Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrenoCA_DISSERT.pdf: 2601678 bytes, checksum: 8dbf38e78cd845a6354fa811daf49e48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / From a critique of aspects of the current teaching of physics, we propose in this paper an investigation into the conceptions of Nature of Science (NOS) submitted by students from the high school level, as well as the inclusion of discussions about some elements of NOS, through the History and Philosophy of Science, understanding them as facilitating strategy for more effective learning of Physics and, more specifically, the contents of optics. Based on the historical period corresponding to Greek antiquity to the mid-nineteenth century, built and applied a teaching unit to a high school class at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) Ipangua?u campus. Our teaching unit involved the reading and interpretation of texts with historical content, observation and assembling five experimental activities, among other activities. Data analysis occurred through questionnaires investigative applied before and after the completion of the teaching unit, as well as questionnaires for content present in the texts. Although not significant, the results indicated that the application of the teaching unit allowed the (re) construction of some conceptions about NOS targets students present in our work, and contribute to a better learning content and greater optical science approach and its nature / A partir de uma cr?tica a aspectos do atual ensino de F?sica, propomos neste trabalho uma investiga??o sobre as concep??es de Natureza da Ci?ncia (NdC) apresentadas por alunos de n?vel m?dio de ensino, assim como a inser??o de discuss?es acerca de alguns elementos de NdC, por meio da Hist?ria e da Filosofia da Ci?ncia, compreendendo-as como estrat?gia facilitadora para um aprendizado mais eficaz da disciplina de F?sica e, mais especificamente, do conte?do de ?ptica. Partindo do per?odo hist?rico correspondente ? Antiguidade grega at? meados do s?culo XIX, constru?mos e aplicamos uma unidade did?tica a uma turma do ensino m?dio do Instituto Federal de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), campus de Ipangua?u. Nossa unidade did?tica envolveu a leitura e interpreta??o de textos com conte?do hist?rico, a observa??o e montagem de cinco atividades experimentais, entre outras atividades. A an?lise dos dados ocorreu atrav?s de question?rios investigativos aplicados antes e ap?s a realiza??o da unidade did?tica, al?m de question?rios relativos aos conte?dos presentes nos textos. Apesar de pouco expressivos, os resultados indicaram que a aplica??o da unidade did?tica permitiu a (re)constru??o de algumas concep??es sobre NdC presentes nos alunos alvos do nosso trabalho, al?m de contribuir com um melhor aprendizado do conte?do de ?ptica e uma maior aproxima??o da ci?ncia e de sua natureza

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-03-12T14:49:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JeanyEuniceDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2819903 bytes, checksum: d56b2972cc49b76d10b40981a552744e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-14T20:35:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JeanyEuniceDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2819903 bytes, checksum: d56b2972cc49b76d10b40981a552744e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T20:35:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JeanyEuniceDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2819903 bytes, checksum: d56b2972cc49b76d10b40981a552744e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Ao longo das ?ltimas d?cadas a ?rea da Hist?ria e Filosofia da Ci?ncia (HFC) tem sido considerada como ferramenta importante no ensino de f?sica, como evidenciado na literatura especializada da ?rea de Did?tica das Ci?ncias. Apesar do aumento dessas publica??es, ainda ? restrita a rela??o direta com a educa??o b?sica, o ?como fazer? ainda limita a??es diretas que possam de fato influenciar a constru??o do conhecimento no ensino de f?sica. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de construir, aplicar e avaliar uma sequ?ncia did?tica a partir de elementos hist?ricos e do uso do termosc?pio. A tem?tica escolhida foi o ensino da f?sica t?rmica, com a reprodu??o e explora??o do termosc?pio, instrumento de medida qualitativa de calor, utilizado por muitos estudiosos desde o s?culo V a.C. e que se tornou equipamento importante no processo de constru??o dos conceitos utilizados hoje de calor e de temperatura. A utiliza??o de experimentos com valor hist?rico pode ajudar a aproximar o aluno da f?sica, contribuindo tanto para a contextualiza??o hist?rica dos conhecimentos quanto para a aprendizagem de conceitos. Este produto educacional utiliza os tr?s momentos pedag?gicos (problematiza??o inicial, organiza??o do conhecimento e aplica??o do conhecimento) e ? composto por tr?s modelos de termosc?pios, constru?dos com materiais de f?cil acesso; tr?s textos, sendo dois produzidos por n?s e um adaptado; um roteiro para o professor; e um question?rio de fixa??o para o aluno. O produto foi aplicado no segundo ano do ensino m?dio de uma escola p?blica de Natal/RN. Os resultados indicam que o uso do termosc?pio e da HFC foi considerado uma abordagem positiva e que gerou momentos de investiga??o, confronto de ideias, reflex?o e argumenta??o por parte dos alunos, possibilitando que eles percebessem que seus conhecimentos podem ser restritos at? certo ponto e que ? necess?rio aprofundar ou reorganizar o saber, reestruturando o pensamento. / Over the last decades the area of History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) has been considered as