Asimismo, se evidencia que existen patrones de sedentarismo y consumo frecuente de alimentos con alto contenido de azúcar, sal y/o grasas. / Objectives. To assess the nutritional status, physical activity, and eating habits of schoolchildren in Cercado de Lima (Lima district). Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample included schoolchildren from first to fourth grade in four public elementary schools located in Cercado de Lima. The study variables were nutritional status, hemoglobin dose, physical activity, and eating habits. The percentages of the qualitative variables and central tendency measures for quantitative ones were calculated. The t-test and chi-squared test were applied to analyze differences between both genders. Results. Of 824 schoolchildren included in the study, 24% were obese, 22% were overweight, 5% had short stature, and 11.9% had anemia; in all instances, there were no substantial gender differences. More than 40% of schoolchildren would eat crackers and drink packaged juice and/or soda two or more times a week. In addition, 28% of schoolchildren were inactive; there were significant differences in both genders (P<0.05). Conclusions. Obesity is an ongoing problem with higher rates than overweight and, together, the aforementioned problems affect almost 50% of schoolchildren surveyed. Similarly, the study revealed patterns associated with a sedentary lifestyle and frequent consumption of foods with high levels of sugar, salt, and/or fats.

The thesis deal with self -perception, body image and quality of life of children suffering from overweight and obesity. The age of children ranges from 10 to 12. In theoretical part thesis deals with definition of the children obesity. The research is of quantitative character and uses several questionnaire methods. For self-perception has been chosen Self-perception profile for children inventory, for quality of life Pediatric quality of life inventory and for Body image Child Figure Scale. The dates were obtained in primary schools, health resorts and sanatorium all over the Czech Republic. In the research participated 211 children (117 girls and 94 boys). On the basis of percentile BMI the children were divided into clinical (N=50) and nonclinical (N=161). We statistically have analysed questionnaire results and we have done the comparison between clinical and nonclinical group. It has been ascertained that the children who suffer from overweight and obesity achieve in all the tests lower average scores than the children with the normal weight. Self-perception, body image and quality of life of children with overweight and obesity is lower than children with the normal weight. On the contrary, the assumption was not confirmed that the girls from a clinical group are more dissatisfied with their...

Background: Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is common in developed countries and is associated with an increased risk of maternal and offspring morbidity. Evidence regarding efficacy and safety of antenatal lifestyle intervention is limited in terms of both systematic reviews and original trials. This thesis is based on the need to further explore this research area. Objectives: To assess and grade current evidence and evaluate short and long-term effects of an antenatal lifestyle intervention on women and their offspring Materials: Controlled trials of intervention publishedbefore August 2009 were systematically searched and reviewed. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) including 445 healthy women aged &gt;18 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥19 and ≤16 weeks pregnant and their offspring was performed during 2007-2015 in Örebro Region, Sweden. Methods: The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used for review. Our RCT (called the VIGA trial) compared standard care with a composite intervention consisting of education, application of a personalized weight graph, prescription of exercise and more frequent monitoring of weight. Standardized measures of weight and height in offspring waere analysed based on World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards. Results: Quality of evidence across the studies published pre-August 2009 was concluded to be very low. Our intervention significantly reduced mean GWG (kg) but the proportion of women with excessive GWG, according to recommendations, was not significantly reduced. Short- term postpartum weight retention (PPWR) was significantly lower after the intervention but no significant difference remained 1 year after delivery. Offspring mean BMI z-scores or proportion of obesity did not differ between study groups at either birth or age 5. Conclusions: The antenatal lifestyle intervention reduced mean GWG and short-term PPWR but no long-term effects on maternal weight retention or offspring obesity were seen. Alternative modes and timing of intervention should be considered in future research. Reducing the prevalence of pre-conception obesity must still be considered the primary means to improve maternal and fetal outcome.

