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Zugl.: Innsbruck, Univ., Diss., 2006

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2016 / Alors qu’elle se trouve au Mont Parnasse, la narratrice du Chemin de Long Estude de Christine de Pizan affirme reconnaître l’endroit pour l’avoir déjà lu chez Dante. Cette mention surprend considérant la quasi absence de la Comédie dans la littérature française de la fin du Moyen Âge, et si la tradition critique a eu tendance à y voir la revendication d’un projet mimétique, où le poème de Christine de Pizan serait une tentative d’imitation de la Comédie, les nombreux échos dantesques de l’oeuvre témoignent à l’inverse d’un important travail d’appropriation, en mettant systématiquement l’accent sur l’acquisition du savoir et l’inscription dans une filiation intellectuelle. Plus qu’une recension, le présent mémoire aspire à faire le point sur les présences de la Comédie dans le Chemin de Long Estude de même qu’à inscrire ces dernières dans un réseau. Cela amène non seulement à considérer l’oeuvre de Christine de Pizan dans sa totalité, mais aussi en regard des considérations littéraires de l’époque. Dans le premier cas, les renvois à Dante permettent de réfléchir au projet général de l’oeuvre, alors que le poème italien, plus que de représenter un idéal à reproduire, participe à une conquête de l’ordre par le savoir, aux côtés de la Consolation de Philosophie de Boèce et du Chemin de Long Estude lui-même. Dans le second cas, le fait de fonder le travail d’écriture sur la lecture préalable d’un auteur italien témoigne de la bibliophilie du siècle et de l’importance de la lecture, mais aussi de l’émergence timide de nouvelles autorités vernaculaires. / While she is standing in front of Mount Parnassus, the narrator of the Chemin the Long Estude by Christine de Pizan says she recognizes the place for having already read about it in Dante’s book. This statement is surprising considering the near absence of the Comedy in the French literature of the late Middle Ages. The critical tradition has tended to see it as the claim of a mimetic project, where Christine de Pizan’s poem would be an attempt to imitate the Comedy. But the multiple references to Dante’s work in the French poem bear on the contrary witness to an important work of appropriation, systematically putting the emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge and on being part of an intellectual tradition. More than proposing a census, this thesis wishes to study the various presences of Dante’s Comedy in the Chemin de Long Estude as well as to include them in a network. This leads to considering not only the work of Christine de Pizan in its entirety, but also the literary context of the late Middle Ages. In the first case, the references to Dante inform about the general project of the work, while the Italian poem, more than representing an ideal to imitate, shows how knowledge can bring order, alongside Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy and the Chemin de Long Estude itself. In the second case, Christine de Pizan’s writing process is highly influenced by the prior reading of the Italian author, which reveals the bibliophilia characteristic of the period and the importance of reading, but also the emergence of new vernacular authorities.

This dissertation proposes to examine the work of scholars Christine de Pizan and Luce Irigaray in order to develop the possibilities of fiction in philosophy for the purposes of social transformation. Using four of her major narrative texts (The Mutacion of Fortune, the City of Ladies, the Path of Long Study and the Vision) I show how Christine employs the complex array of hermeneutical tools available to her in fictionalized ways as a means of training her readers into re-writing their understanding of themselves and their contexts. Alongside such re-writings, I show that she understands herself to have a particular vocation for educating the powers of France towards ethical action in their governance, and that she does so in these works in the form of philosophically oriented fictionalizations. I use the work of Luce Irigaray to explore a philosopher from the twentieth and twenty-first century who uses narrative and hermeneutical tools that bear a family resemblance to Christine's. Tracing Irigaray's formulations on the necessity of sexual difference I show how she re-tells stories from myth and history in such a way as to develop the sexual difference she desires. Finally, having engaged with these two philosophers, I use the hermeneutical work of Hans-Georg Gadamer to present my own work on how well-crafted fiction can be used to build philosophical concepts and understandings that are not yet available in our world, but which become available to us through our participation in the new fictionalized contexts and fictional worlds we create. I show how it is through understanding the possibilities this kind of philosophical and fictionalized utopic thinking holds that social transformation rooted in the world-building capabilities of individual persons can occur.