an important tool in the teaching of physics, as evidenced in specialized literature in Science Education area. Despite the increase in these publications, the direct relationship with basic education is still restricted, the "how to do it" still limits direct actions that may in fact influence the construction of knowledge in physics teaching. The present work was developed with the objective of constructing, applying and evaluating a didactic sequence based on historical elements and the use of the thermoscope. The theme chosen was the teaching of thermal physics, with the reproduction and the exploration of the thermoscope, a qualitative instrumentto measure heat, used by many scholars since the fifth century b.C. and which became important equipment in the process of constructing today's concepts of heat and temperature. The use of experiments with historical value can help to bring the student closer to physics, contributing both to the historical contextualization of knowledge and to the learning of concepts. This educational product uses the three pedagogical moments (initial questioning, organization of knowledge and application of knowledge) and is composed of three models of thermocoscopes, constructed with materials of easy access; three texts, two being produced by us and one adapted; one script for the teacher; and one attachment questionnaire for the student. The product was applied in the second level of high school of a public school in the city of Natal/RN. The results indicate that the use of the thermoscope and of the HPS was considered a positive approach and generated moments of investigation, confrontation of ideas, reflection and argumentation on the part of the students, allowing them to perceive that their knowledge can be restricted to a certain extent and that it is necessary to deepen or reorganize the knowledge, restructuring the thinking.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-02T12:34:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaKamyllaESilvaXavierDeAlmeida_DISSERT.pdf: 6614928 bytes, checksum: 90f4381a03e907a132a62b325c485eb0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-07T18:21:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaKamyllaESilvaXavierDeAlmeida_DISSERT.pdf: 6614928 bytes, checksum: 90f4381a03e907a132a62b325c485eb0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T18:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaKamyllaESilvaXavierDeAlmeida_DISSERT.pdf: 6614928 bytes, checksum: 90f4381a03e907a132a62b325c485eb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-21 / Esta proposta pretende contribuir com o ensino e aprendizagem da F?sica em condi??es ordin?rias de trabalho no Ensino M?dio de escolas p?blicas do interior do Nordeste brasileiro. Consiste da elabora??o, implementa??o e avalia??o de um conjunto de Sequ?ncias de Ensino cobrindo conte?dos iniciais de F?sica T?rmica previstos para o ensino m?dio; ou seja, abrangendo os temas: Temperatura, Term?metros e Escalas Termom?tricas; Natureza e Propaga??o do Calor; Dilata??o t?rmica; Calorimetria; e Descri??o Macrosc?pica de Um G?s Ideal. Esse conjunto de sequ?ncias de ensino, considerado ? parte da disserta??o, constitui o que ? exigido pelo Programa de P?s-gradua??o com o nome Produto Educacional. A pesquisa, de cunho predominantemente qualitativo, reflete acerca de aspectos hist?ricos do ensino de F?sica no Brasil como pontos de partida para entender a realidade atual da disciplina de F?sica no Ensino M?dio das escolas p?blicas brasileiras. Discute, com base na literatura da ?rea, as dificuldades de professores e alunos no ensino e aprendizagem da disciplina de F?sica, algumas relacionadas ?s caracter?sticas pr?prias da disciplina e outras com o modo pelo qual se d? o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Como abordagens facilitadoras neste processo s?o adotadas as ?nfases curriculares em Ci?ncia-Tecnologia-Sociedade-Ambiente (CTSA) e de Ensino por Investiga??o (E/I), ambas fundamentadas de acordo com a literatura especializada. Em seguida, s?o descritas a elabora??o, implementa??o e avalia??o de Sequ?ncias de Ensino Investigativas (SEIs) para os conte?dos de F?sica T?rmica, de acordo com o referencial te?rico utilizado. A interven??o feita em sala de aula ancora-se na metodologia cooperativa e participante da pesquisa-a??o em duas turmas reunidas de 2? Ano de Ensino M?dio da Escola Estadual Nelson Batista Alves, situada no munic?pio de Bernardino Batista, na microrregi?o de Cajazeiras, extremo Oeste da Para?ba. As an?lises dos resultados das interven??es s?o feitas com base no m?todo de An?lise de Conte?do, tamb?m previamente discutido. Dentre os resultados mais representativos obtidos, temos: (i) as respostas aos testes de sondagem utilizados no in?cio de cada interven??o escolar com o intuito de obter as concep??es pr?vias dos estudantes sobre conceitos e fen?menos envolvidos, que propiciaram intensivas discuss?es esclarecedoras de aspectos diversos do conhecimento formal; (ii) as descri??es das observa??es feitas pelos alunos dos experimentos demonstrativos utilizados para apresenta??o do ?modus operandi? de leis e princ?pios f?sicos; (iii) a descri??o de respostas e discuss?es estabelecidas na turma sobre o conte?do de textos de apoio utilizados como instrumentos para enfatizar uma abordagem CTSA; e, finalmente, (iv) as respostas e discuss?es propiciadas por outros textos de apoio cuidadosamente selecionados para uso como contexto de um ensino respaldado na investiga??o. Em geral, pudemos concluir que h? viabilidade para implementar um ensino com estas caracter?sticas para o tipo de p?blico-alvo deste trabalho, embora tenhamos que superar uma enorme gama de dificuldades relacionadas ? realidade escolar