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This study determined antioxidant and sensory effects of cinnamon, cloves, fennel, pepper, and star anise (Chinese 5-spice ingredients) in cooked ground beef. In experiment 1, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of cooked samples were measured during refrigerated storage. In experiment 2, trained panelists evaluated cooked samples for rancid, beef, and spice flavor intensity. Total aerobic plate counts were also measured. Mean TBA values were high (3.4) for control samples. In previous studies, TBA values >1.0 were associated with unacceptably rancid cooked meats. At the lowest spice level of 0.1% of meat weight, all spices except pepper had lower TBA values than controls. Thus, the minimum effective level was 0.1% for all spices except pepper. For all spices except cloves, increasing the use level to 0.5% significantly decreased TBA values (dose-response effect). Cloves did not exhibit a dose-response effect, since all clove levels were very effective, and not different, for maintenance of TBA values In experiment 2 (sensory evaluation), there was a high positive correlation (p < 0.01) between TBA values and panel scores for rancid odor and flavor (0.83 and 0. 78, respectively). Hence, TBA values were in good agreement with sensory panel scores as a measure of oxidation during storage. Spice flavor was inversely correlated (p < 0.01) with rancid odor and flavor (-0.57 and -0.61, respectively), suggesting that spices also decreased the perception of rancid flavor in these samples. The 5-spice blends did not inhibit microbial growth of cooked samples during storage, compared to controls, perhaps due to heat inactivation or loss of antimicrobial components from the spices during cooking. In conclusion, all spices and blends had a dual effect, reducing chemical oxidation as measured by TBA values, and also imparting a distinctive flavor to cooked ground beef.

[pt] A presente dissertação assinala e discute o uso da metalinguagem no texto em chinês clássico do Laozi. Ao tomar a linguagem como uma forma de vida, no sentido Wittgensteiniano – perspectivista em vez de relativista – assumimos que os encontros entre diferentes formas de vida / línguas não correspondem a meros confrontos entre esquemas conceituais ou modos de existência incomensuráveis entre si. Referem-se, ao contrário, a oportunidades em que essas formas de vida podem ser trazidas a vislumbrar, ainda que de forma precária, suas próprias bases infundadas e não intelectuais e, além disso, ocasiões com um potencial de transformação, prestes a deslocar não apenas marcas ideológicas visíveis, mas também convicções pré-conceituais fortemente arraigadas. O estudo apresentado aqui elabora e investiga a premissa – chamada de Hipótese do Perspectivismo Metalinguístico (HPM) – em que diferentes repertórios metalinguísticos não nomeiam entidades universais e independentes da linguagem. Pelo contrário, eles dão testemunho a circunstâncias culturais e históricas e, em última instância, a formas de estar no mundo que carregam propensões subterrâneas e certezas préconceituais, exercendo assim uma força direta e coerciva sobre a forma como concebemos e experimentamos o que língua é. Na investigação da HPM, analisamos uma seleção de passagens metalinguísticas do Laozi, por meio da adoção de uma abordagem comparativa bipartida, orientada pela etimologia e pela tradução. A análise comparativa etimológica entre termos metalinguísticos chineses e seus homólogos na tradição ocidental dá ampla evidência do profundo contraste entre suas visões da linguagem e categorias historicamente motivadas, o que é reforçado pela alteridade da atividade grafo-etimológica da tradição chinesa. Ademais, a comparação das traduções/comentários dos usos contextualizados da metalinguagem no Laozi (para o inglês, português, francês e mandarim moderno) confirma que a prática de seus autores é guiada por diferentes repertórios - metalinguísticos subjacentes, agindo de forma tácita no processo interativo junto ao texto chinês: a grande variedade de estratégias empregadas pelos tradutores testemunha como os autores se esforçam para aceitar e / ou rejeitar as práticas que constroem no texto original. Evidências para a HPM manifestam-se principalmente ao longo dos seguintes temas: a relação entre fala e escrita; o papel da linguagem na nexo entre civilização e natureza; a questão da centralidade do significado da linguagem; a relação entre metáfora, literalidade e imagem; e o problema dos nomes. / [en] This dissertation identifies and discusses the use of metalanguage in the classical Chinese text of the Laozi. Taking language as a form of life, in a