La création, Bois dormant, met en scène un charpentier-ébéniste qui consacre tous ses temps libres à la création de mobilier, dans un cycle de production inutile. Sa dilapidation insensée de bois incite la nature à se révolter contre lui et à propager une énergie qui donne vie à tous les objets de sa maison. Ce conte revisite plusieurs contes (La Barbe bleue, Les Aventures de Pinocchio, Otesánek, La Belle au bois dormant, Les Aventures d’Alice au pays des merveilles, Cendrillon) pour les transformer en cauchemar, en effriter les morales, en décupler les cruautés et en utiliser les motifs pour illustrer l’absurdité du monde moderne. Ce conte-Frankenstein, par son esthétique baroque où prime la parenthèse, fait de la surenchère un reflet de la surconsommation. L’essai, La réécriture féministe contemporaine de quatre contes dans Putain, de Nelly Arcan et Peau d’âne, de Christine Angot, explore comment, par les réécritures qu’ils inspirent, les contes de Perrault et des frères Grimm constituent un puissant matériau d’incarnation qui facilite la venue à l’écriture du traumatisme chez Christine Angot et Nelly Arcan, mais qui sert aussi d’outil de dénonciation féministe pour elles. Dans Putain, de Nelly Arcan, la narratrice met en lumière, par des réinterprétations des contes du Petit Chaperon rouge, de La Belle au bois dormant et de Blanche-Neige, différents aspects de sa détresse face à l’oppression du regard masculin. Quant à Christine Angot, dans Peau d’âne, elle propose, par une réécriture du conte de Peau d’âne en parallèle avec celui de La Belle au bois dormant, de révéler les répercussions perverses des dictats de la mode et de la loi du père sur l’identité de la femme. Toutes ces réécritures permettent de déjouer la logique valorisée par les contes et d’en démontrer l’absurdité et le caractère malsain d’un point de vue féministe. / The tale entitled Bois dormant features a carpenter/cabinetmaker who spends all his free time building furniture in a cycle of useless production. This meaningless waste of wood causes nature to rise up against him, spreading an energy that brings life to all the objects in his house. This story revisits several fairytales (Blue Beard, The Adventures of Pinocchio, Otesánek, Sleeping Beauty, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Cinderella) and turns them into nightmares, grinding down their morals, heightening their cruelty and using their patterns to illustrate the absurdity of the modern world. This Frankenstein narrative, with its baroque-like aesthetics and abounding parentheses, uses overstatement as a reflection of over-consumerism. The essay entitled La réécriture féministe contemporaine de quatre contes dans Putain de Nelly Arcan et Peau d’âne de Christine Angot explores how, through the rewritings they inspire, Perrault’s and Grimm’s fairytales form a powerful medium for incarnation that gives rise to the writing of trauma for Christine Angot and Nelly Arcan, but also serves as a tool for their feminist criticism. In Putain, by Nelly Arcan, the narrator reinterprets the stories of The Little Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty and Snow White to bring to light different aspects of her struggle against the male gaze oppression. As for Christine Angot, by rewriting Peau d’âne in parallel with Sleeping Beauty, she intends to reveal the adverse effects of fashion’s dictatorship and of the father’s law on the feminine identity. All these new versions help overthrow the logic put forward by these fairytales, exposing their absurdity and twisted nature from a feminist point of view.

This thesis is concerned with a comparison of works written by GDR authors Hanns Cibulka, Waldtraut Lewin a Christine Wolter which deal with the motif of the journey to Italy. The analysis is based on spatial and intercultural theories, which are presented in the first part of the thesis. The genre of travelogue, the motif of the Italian journey in the German-language literature and political conditions for the creation and publication of travelogues in the GDR are also introduced. The core of the thesis is the comparison of eleven texts, especially travelogues, regarding the spatial and social dimension of travelling. The first aspect covers reflections of Goethe's Italian journey and the function of travelling, as well as the depiction of nature, urban space and architecture and the treatment of the garden motif. Regarding the second aspect, the author follows the narrative technics used in portraying the mediators between the travelling writers and the Italian culture, as well as in the depiction of tourists or strangers. An additional question of the study is whether (and possibly how) the writers reflect on the GDR regime against the background of the Italian scenery.