e ao ambiente cultural. / This proposal aims to contribute to the teaching and learning of physics in ordinary working conditions in public high school institutions in the interior of the Brazilian Northeast. It consists of the design, implementation and evaluation of a set of Teaching Sequences covering initial contents of Thermal Physics provided for high school; i.e., covering the following topics: Temperature, Thermometers and Thermometric Scales; Heat Nature and Propagation Mechanisms; Thermal expansion; Calorimetry; and Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas. This set of teaching sequences, considered apart from the dissertation, is what is required by the Graduate Program with the name Educational Product. The research, of predominantly qualitative nature, reflects about historical aspects of teaching physics in Brazil as a starting point to understand the current reality of the discipline of physics in high school of Brazilian public educational institutions. It discusses, based in the literature, the difficulties of teachers and students in teaching and learning the discipline of physics, some related to the characteristics of the discipline and others with the way in which it gives the teaching-learning process. As facilitator approaches in this process are adopted curricular emphases in Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE) and Education by Research (EbyR), both founded according to the literature. Then are described the design, implementation and evaluation of Sequences of Investigative Education (SIEs) for Thermal Physics contents, according to the theoretical framework. Intervention made in the classroom is anchored in the cooperative methodology and participatory action-research in two gathered groups from 2nd high school year in the State School Nelson Batista Alves, in the municipality of Bernardino Batista, the micro region of Cajazeiras, far west Paraiba. Analysis of the results of interventions are made based on the content analysis method, also previously discussed. Among the most representative results we have: (i) responses to probing tests used at the beginning of each school intervention in order to get the preconceptions of students on concepts and phenomena involved, which provided intensive enlightening discussions of various aspects of formal knowledge; (ii) descriptions of the observations made by the students' demonstration experiments used to present the 'modus operandi' of laws and physical principles; (iii) a description of responses and discussions established in class about the contents of supporting texts used as instruments to emphasize a STSE approach; and finally (iv) the responses and aditional discussions enabled by other discussions handouts carefully selected for use as the context of a teaching supported by investigation. Overall, we concluded that there is possibility to implement an education with these characteristics for the type of audience for this work, although we have to overcome a huge range of difficulties related to the school reality and the cultural environment.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-06-02T22:45:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelVictorDeMeloSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 11731929 bytes, checksum: 434869a7e58a0837ddd3098a90a82d0f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-09T19:52:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelVictorDeMeloSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 11731929 bytes, checksum: 434869a7e58a0837ddd3098a90a82d0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T19:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelVictorDeMeloSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 11731929 bytes, checksum: 434869a7e58a0837ddd3098a90a82d0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O homem sempre buscou instalar sua infraestrutura de ocupa??o, defesa e sobreviv?ncia pr?xima das Zonas Costeiras. A Praia de Ponta Negra, localizada ao Sul da cidade de Natal/RN, ilustra bem o processo praticado pelo homem de ocupa??o das terras por meio da explora??o de recursos naturais, muitas vezes causando altera??es na paisagem mediante o desmatamento, a pr?tica de cortes e aterros para urbaniza??o, especula??o do pre?o da terra e da instala??o de numerosas atividades econ?micas ao longo da praia. A din?mica da ocupa??o de Ponta Negra causou condi??es favor?veis ao crescente processo erosivo que gerou danos f?sicos ao cal?ad?o desta praia. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo construir uma an?lise integrada da zona costeira da praia de Ponta Negra em Natal/RN. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo ? composto por dois artigos distintos, em que o primeiro se dedica a identificar as modifica??es morfol?gicas da praia de Ponta Negra, no per?odo de 1969 a 2016. Os valores de volume sedimentar do perfil morfol?gico utilizados foram coletados in loco no per?odo de 12 meses (2012/2013). Na identifica??o das fei??es pret?ritas foram consideradas fotografias a?reas obtidas pelo Servi?o A?reo Cruzeiro do Sul, em 1969 e imagens recentes do Google Earth Pro. No processamento das imagens empregou-se t?cnicas de processamento digital de imagens e Sistemas de Informa??es Geogr?fica (SIG). O segundo artigo busca tra?ar um perfil sobre a ocupa??o humana e eventos costeiros na praia de Ponta Negra, tomando como base as not?cias veiculadas no acervo jornal?stico da Tribuna do Norte, no per?odo de 1950 a 2016. Considera-se que o acervo de um jornal pode ser uma fonte informacional que retrata, ainda que parcialmente, um panorama dos importantes eventos ocorridos ao longo do tempo. Isto numa regi?o de uma cidade onde informa??es