Gene-environment (GE) interactions involving the IGF pathway may affect childhood obesity. Detecting such interactions using longitudinal family studies requires accounting for individual and familial correlations. Simulations were performed to study three methods to test for GE interactions in longitudinal family data using repeated outcomes (linear mixed model) or individual outcome averages as summary statistics (twin model, partition based score I test). Interactions between the IGF pathway genes (IGF-1, IGFALS) and environmental factors (physical activity, daycare attendance and sleep duration) were tested using the Quebec Newborn Twin Study data. The twin model yielded the best performance. Results from the QNTS analysis showed suggestive association for an IGF-1 variant at position 102791894 of chromosome 12 interacting with physical activity. However, this association was not statistically significant after multiple testing correction. More robust methods and studies are needed to better understand the IGF pathway’s role in childhood obesity.

Recent research suggests that sedentary behaviours have detrimental effects on the health and well-being of children, including effects on obesity. Specifically, television viewing is consistently associated with childhood obesity. Two explanations have been proposed: 1) reduced energy expenditure, and 2) increased food intake. However, it has been suggested that the association between television viewing and childhood obesity may be better explained by an increase in energy intake than by a reduction in energy expenditure. To date, children of different weight status have not been compared in their dietary patterns in front of the television, and it is not known if total sedentary time is linked with food intake in children. The objectives of this thesis are: 1) to determine if obese children consume food more frequently while watching television than normal weight children, and 2) to examine which of television viewing or total sedentary time better predicts dietary patterns in children. Overall, our results re-affirm the notion that television viewing is associated with obesity, although physical activity plays a role in this association. Also, children who are obese consume fast food and fruits/vegetables more frequently during television watching than normal weight children. Furthermore, television viewing appears to be a better predictor of dietary patterns in children than overall sedentary time. Globally, these results provide evidence for the deleterious effects of television viewing on children’s dietary patterns and justification for future intervention studies designed to reduce television viewing in children with obesity.

As technology and sedentary lifestyles have become an integral part of children's lives, so too has the prevalence of childhood obesity. Although video games are often associated with influencing sedentary behaviors, active gaming is a new genre that requires children to become physically active while playing the games. In this inquiry I explored six fifth grade students' experiences participating in active gaming in physical education classes for 30 minutes, twice weekly, during an eight week (16 sessions) study. I used qualitative methods including interviews, journal entries, and observational field notes. Analysis of data revealed students have a "Persistence to Game" (P2G) when participating in active gaming during physical education. When students experience P2G I considered them to be at "play" demonstrating play-like attributes. Persistence to game includes eight elements. Although not all elements need to be present at the same time, when these elements interact, students experience flow. The discoveries of this study suggest active gaming can be an appropriate tool used in 21st century physical education classes that appeals and is desirable to students.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of childhood obesity - family socioeconomic status and its impact on the development of childhood obesity. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis deals with childhood obesity in general - definition, classification according to etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostics, health complications, prevention and treatment. Subsequently, this diploma thesis deals with the relationship between childhood obesity and socioeconomic status - impact of socioeconomic inequalities , impact of parents. The practical part of this diploma thesis is based on an anonymous questionnaire survey, which is focused on family socioeconomis status and its impact on nutritional status and nutritional habits of child. The survey was realized from October 2020 to February 2021. The questionnaire survey was distributed to five primary schools (located in Prague and Prague-East District) and was also published via a social network Facebook. The survey was targeted at trird grade students (116 students, 56 % boys, 44 % girls) and their parents (the respondents). The obtained data was evaluated using the program RůstCZ (child's BMI percentile) and the program R (statistical analysis). Relationships between pairs of categorical variables were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. The...