This thesis focuses on the ways in which cloth and clothwork are represented in Old French romance in order to highlight how they relate to feminine voice, expression, and identity. By focusing mainly on medieval romance from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the field of research is narrowed to a period in which vernacular literature was redefining literacy. On the basis that literacy is not confined to the ability to read and write in Latin, clothwork is presented as a medium of literate expression, that being a form of readable knowledge or communication not codified in written word or language, and in the works of such authors as Marie de France, Chrétien de Troyes, and Jean Renart, amongst others, the presentation of clothwork fits this classification. My research focuses on gendered performance and gendered objects highlighting the divide between masculinity and femininity in materiality. Beginning with a contextualised and historical understanding of feminine clothwork, authority, and gendered biases in the Middle Ages in France, the Virgin Mary's associations with clothwork leads into an exploration of how the identities of women are tied to the cloth that they work or possess. From this basis, feminine voice in clothwork comes to the forefront of discussion as seemingly inaudible women make themselves heard through the use of needles and thread, telling their stories in cloth and tapestry. Throughout this study, an exploration of mother-daughter relationships is highly significant to the comprehension of feminine education and tradition in clothwork. The chansons de toile included in Le Roman de la Rose ou de Guillaume de Dole by Jean Renart underline the dichotomy and tension between oral and written culture, tying feminine voice to feminine clothwork and exploring the representation of this in the written text. Finally, Christine de Pizan's intimation of the importance of feminine tasks and brilliance concludes this study in order to better understand the ways in which the literature of the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance departs from the medieval presentation of clothwork as a typically feminine activity underlying and encapsulating a woman's identity and expressive power.

Le conte de fées naît à une époque où l'idéal de l'homme civilisé gagne en popularité. Certains auteurs, issus pour la plupart de la société de cour, puisent des contes dans la tradition orale et en font des adaptations littéraires. Avec son inscription littéraire, le conte merveilleux devient un outil pédagogique. Son contenu est donc adapté de manière à en faire un vecteur du modèle de civilité : il faut apprendre aux enfants à se comporter conformément à cet idéal. Ceci est bon pour les deux sexes. Cependant, l'idéal de la femme civilisée est beaucoup plus prescriptif et restrictif que celui de l'homme civilisé : si l'on peut pardonner à ce dernier, ou même valoriser, son tempérament sanguin, les pulsions féminines sont tout simplement inacceptables. On s'attend de la femme qu'elle soit toujours irréprochable, autant sur le plan de son apparence que de son comportement. L'idéologie patriarcale qui va de pair avec celle de la civilité reproche à la femme toute marque d'initiative ou d'individualité. On veut qu'elle soit passive, soumise, vertueuse et prude. Ainsi, beaucoup de contes de fées s'adressent aux petites filles et leur enseignent les bons et les mauvais comportements. L'idéologie patriarcale véhiculée par le conte de fées a fait l'objet de critiques féministes, particulièrement dans les années 1970. On a reproché au conte de fées d'encourager la passivité féminine à travers une représentation stéréotypée des rôles sexuels. On a aussi condamné la représentation de la femme-objet : l'apparence physique de la femme est centrale dans le conte de fées. Si les héros connaissent le succès grâce à leurs actions, les héroïnes doivent tout à leur beauté. Ces diverses critiques ont ouvert la voie à plusieurs réécritures féministes du conte de fées. Certains écrivains et écrivaines ont créé de nouvelles histoires en empruntant la structure traditionnelle du conte de fées, d'autres ont plutôt choisi de transformer des contes déjà connus. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons, pour commencer, un survol de l'évolution du conte de fées, de son origine orale à ses subversions littéraires contemporaines, en lien avec certaines transformations sociales. Nous étudierons, par la suite, deux réécritures de contes de fées qui, à notre avis, possèdent un caractère féministe. Il s'agit de « La femme de l'Ogre » de Pierrette Fleutiaux (1984) et de Peau d'âne de Christine Angot (2003). Ces deux récits qui vont à l'encontre du discours patriarcal propre aux contes de fées traditionnels évoquent des idéologies féministes opposées. Plusieurs éléments du texte de Fleutiaux correspondent à l'idéologie du féminisme de la femelléité tandis que le récit d'Angot évoque l'idéologie du courant féministe matérialiste. Nous verrons de quelle manière elles parviennent toutes deux, à travers des écritures du corps qui diffèrent grandement l'une de l'autre, à contrecarrer la représentation du corps féminin objet, perçu selon le regard masculin, qui est caractéristique du conte de fées traditionnel. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Conte de fée, patriarcat, féminisme, subversion, réécriture.