s?o, muitas vezes, inexistentes. Na constru??o do perfil utilizou-se a t?cnica da an?lise de conte?do, classificando em cinco grandes categorias a an?lise costeira integrada: ocupa??o humana, eventos meteorol?gicos, usos, pol?ticas p?blicas e press?es socioecon?micas. Tamb?m realizou-se a an?lise de correspond?ncia com intuito de associar os anos considerados no estudo das categorias de classifica??o. Adicionalmente, as not?cias classificadas como ?eventos meteorol?gicos? noticiados pelo Jornal foram relacionados qualitativamente ao acumulado de precipita??o conforme os registros da Esta??o Meteorol?gica do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, localizada na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. O resultado do monitoramento da eros?o no perfil praial e a precipita??o mensal acumulada traz uma correla??o negativa. Quanto aos principais resultados do primeiro artigo, ressalta-se que o processo de avalia??o das fei??es costeiras resultou que em 1969 a mancha urbana representava 16,4% da ?rea de e mais de 60% em 2016. Esse dado corrobora com a hip?tese de que a destrui??o das fei??es de prote??o do ambiente potencializou o processo erosivo. As demais classes apresentaram diminui??o de ?rea, ao contr?rio da mancha urbana. Na classe vegeta??o ocorre diminui??o de 37,2% para 13,6% de cobertura vegetal e esse quadro seria respons?vel pela n?o fixa??o de sedimentos inconsolidados. Os resultados do segundo artigo demonstraram que durante todo o per?odo analisado, houve um aumento no n?mero de not?cias veiculados pelo Jornal. Esse acr?scimo de not?cias sobre a Praia de Ponta Negra ?, inicialmente, notado a partir dos anos 70, momento a partir do qual a praia em tela passa a despontar no notici?rio da m?dia impressa. Percebe-se tamb?m diferen?as nos temas das publica??es ao se compara o primeiro momento do estudo (Anos 50 e 60) e o final do estudo (Anos 2000). no primeiro momento o foco da m?dia era primordialmente quanto ao ?uso e forma de ocupa??o?. Nos anos mais recentes (Anos 2000) o foco passou a evidenciar os ?eventos meteorol?gicos?. Essa mudan?a de foco deve, possivelmente, ter rela??o com o crescimento das discuss?es em torno da mudan?as clim?ticas no mundo, que, com o passar dos anos, tem influenciado fortemente o conte?do jornal?stico. Finalmente, ainda verificou-se eventos erosivos que vieram a destruir partes extensas do cal?ad?o da praia de Ponta Negra. / Man has always sought to install his infrastructure of occupation, defense and survival near the Coastal Zones. Ponta Negra Beach, located in the south of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, illustrates well the process practiced by the man of land occupation, through the exploitation of natural resources, often causing changes in the landscape with deforestation, the practice of cuts and landfills for urbanization, speculation of the price of land and the installation of numerous economic activities along the beach. The dynamics of the occupation of Ponta Negra caused favorable conditions to the growing erosive process that generated physical damages to the boardwalk of this beach. This research aims to build an integrated analysis of the coastal zone of the beach of Ponta Negra, Natal. In this sense, the present study is composed of two distinct articles, in which the first one is dedicated to identify the morphological changes of the beach of Ponta Negra from 1969 to 2016. The values of sedimentary volume of the morphological profile used were collected locally in the period of 12 months (2012/2013). In the identification of the previous features were considered aerial photographs by the Cruzeiro do Sul Air Service in 1969. In addition, the most recent features were exported from the software Google Earth PRO. We used the technique of remote sensing, digital image processing in Geographic Information System (GIS). The second article seeks to draw a profile on human occupation and coastal events on the beach of Ponta Negra, based on the reports published in the journalistic collection of the Tribuna do Norte from 1950 to 2016. It is considered that the collection from the journal can be an informational source that portray, albeit partially, an overview of the important events that have occurred over time in a region of a city where information is often non-existent. Furthermore, to construct this profile, the content analysis technique was used to classify five categories of integrated coastal analysis: human occupation, meteorological events, uses, public policies and socioeconomic pressures. The correspondence analysis was also performed in order to associate the categories considered in the study. Additionally, the news classified as "meteorological events" reported by the Journal were qualitatively related to the rainfall accumulation observed according to the Meteorological Station records of the National Meteorological Institute located at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The result of erosion monitoring in the beach profile and the accumulated monthly rainfall has a negative correlation. As for the main results of the first article, it is pointed out that the process of evaluation of the coastal features showedthat in 1969 the urban spot represented 16.4% of the total space cut and in 2016 more than 60%. This asserts the hypothesis that the destruction of environmental protection features has potentiated the erosive process. The other classes showed a decrease of area as opposed to the urban spot. In the vegetation class, there is a decrease from 37.2% to 13.6% and this composition is responsible for the fixation of the unconsolidated sediments. The results of the second article showed that throughout the analyzed period, there was an