The childhood obesity epidemic has become a serious global public health problem. Children are different from adults and need special attention and effort in helping them to maintain healthy lifestyle and optimal body weight. Childhood and adolescence are two critical periods for developing lifelong healthy habits. This article discusses childhood obesity-related issues in five sections: (1) classification of childhood obesity; (2) worldwide childhood obesity epidemic; (3) risk factors (predictors) of childhood obesity; (4) health consequences of childhood obesity; and (5) prevention of childhood obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Excess body weight in children has become a serious public health concern worldwide. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) demonstrated that childhood obesity has tripled since the 1970s in the United States. To prevent childhood obesity, the CDC recommends that children achieve 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. A variety of wearable monitors are available for objectively assessing activity but these methods are complicated by the lack of established values for the activity intensity and comparability across devices. The purpose of this study is to establish activity intensity cutpoins for the MotionWatch8 (MW8) accelerometer in children by comparison with the gold standard cutpoints established for the Actigraph GT1M accelerometer. MATERIAL/METHODS: 40 children (ages 9-13 years) from Syracuse, NY were enrolled in this study. All participants were required to wear the two different monitors on the dominant wrist as they performed a resting activity (4-minute sitting), a 4-minute slow-paced walk, a 4-minute faster-paced walk, and a 2-minute vigorous running game to mimic the different intensities a child might perform in a free-living environment. Linear regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to assess sensitivity and specificity of MW8 intensity cutpoints. RESULT: Mean value for each activity were positively correlated between MW8 and the Actigraph (r=0.85, p<0.001). The optimal cutpoints for differentiating sedentary from light physical activity, light from MVPA, and moderate from vigorous activity were (≤32 counts, ≥ 371.5 counts, and ≥ 859.5 counts per 30 second interval, respectively). CONCLUSION: The MW8 is a simple and objective instrument for measuring physical activity in children. This study provides usable cutoff values for further testing the validity of the MW8 for measuring physical activity patterns among children.