This thesis examines the novels of Christine Brooke-Rose and A. S. Byatt in order to question the extent to which contemporary British novelists are free to innovate with the forms of literary realism, forms that have a long and valued tradition in British literary production. Both authors, I argue, have reassessed the limits of the realist novel over the course of their careers, and the specific ways in which they engage with, or depart from, their literary inheritance are discussed. The introduction contextualises the literary climate out of which the two writers emerge. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was a commonplace of literary criticism to declare the “death of the English novel.” In the years following modernist experimentation, British novelists made a conscious return to the mimetic realism of the nineteenth century. Rather than the intellectual sterility that is often assumed to have dominated this period, I observe that there were in fact many writers who were continuing the innovations of the preceding generations, Christine Brooke-Rose and A. S. Byatt amongst them. To view realism to be in need of renewal is first of all to view literary production in terms of an ontological-historical distinction of texts as types of objects. It may be also to neglect the ways in which literary history is always already in dialogue with the present. Both authors have made concerted efforts to refresh literary realism; however, they have proceeded in very different ways. Brooke-Rose has experimented with the content and the form of the novel in order to renew conventions she insists are fatigued or overworked. The novels she has published since 1964 depart radically from what would ordinarily be recognised as realist fictions as they make no attempt to disguise their own textuality. Byatt, on the other hand, has reassessed realism through the forms of realism itself. Through an engagement with literary history, she revisits realism to pursue what has always been of value within it. In so doing, she creates a developmental model of literary production in which literary debts are made visible in the work of the contemporary writer. Chapter One examines Thru, the literary experiment for which Brooke-Rose is most celebrated. My starting point is her claim, following Roland Barthes’s S/Z, that she is the author of writerly as opposed to readerly texts. I argue that to establish any such easy opposition is to neglect Barthes’s departure from the polemicism that had marked his earlier work. Rather than interrogating how well her texts are supported by her claim to be writerly, I turn the opposition around in order to examine precisely how Barthes’s readerly operates within Thru. Through a close reading both of the novel and of Barthes, I illustrate that many characteristics of literary realism that Brooke-Rose argues are exhausted, in particular characterisation and narration, are still operating in Thru. Chapter Two develops Brooke-Rose’s opposition of readerly and writerly in order to examine its consequence for her own experimental writing. Here I return to Thru to demonstrate the ways in which Barthes’s readerly and writerly operate as interdependent processes rather than as opposing terms. I then reconsider her earliest work, a period she has since disavowed. I argue that rather than a separation, there is a continuum between her earliest works and her later, more experimental, writing that has not been recognised by the author or her critics. In Chapter Three I turn my attention to Byatt’s insistence on a developmental model of literary production. Here I identify the role that evolutionary narratives play in her texts. Two of her works, Possession and “Morpho Eugenia” are set largely in 1859, a year in which a specific epistemological emergence was to reconsider genealogical relations. In this chapter I examine the writings she invents for her characters and argue that she takes metaphors from natural history in order, not only to show the close relationship between literature and natural history, but to provide her reader with a framework of literary-generational descent. Chapter Four examines more closely the ways in which Byatt converses with her literary predecessors. She offers a version of realism that has always been concerned with perception, and with the impossibility of translating that perception into verisimilar fiction. In this chapter I identify the role that art works play within two of Byatt’s earlier novels, The Virgin in the Garden and Still Life, as she finds in them the same metaphorical ambiguities that bind the language of the novelist to imprecision. I then examine the ways in which metaphor works in these novels to elude precise signification of meaning. Chapter Five returns to Byatt’s neo-Victorian texts, Possession and Angels and Insects, and examines the author’s ventriloquism of her Victorian characters, which includes Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam. Ventriloquism, I argue, is concerned with a remembrance of the literary dead within the present work and is thus an expression of mourning. However, to avoid melancholia the new text must also emphasise its difference from that which is being ventriloquised. I then discuss Byatt’s focus on nineteenth-century spiritualism, as it is through the trope of the séance that she reconsiders the afterlife of literary history itself. The final chapter examines the role of the critic. The mourning of Byatt’s fictionalised Tennyson is singular and overpowering. Chapter Six begins with a consideration of two of Possession’s critics, Mortimer Cropper and Leonora Stern, whose readings, I argue, are similar to Tennyson’s mourning in their inhospitality to other readings, other mournings of the literary text. I compare Cropper and Stern to Possession’s other critics, Roland Michell and Maud Bailey, whom Byatt places in the role of literary heir. Not only do Roland and Maud display an essential respect for the texts that they study, but also their reading is open to revision. The literary text, as Barthes argues, must always keep in reserve some essential meaning. Only through interpretive revision, Byatt implies, is the promise of this hopeful-yet-impossible revelation made to the reader.