increase in the number of news stories published by the Journal. This increase in news about Ponta Negra Beach is initially noticed from the 70s, when the beach is always included in the media considered in the study. Differences in the subject of publications are also seen when comparing the first moment of the study (Years 50 and 60) and the end of the study (Years 2000). The initial focus of the media was primarily on "use and form of occupation". In contrast, the focus of the news in the most recent years (Years 2000) have come to highlight the so-called "meteorological events". This change in the focus of the news is possibly related to the increasing importance of discussion on climate change in the world and that over the years has strongly influenced journalistic content.Finally, in addition, there have been erosive events that have destroyed vast parts of the boardwalk from the beach of Ponta Negra.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-09-04T21:15:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DeyzianneDosSantosFonseca_DISSERT.pdf: 7122991 bytes, checksum: 534afc67a158c1b62e23818dc0d83deb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-11T19:17:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DeyzianneDosSantosFonseca_DISSERT.pdf: 7122991 bytes, checksum: 534afc67a158c1b62e23818dc0d83deb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T19:17:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeyzianneDosSantosFonseca_DISSERT.pdf: 7122991 bytes, checksum: 534afc67a158c1b62e23818dc0d83deb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / O presente trabalho tenciona trazer contribui??es para o aprendizado do conceito de press?o atmosf?rica e a inser??o de discuss?es sobre a natureza do conhecimento cient?fico na educa??o b?sica. Procura-se contemplar a compreens?o de aspectos da constru??o hist?rica do conceito cient?fico em atividades que despertam o pensamento cr?tico e desenvolvem a imagina??o dos alunos, particularmente, por meio da interpreta??o de trechos de textos hist?ricos originais. O produto educacional proposto ? uma sequ?ncia did?tica, de perspectiva hist?rico-filos?fica. Prop?e-se que os alunos se engajem em processo ?investigativo? que lhes permita: estabelecer suas explica??es iniciais para fen?meno f?sico cotidiano (evidenciando eventuais concep??es alternativas); perceber eventuais semelhan?as (e diferen?as) entre suas pr?prias explica??es iniciais e concep??es expressadas por pensadores do passado em documentos hist?ricos; compreender elementos do processo hist?rico de constru??o do conceito de press?o atmosf?rica; perceber a eventual inexist?ncia ou fragilidade do fator press?o atmosf?rica em suas explica??es iniciais (como pressuposto te?rico) e a possibilidade de reconsider?-las ? luz desse fator. Sugere-se sequ?ncia did?tica mediada, de car?ter dial?gico, organizada em momentos de discuss?o a respeito de conte?dos de ci?ncia e sobre a ci?ncia. Uma pesquisa emp?rica foi realizada durante a aplica??o da sequ?ncia did?tica em minicurso para estudantes do Ensino M?dio. Uma contribui??o relevante se delineou na medida em que o referido conceito foi coletivamente utilizado de forma satisfat?ria em reinterpreta??o do fen?meno f?sico inicialmente submetido ? problematiza??o. Estabeleceu-se, assim, a constru??o coletiva do conhecimento, em processo no qual professor e alunos se inseriram como protagonistas. Particularmente, o texto a seguir discute resultados provenientes de instrumentos de pesquisa aplicados antes e ap?s a interven??o, os quais contemplam questionamentos abertos acerca de fen?menos f?sicos relacionados ? press?o atmosf?rica, bem como questionamentos abertos acerca de vis?es de Natureza da Ci?ncia sustentadas pelos estudantes. / This work aims to contribute to the learning of the concept of air pressure and the insertion of discussions on nature of scientific knowledge in basic education. It takes into account the historical construction of this concept in activities that arouse critical thinking and develop the imagination of students, particularly through the interpretation of primary sources. The educational tool suggested is a didactic sequence based on historical and philosophical approach. It proposes that students act in an "investigative" process that allows establishing their initial explanations for a daily physical phenomenon (including any misconceptions), as well as noticing any similarities (and differences) between its own initial explanations and views expressed by thinkers of the past in historical documents. Students are given the opportunity to understand elements of the historical development of the concept of air pressure. They can realize the possible absence or weakness of this factor (as a theoretical assumption) in their initial explanations and have the possibility to reconsider them in light of that element. It is suggested special use of primary sources in mediated intervention of dialogical character, organized in discussions on scientific contents and on nature of science. An empirical research concerning the use of the didactic sequence was carried out in a short-term course for high school students. A major contribution was outlined to the extent that the physical concept was used satisfactorily in a reinterpretation of the phenomenon initially subjected to questioning. It was established thus the collective construction of knowledge by a process in which teacher and students acted as protagonists. Particularly, this work discusses results emerging from research tools applied before and after the intervention, more specifically open questions about physical phenomena related to air pressure as well as open questions about the NOS views held by students.