La prévalence de l’obésité infantile est en augmentation constante et constitue un enjeu majeur de santé publique, justifiant la mise en place de stratégies de modification des modes de vie. L’obésité infantile est associée à des complications métaboliques et vasculaires, en relation avec le statut inflammatoire et stress oxydant, mais aussi à une insuffisance en vitamine D (VD). Ainsi, l’objectif général de ce travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer les effets de différents types de prises en charge chez des adolescents obèses hospitalisés pour perte de poids avec la comparaison de différentes modalités d’exercice et l’étude d’une supplémentation en vitamine D (VD). Nous avons comparé la fonction microvasculaire de 29 adolescents obèses par comparaison avec 16 adolescents normo-pondérés et déterminer les effets d’une prise en charge de 3 mois associant diète et exercice soit modéré continu (MCT) soit intensif intermittent (HIIT) sur les paramètres de santé et la fonction microvasculaire chez 29 adolescents obèses. Les deux modalités de prise en charge (diète et MCT ou diète et HIIT) ont été aussi efficaces pour la perte de poids et de masse grasse et pour l’amélioration de la condition physique. Les paramètres de la fonction microvasculaire n’ont pas été modifiés, seules les valeurs de perfusion basale ont eu tendance à augmenter quel que soit le groupe suggérant un possible phénomène d’angiogénèse.Les objectifs de l’étude VIDADO, étude interventionnelle randomisée contrôlée en double aveugle,ont été de vérifier l’effet additionnel/synergique d’une supplémentation en VD 1) sur les paramètres cardiométaboliques, 2) sur l’amélioration de la compliance artérielle et la diminution de l’épaisseur de l’intima-média de la carotide et 3) sur la fonction vasculaire macro- et microcirculatoire chez les adolescents obèses. Des adolescents obèses ont été randomisés en 2 groupes : l’un supplémenté enVD (n = 13) et l’autre non (n = 13). À l'inclusion, l'insuffisance en 25(OH)D était très élevée chez les adolescents obèses (73%) que chez les 23 adolescents normo-pondérés (22%). Tous les facteurs cardiométaboliques des adolescents obèses étaient altérés par rapport au normo-pondérés. Le diamètre carotidien et l’épaisseur de l’intima-média étaient respectivement plus faible et plus élevé chez des adolescents obèses. Les résultats de la macrocirculation ont montré une préservation de lafonction endothéliale et de la fonction musculaire lisse chez les adolescents obèses. Au niveau de la microcirculation, ils présentaient des valeurs plus faibles de la conductance vasculaire cutanée en réponse aux doses d’ACh et de SNP. La concentration de 25 (OH) D n'était corrélée ni avec les données vasculaires ni à aucun marqueur inflammatoire. Après l’intervention de 3 mois, tous les adolescents obèses du groupe supplémenté ont atteint des taux adéquats de 25 (OH) D> 50 nmol,contre seulement 46% pour le groupe placebo. L’intervention a permis d’améliorer les facteurs cardiométaboliques, le statut inflammatoire et les performances physiques, mais la supplémentation en VD n’a pas eu d’effet supplémentaire. Les adolescents obèses ont présenté des réductions significatives de l’épaisseur intima-media tandis que la compliance artérielle carotidienne a augmenté sans différence entre les 2 groupes. A noter, les concentrations sériques delta 25OHD (%)étaient seulement corrélées négativement avec les valeurs delta de l’épaisseur intima-media (%). La conductance vasculaire cutanée en réponse aux doses d’ACh et de SNP a pu être améliorée dans leseul groupe supplémenté. La variation du statut en 25(OH)D était significativement corrélée avec la variation de la conductance vasculaire cutanée en réponse aux doses d’ACh et de SNP pour les deux groupes. Les résultats de cette thèse semblent prometteurs pour mettre en place des stratégies sur les modes de vie, dont l’intérêt de sessions d’activités physiques adaptées intensives et intermittentes. / The increasing prevalence of early childhood overweight and obesity raises major public healthissues with considerable risk consequences, especially on vascular health. Childhood obesity isassociated with early signs of vascular dysfunction and with vitamin D (VD) deficiency statusand cardiometabolic abnormalities. The main aim of the thesis was to study the effects ofdifferent programs of intervention in adolescents obese.The first study aimed to determine the effects of a lifestyle intervention including 3 months ofmoderate continuous training (MCT) or high-intensity interval-training (HIIT), on healthrelatedparameters and microvascular function in 29 obese adolescents. At baseline, obeseadolescents had higher peak microcirculatory response. After 3 months, peak microcirculatoryfunction remained unchanged after MCT and HIIT. Only basal cutaneous blood flow increasedwhatever the modality of exercise.The second study (VIDADO), double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study,aimed to analyze the cardiometabolic and vascular effects of VD supplementation in a lifestyleprogram submitted to obese adolescents. Twenty-six obese adolescents (OA) and twenty-threenormal-weight (NW) were enrolled and matched on age, gender and puberty stage. OAfollowed a 3-month weight-loss program combining a reduced caloric diet and interval trainingphysical activity and were randomized into two groups: a VD supplemented (4000 IU/d) (n=13)group (OS) and non-supplemented (n=13) one (ONS).At inclusion, 25(OH)D concentration was lower in OA than in NW. At baseline, VDinsufficiency (25(OH)D levels < 50 nmol/L) was higher in OA (73%) than in NW (22%). Allcardiometabolic factors of OA were impaired in comparison with NW. After the 3-monthlifestyle intervention, all OS achieved adequate 25(OH)D levels > 50 nmol against only 46%for ONS. Intervention led to improve the cardiometabolic factors, inflammatory status andphysical performance, but VD supplementation did not have an additional effect. OA displayedhigher IMT but lower carotid compliance than controls. After three months, the changes of IMTwere negatively correlated with the changes of 25(OH)D in OA displaying VD insufficiency atbaseline. OA displayed preserved macrocirculation function but altered microcirculationfunction with decreased vascular conductance increase responses to ACh and SNP. Interventionled to improve ACh and SNP vascular conductance only in the VD-supplemented group. Thedelta change of 25(OH)D was significantly correlated with delta changes of peak ACh and peakSNP.In conclusion, these results may yield promising interventional program including intensive,intermittent exercise and vitamin D supplementation.