Wittgensteinian – perspectivist rather than relativist – sense, it assumes that encounters between different forms of life/languages do not correspond to mere clashes between incommensurable conceptual schemes or modes of existence. They are, rather, instances where these forms of life may be brought to glimpse, however precariously, at their own unfounded, non-intellectual bases, and furthermore, occasions with potential for transformation, prone to dislocate not only discernible ideologies, but also highly entrenched pre-conceptual convictions. The study presented here elaborates and investigates the premise – called the Metalinguistic Perspectivism Hypothesis (MPH) – that different metalinguistic repertoires do not get to name universal, language independent entities. On the contrary, they testify to cultural and historical circumstances, and ultimately to forms of being in the world that encompass subterraneous propensities and preconceptual certainties, thus having a direct and coercive effect on how we conceive and experience what language is. To advance the investigation of the MPH, we examine a selection of metalinguistic passages in the Laozi, by adopting a comparative approach along two main paths: etymology and translation. The etymological comparative analysis between Chinese metalinguistic terms and their counterparts in the Greco-Western tradition shows ample evidence of the stark contrast between their deep-rooted visions of language and historically motivated categories, reinforced by the alterity of the grapho-etymological activity of the Chinese tradition. Additionally, the comparison of translations/commentaries of contextualized metalinguistic uses in the Laozi (into English, Portuguese, French and modern Mandarin) confirms that the authors are motivated by significantly different underlying metalinguistic repertoires, tacitly - at work in their interactions with the Chinese text: they often employ sharply diverse strategies which testify to how the authors strive to accept and/or reject the practices they construe from the original text. The evidence for the MPH is shown to manifest in the following central axes: the relationship between speech and writing; the role of language in the civilization/nature nexus; the question of the centrality of meaning in language; the relation between metaphor, literality and image; and the problem of names.

Orientador: Silvio Ferraz Mello Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_AndreSilvaPereiradeOliveira_M.pdf: 16070395 bytes, checksum: 47f7137f0d8f2b01f2cc50541cb5b829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar a criação musical como uma convergência de elementos de natureza distinta da ordem do sonoro ¿ tais como sons, imagens, sensações, sentimentos, idéias e etc ¿, e examiná-la em seus momentos relativos a formação das idéias musicais. Para isso criamos um dispositivo conceitual próprio, intitulado ¿proximidades e distância?, a fim de revelar suas características principais. Assim, orientamos nossos esforços à criação de conceitos para tentar revelar a dinâmica dos processos criativos musicais, os quais, freqüentemente, demonstram uma presença marcante de elementos não musicais / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to present the musical creation as a convergence of elements of distinct nature of the order of the sonorous one - such as sounds, images, sensations, feelings, ideas and etc -, and to examine it at its relative moments the formation of the musical ideas. For this we create a proper conceptual device, intitled "proximities and distance", in order to disclose its main characteristics. Thus, we guide our efforts to the creation of concepts to try to disclose the dynamics of the musical creative processes, which, frequently, demonstrate a presence of not musical elements / Mestrado / Mestre em Música

[pt] A escrita chinesa sempre exerceu fascínio no Ocidente, despertando um interesse apreciável entre filósofos, linguistas e leigos. Devido à sua complexidade e à diferença gráfica marcante no contraste com as escritas ditas alfabéticas, tomou um papel protagonista dentro dos estudos sobre a escrita em geral. Este trabalho constrói uma reflexão sobre a forma como a escrita chinesa é historicamente apresentada e avaliada vis-à-vis outras formas de escrita e na sua relação com o chinês falado. Analisa-se uma mostra representativa da produção intelectual ocidental sobre o assunto, cobrindo um período de 1784 até 2009, trabalho de linguistas, sinólogos, filósofos e especialistas em estudos sobre a escrita. Tais discursos teóricos são avaliados criticamente com o auxílio de ferramentas metalinguísticas escolhidas a partir dos estudos