As transições eletrônicas que apresenta as energias mais baixas no retinal e em quatro retinais sintéticos foram analisadas em dois diferentes ambientes: no vácuo e ligados à proteína bacterioopsina por uma base de Schiff protonada, utilizando diversos métodos de química teórica. Os resultados aqui apresentados fornecem indicativos de que três estados eletrônicos estão envolvidos na formação da primeira banda de absorção dos aldeídos, enquanto que, no caso dos compostos ligados à proteína apenas dois estados estariam envolvidos. As análises discutidas neste trabalho também sugerem uma possível explicação para o envolvimento de dois estados eletrônicos excitados no processo de fotoisomerização do retinal ligado à bacterioopsina. / Low-lying electronic transitions of retinal and of four synthetic retinals were analyzed in two different environments: in vacuum and linked to bacterioopsin through a protonated Schiff base, employing several methods of theoretical chemistry. The results here reported suggest that the first absorption band of the aldehydes involves three electronic states, while for the case of protein linked compounds, two states would be embraced. Our discussions also provided a possible explanation about the involvement of two electronic excited states in the photoisomerization process of retinal linked to bacterioopsin.

La compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) est l'aptitude des produits électroniques à coexister au niveau électromagnétique. Dans la pratique, c'est une tâche très complexe que de concevoir des produits compatibles. L'arme permettant de concevoir des produits bon-du-premier-coup est la modélisation. Cette thèse étudie l'utilité et la faisabilité de la modélisation de l'immunité des circuits intégrés (CI) au-delà de 1 GHz. Si les pistes des circuits imprimés déterminent l'immunité rayonnée de ces circuits, il serait pertinent de pouvoir prévoir l'efficacité de couplage et de comprendre comment elle découle du routage des pistes. Les solveurs full-wave sont lents et ne contribuent pas à la compréhension. En conséquence, un modèle existant (la cellule de Taylor) est modifié de manière à ce que son temps de calcul soit divisé par 100. De plus, ce modèle modifié est capable de fournir une explication de la limite supérieure pour le couplage d'une onde plane, rasante et polarisée verticalement vers une piste de plusieurs segments, électriquement longue et avec des terminaisons arbitraires. Les résultats jusqu'à 20 GHz corrèlent avec des simulations fullwave à une erreur absolue moyenne de 2,6 dB près et avec des mesures en cellule GTEM (Gigahertz Transversale Electromagnétique) à une erreur absolue moyenne de 4,0 dB près. Si l'immunité conduite des CI est intéressante au-delà de 1 GHz, il faut une méthode de mesure, valable au-delà de 1 GHz. Actuellement, il n'y a pas de méthode normalisée, car la fréquence élevée fausse les observations faites avec la manipulation normalisée. Il est difficile de modéliser et de compenser le comportement de la manipulation normalisée. Par conséquent, une manipulation simplifiée et sa méthode d'extraction correspondante sont proposées, ainsi qu'une démonstration du principe de génération automatique de la carte d'essai utilisée dans la manipulation simplifiée. Pour illustrer la méthode simplifiée, l'immunité conduite d'un régulateur de tension LM7805 est mesurée jusqu'à 4,2 GHz. À part la tendance générale des fréquences qui montent, il y a peu de preuve concrète qui étaye la pertinence de la modélisation de l'immunité conduite des CI au-delà de 1 GHz. Une simulation full-wave suggère que jusqu'à 10 GHz, la plus grande partie de l'énergie rentre dans la puce à travers la piste. Par concaténation des modèles développés ci-dessus, l'immunité rayonnée d'une piste micro-ruban et d'un régulateur de tension LM7805 est prédite. Bien que ce modèle néglige l'immunité rayonnée du CI lui-même, la prédiction corrèle avec des mesures en cellule GTEM à une erreur absolue de 2,1 dB en moyenne. Ces expériences suggèrent que la plus grande partie du rayonnement entre dans un circuit imprimé à travers ses pistes, bien au-delà de 1 GHz. Dans ce cas, la modélisation de l'immunité conduite au-delà de 1 GHz serait utile. Par conséquent, l'extension jusqu'à 10 GHz de la méthode de mesure CEI 62132-4 devrait être considérée. De plus, la vitesse et la transparence du modèle de Taylor modifié pour le couplage champ-à-ligne permettent des innovations dans la conception assistée par l'ordinateur. La génération semiautomatique des cartes d'essais dites maigres pourrait faciliter l'extraction des modèles. Certaines questions critiques et importantes demeurent ouvertes. / Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is the faculty of working devices to co-exist electromagnetically. In practice, it turns out to be very complex to create electromagnetically compatible devices. The weapon to succeed the complex challenge of creating First-Time-Right (FTR) compatible devices is modelling. This thesis investigates whether it makes sense to model the conducted immunity of Integrated Circuits (ICs) beyond 1 GHz and how to do that. If the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) traces determine a PCB's radiated immunity, it is interesting to predict their coupling efficiency and to understand how that depends on the trace routing. Because full-wave solvers are slow and do not yield understanding, the existing Taylor cell model is modified to yield another 100 times speedup and an insightful upper bound, for vertically polarised, grazing-incident plane wave illumination of electrically long, multi-segment traces with arbitrary terminal loads. The results up to 20 GHz match with full-wave simulations to within 2.6 dB average absolute error and with Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic-cell (GTEM-cell) measurements to within 4.0 dB average absolute error. If the conducted immunity of ICs is interesting above 1 GHz, a measurement method is needed that is valid beyond 1 GHz. There is no standardised method yet, because with rising frequency, the common measurement set-up increasingly obscures the IC's immunity. An attempt to model and remove the set-up's impact on the measurement result proved difficult. Therefore, a simplified set-up and extraction method is proposed and a proof-of-concept of the automatic generation of the set-up's PCB is given. The conducted immunity of an LM7805 voltage regulator is measured up to 4.2 GHz to demonstrate the method. Except for a general trend of rising frequencies, there is only little concrete proof for the relevance of IC immunity modelling beyond 1 GHz. A full-wave simulation suggests that up to 10 GHz, most energy enters the die via the trace. Similarly, the radiated immunity of a microstrip trace and an LM7805 voltage regulator is predicted by concatenating the models developed above. Although this model neglects the radiated immunity of the IC itself, the prediction corresponds with GTEM-cell measurement to within 2.1 dB average absolute error. These experiments suggest the most radiation enters a PCB via its traces, well beyond 1 GHz, hence it is useful to model the conducted immunity of IC beyond 1 GHz. Therefore, the extension of IEC 62132-4 to 10 GHz should be seriously considered. Moreover, the speed and transparency of the modified Taylor model for field-to-trace coupling open up new possibilities for computer-aided design. The semi-automatic generation of lean extraction PCB could facilitate model extraction. There are also critical remaining questions, remaining to be answered.

Organizations in highly regulated industries have an increasing need to protect their intellectual assets, because Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) entities are capable of using supply chain attacks to bypass traditional defenses. This work investigates the feasibility of preventing supply chain attacks by isolating the build environment of the software using hardware isolation. Specifically, this work analyzes the extent to which the Intel SGX can guarantee the integrity and authenticity of software produced in Highly Regulated Environments. A theoretical evaluation using assurance cases shows that a hardware isolation approach has the potential to guarantee the integrity and authenticity of the produced software. Security weaknesses in Intel SGX significantly limit the confidence in its ability to secure the build environment. Directions for future work to secure a build environment with a hardware isolation approach are suggested. Most importantly, the guarantees from hardware isolation should be improved, suggestively by choosing a more secure hardware isolation solution, and a proof-of-concept of the approach should be implemented. / Organisationer i mycket reglerade industrier har ett ökat behov av att skydda sina intellektuella tillgångar, eftersom avancerade långvariga hot (APT) har förmågan att använda sig av distributionskedjeattacker för att ta sig förbi existerande skydd. Det här arbetet undersöker möjligheten att skydda sig mot distributionskedjeattacker genom att isolera mjukvarans byggmiljö med hjälp av hårdvaruisolering. Specifikt analyseras till vilken grad Intel SGX kan garantera integriteten och autenticiteten av mjukvara som produceras i mycket reglerade miljöer. En teoretisk evaluering genom assurans visar att hårdvaruisolering har möjligheten att garantera integriteten och autenticiteten hos den producerade mjukvaran. Säkerhetsbrister i Intel SGX begränsar i hög grad förtroendet för dess förmåga att säkra byggmiljön. För vidare forskning föreslås att garantierna från hårdvaruisolering förbättras, förslagsvis genom att välja säkrare hårdvaruisoleringslösningar, samt att en prototyp av lösningen implementeras.