sobre a escrita, em sintonia geral com a abordagem proposta por Sylvain Auroux. A análise mostra que os estudos investigados têm propensão a se distribuir por três vertentes básicas – aqui denominadas foneticista, semanticista e pragmatista –, cada uma revelando distintas filiações epistemológicas quanto ao modo como compreende (a) a relação entre escrita e fala, (b) o nexo entre escrita e metalinguagem e (c) o importe icônico da escrita chinesa. Mostra-se ainda que, em sua grande maioria, tais estudos tendem a considerar a escrita chinesa abstraída de seu contexto histórico-cultural, acabando por subvalorizar sua importância dentro da civilização chinesa. / [en] Chinese writing has always fascinated the Western reader, raising a substantial interest among philosophers, linguists and laymen alike. Due to its complexity and the striking graphic difference when viewed side by side with the so-called western scripts, Chinese writing plays a protagonist role among the studies of writing in general. The present work develops a reflection on how Chinese writing is historically presented and evaluated in comparison to other scripts and to the Chinese spoken language. A representative spectrum of the Western intellectual production on this matter is analyzed, covering the period from 1784 until 2009, using texts written by linguists, sinologists, philosophers and specialists on writing. These theoretical works are critically evaluated with the aid of metalinguistic tools chosen from texts about writing, in accordance to the view advocated by Sylvain Auroux. This analysis shows that these texts can basically be considered to adopt three basic views: foneticist, semanticist and pragmatist. Each one reveals its epistemological associations on how they understand: (a) the relation between writing and speech, (b) the nexus between writing and metalanguage and (c) the iconic significance of the Chinese writing. This study suggests that the vast majority of previous research tends to consider Chinese writing as abstracted from its historical-cultural context, which results in underestimating its importance for the development of the Chinese civilization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiou Ruey Ling.pdf: 4349684 bytes, checksum: 475108ce063388a4bc0b9f7a08fba463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-05 / To present a work about the Chinese immigration there is without a doubt an interest in the study of the subjects put by the immigration and numerous works in the anthropology areas and sociology can be found. No there is, however, a reflection or more study on the etnias that you/they interest us. In the study, Diaspora and Old age of the Immigrant Hakka: the memory of the soul, leaves of the idea of the immigration, the old age, the process of adaptation of Hakka, taking as reference the community from São Paulo. We considered, on a side, short time of the arrival of these groups in Brazil and his concern in maintaining alive the origin traditions and on the other hand, the fact of, contradictory be dipped in a western society in process of fast changes and radicals. In this scenery it is that they are born and the new generations of universes are socialized Hakka / Apresentar um trabalho sobre a imigração chinesa representa, sem dúvida, uma contribuição no estudo das questões colocadas pela imigração, enfocada em numerosos trabalhos que podem ser encontrados nas áreas de antropologia e sociologia. Não há, entretanto, uma reflexão ou mais estudo sobre as etnias que nos interessam. O estudo, Diáspora e Velhice dos Imigrantes Hakka: a memória da alma, parte da idéia da imigração, a velhice, o processo de adaptação dos Hakka, tomando como referência a comunidade de São Paulo. Consideramos, por um lado, o tempo curto da chegada desses grupos ao Brasil e a sua preocupação em manter vivas as tradições de origem e, por outro lado, o fato de, contraditoriamente, estarem mergulhados numa sociedade ocidental em processo de mudanças rápidas e radicais. Neste cenário é que nascem e são socializadas as novas gerações de universos Hakka