The amount of data being collected is increasing astronomically. Hence questions about privacy and data security are becoming more important than ever. A fast-changing culture is also reflected in the demands and requirements placed on software systems. Products and services need to evolve with the demands and feedback from customers to stay relevant on the market. Working methods and technologies have been refined to afford updating software continuously. However, rapidly changing software cause concern for the quality and level of security in the release. This thesis is a comprehensive literature study, reviewing the challenges of ensuring secure practises for continuously evolving software. The problem solved by the thesis is lack of an overall picture of the security concerns during continuous evolution. The findings are summarised in a checklist of areas of concern for security when maintaining and updating systems with continuous practises in cloud environments. This study shows that ensuring security, while delivering continuous releases, is a daunting task. It requires close collaboration between teams handling different aspects of software. This, in turn, entails a widening of competences to include knowledge about the work of other departments. It is concluded that personnel with this wide range of skill will be hard to acquire. / I en tid då mängden data som samlas in om individer ökar i ohindrad takt, blir frågor om integritet och informationssäkerhet viktigare än någonsin. Kraven på snabb utveckling och förändring präglar även metoderna för mjukvaruutveckling. Produkter och tjänster måste konstant anpassas efter kundernas önskemål för att förbli relevant på marknaden. Arbetssätt och teknologier har utvecklats över tid för att möjliggöra mjukvara som uppdateras kontinuerligt. Konstant föränderlig mjukvara leder dock till oro för kvalitén och säkerheten av uppdateringarna. Den här uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie som undersöker utmaningarna att säkerställa säkerhet för mjukvara som uppdateras kontinuerligt. Problemet som löses genom studien är den saknade helhetsbilden av säkerhetsproblem vid kontinuerligt föränderlig mjukvara. Resultatet sammanfattas i en checklista för områden som väcker oro för säkerheten vid arbetssätt som tillåter kontinuerliga uppdateringar i moln-miljöer. Studien visar att leverera säkra lösningar kontinuerligt är en svår uppgift. Det kräver nära samarbete mellan team som sköter olika delar av mjukvaruutveckling. Detta fordrar vida kompetenser som inkluderar förståelse av varandras arbete. Att finna personal med tillräckligt vida kompetenser uppskattas vara problematiskt.

This thesis applies energy measurements to the domain of continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD) pipelines. The goal is to conduct transparent and fine-granular energy measurements of these pipelines, increasing awareness and allowing optimizations regarding their energy efficiency. CI and CD automate processes like compilation, running tests, and code analysis tools and can improve the software quality and developer experience and enable more frequent releases. Initially, the applicability of existing energy measurement approaches for these tasks is analyzed. Afterward, a generic framework consisting of a pipeline run analyzer, a resource consumption collector, and an energy calculator is proposed. A representative implementation for a state-of-the-art infrastructure is devised to demonstrate its functionality, enabling the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data from real-world examples. Finally, it is examined whether this data aligns with the theoretical considerations and can be used to optimize the pipelines. The overall goal is to contribute to the sustainability of DevOps processes and therefore counteract the disastrous consequences of unrestrained climate change. / Denna avhandling tillämpar energimätningar på området kontinuerlig integration (CI) och kontinuerlig leverans (CD). Målet är att genomföra transparenta och finkorniga energimätningar av dessa pipelines, vilket ökar medvetenheten och möjliggör optimeringar av deras energieffektivitet. CI och CD automatiserar processer som kompilering, testkörning och kodanalysverktyg och kan förbättra programvarukvaliteten och utvecklarens upplevelse samt möjliggöra tätare lanseringar. Inledningsvis analyseras tillämpligheten av befintliga metoder för energimätning för dessa uppgifter. Därefter föreslås ett generiskt ramverk som består av en analysator för pipelinekörning, en insamlare av resursförbrukning och en energikalkylator. För att demonstrera dess funktionalitet utarbetas en representativ implementering för en modern infrastruktur som möjliggör insamling, analys och tolkning av data från verkliga exempel. Slutligen undersöks om dessa uppgifter stämmer överens med de teoretiska övervägandena och kan användas för att optimera rörledningarna. Det övergripande målet är att bidra till hållbarheten i DevOpsprocesser och därmed motverka de katastrofala konsekvenserna av ohämmade klimatförändringar.