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiou Ruey Ling.pdf: 4349684 bytes, checksum: 475108ce063388a4bc0b9f7a08fba463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-05 / To present a work about the Chinese immigration there is without a doubt an interest in the study of the subjects put by the immigration and numerous works in the anthropology areas and sociology can be found. No there is, however, a reflection or more study on the etnias that you/they interest us. In the study, Diaspora and Old age of the Immigrant Hakka: the memory of the soul, leaves of the idea of the immigration, the old age, the process of adaptation of Hakka, taking as reference the community from São Paulo. We considered, on a side, short time of the arrival of these groups in Brazil and his concern in maintaining alive the origin traditions and on the other hand, the fact of, contradictory be dipped in a western society in process of fast changes and radicals. In this scenery it is that they are born and the new generations of universes are socialized Hakka / Apresentar um trabalho sobre a imigração chinesa representa, sem dúvida, uma contribuição no estudo das questões colocadas pela imigração, enfocada em numerosos trabalhos que podem ser encontrados nas áreas de antropologia e sociologia. Não há, entretanto, uma reflexão ou mais estudo sobre as etnias que nos interessam. O estudo, Diáspora e Velhice dos Imigrantes Hakka: a memória da alma, parte da idéia da imigração, a velhice, o processo de adaptação dos Hakka, tomando como referência a comunidade de São Paulo. Consideramos, por um lado, o tempo curto da chegada desses grupos ao Brasil e a sua preocupação em manter vivas as tradições de origem e, por outro lado, o fato de, contraditoriamente, estarem mergulhados numa sociedade ocidental em processo de mudanças rápidas e radicais. Neste cenário é que nascem e são socializadas as novas gerações de universos Hakka

L'enseignement du français langue étrangère à Taiwan: Analyse linguistique et praxéologique. C'est l'expérience qui nous a incitée à choisir le sujet de notre travail : en tant qu'étudiante en littérature française et enseignante de FLE à Taiwan et en tant qu'étudiante et doctorante en milieu francophone belge, nous avons pu constater les carences du système éducatif taiwanais tel que nous y avons participé. La réalisation de l'interdépendance étroite entre langue et culture a été le point de départ d'un approfondissement des concepts culturels sinophones (provenant du confucianisme, du taoïsme et du bouddhisme) et de leur explication destinée aux collègues francophones qui s'étonnaient parfois du peu de succès de méthodes pourtant éprouvées jusqu'alors. Nous avons été amenée à l'étude contrastive des langues française et chinoise (systèmes graphique et phonétique, morphosyntaxe, organisation du texte, etc) tant dans leurs aspects « techniques » que dans les manifestations de l'impact culturel sur celles-ci (harmonie, hiérarchie, politesse, face, superstitions). Après avoir exposé de manière détaillée les différences parfois insoupçonnées et d'autant plus « dangereuses » (puisque les malentendus résultent souvent de l'innocence culturelle), nous avons opté pour les approches communicatives qui nous paraissent plus propices à la transmission culturelle. Nos propositions didactiques tendent donc à l'introduction de cette méthodologie de manière plus appropriée au milieu taiwanais, tout en développant les quatre compétences langagières en vue de l'ouverture et de la communication interculturelles. Leur but sera enfin de former un apprenant autonome, capable d'utiliser avec profit les notions que nous lui aurons inculquées. //Teaching French as a Foreign Language in the Taiwanese Educational System: Linguistic and Praxeologic Analysis. As a student in French Literature and teacher of French Foreign Language in Taiwan, and during the preparation of the Ph. D. in the french speaking part of Belgium, I could ascertain the gaps in the taiwanese educational system. This twofold experience was the incentive to my choice of this sujbect. From noticing the narrow interdependence between language and culture, arose the necessity to ponder about the Chinese cultural concepts (coming from Confucianism, Taoïsm and Buddhism) and to explain them to my french fellowteachers, who wondered why their elsewhere well tried methods sometimes met unfavourable issues. This lead me up to study the contrast between french and chinese languages (graphic and phonetic systems, morphosyntax, text organization, aso.) in their ‘technical' aspects as well as in the cultural impact on them (harmony, hierarchy, politeness, face, superstitions). After a detailed explanation of the pointed differences - sometimes all the more dangerous for being unsuspected (as misunderstanding very often results of cultural innocence)-, I chosed the communicative approaches which seem to fit better cultural transference. Our didactic proposals aim thus at introducing this methodology, better adjusted to the Taiwanese milieu, as well at improving the four language skills keeping in sight the cultural open mind and communication. Last but not least, their objective will be to mould autonomous learners, able to turn the notions we taught them into the best account.