This Master Thesis proposes a implementation for a doodle system which can scan hand drawn paper doodles using camera into the system and obtain a painting based on doodles impacting on a canvas in the system. The doodles which are scanned into the system are applied physical effects such as collisions and forces on. The implementation is supported by Cinder Library and Bullet Physics Library The Cinder used in this thesis is an open source C++ library developed by The Barbarian Group. The doodle system uses multiple draw methods and the framework provided by Cinder to build graphic components and a new system in a quick and efficient way. The Bullet Physics Library used in this thesis is a professional open source library for physics simulations. The Bullet is integrated into the doodle system as a component which perform physics simulations on doodles.

Volatile emissions from Cascades cinder cone eruptions have been well-documented; however the implications for understanding the effects that volcanic gases have on surrounding communities have not been addressed. This study examines the hazards from volatile degassing during explosive activity by (1) analyzing S, Cl, and F concentrations dissolved in olivine-hosted melt inclusions and matrix glass from cinder cones located in central Oregon and northern California, (2) estimating the mass of volcanic gas degassed during these eruptions, and (3) predicting gas concentrations downwind of the vent. Analyses reveal that the magmas degassed >88% S, <49% Cl, and <50% F during eruption, equating to a release of ≤4.5 Mt SO2, ≤0.2 Mt HCl, and ≤0.2 Mt HF. Predictions of gas concentrations downwind of the vent provides reassurance that the levels of volcanic gases were not high enough at the time of eruption to present acute or severe health hazards to nearby residents.

M.S.

Cinder Cone is the most recent cinder cone eruption in the continental United States at ~350 years old. This study examines the physical characteristics of the explosive deposit of the volcano in order to infer eruption timing, style, and mechanisms. Building on previous work and using spatial extent, field relationships, and grain size, componentry, and textural data of ten samples from one column, this study demonstrates that Cinder Cone erupted in at least two distinct phases with at least two distinct eruption styles. This speaks to the changing magma supply and transport processes occurring beneath the volcano. Curiosities about the eruption include the extensive degree of contamination that contributed abundant quartz xenocrysts to all the deposits. Future work includes determining the extent and mechanism/s of contamination and tephra component creation. These data are important for informing hazard assessments of areas with abundant cinder cone volcanoes.

Landscapes evolve through a number of processes in response to a wide range of forcing mechanisms. Many of the processes that drive landscape evolution occur at the interface between fluid and sediment. Sediment transport leads to changes in topography that, in turn, influence fluid flow. Feedback mechanisms between topography and fluid flow can lead to the formation of patterns, such as sand ripples, dune fields, parallel channel networks, and periodically spaced valleys. In many cases, the development and evolution of patterns within landscapes are heavily influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, given relationships between landform features and the underlying processes, present-day landscapes have the potential to be used to infer a record of climatic conditions over the course of their development. An inability to make direct observations over geologically relevant timescales makes it difficult to study the processes that influence landscape evolution. Mathematical models provide a means of quantitatively linking natural patterns and landscape features with physical processes. Patterns in landscapes also provide a simple means of testing quantitative representations of geomorphic processes. In this work, we develop landscape evolution models to study the development of debris-flow-dominated hillslopes, rill networks, and cinder cones. Through a combination of theoretical modeling, analysis of experimental data, and remote sensing data, we attempt to better understand each of these three systems. While each system is interesting in isolation, these and similar studies add to our knowledge of the mathematical representations of processes that are used more generally within the study of landscape evolution.

Mafic eruptions have been the dominant form of volcanic activity in central Oregon throughout the Holocene. These eruptions have produced cinder cones, extensive lava flows, and tephra blankets. In most cases, the extent and volume of the tephra blankets has not been determined, despite the fact that future tephra production would pose considerable hazards to transportation, infrastructure, and public health. The economy of the region, which is largely based in tourism, would also be negatively impacted. For this reason, developing a better understanding of the extent and dynamics of tephra production at recent mafic vents is critical, both in terms of mitigating the hazards associated with future eruptions and in improving our scientific understanding of explosive mafic activity. Here I present detailed field and laboratory studies of tephra from recent mafic vents at Newberry Volcano and in the central Oregon High Cascades. Studies of Newberry vents show that eruption style is strongly correlated with eruptive volume, that extensive magma storage and assimilation occurred prior to the eruption of these vents, and that minimum pre-magmatic water content as recorded by plagioclase was 2.5 wt.%. Detailed mapping and physical studies of tephra deposits from High Cascades vents show that several recent eruptions produced extensive tephra deposits. These deposits are physically similar to well-documented historic eruptions that have been characterized as violent strombolian. At least one Cascade cinder cone (Sand Mountain) produced a tephra deposit that is unusually large in volume and characterized by uniformly fine-grained clasts, which is interpreted as evidence for syn-eruptive interaction with external water. Microtextural characteristics of tephra, along with an evaluation of possible water sources, support this interpretation. These investigations demonstrate that magma storage and eruption style at mafic vents is both variable and complex. Additionally, these studies show that cinder cones in central Oregon have the potential to erupt much more explosively than previously assumed. The results of this study will be an important tool for developing comprehensive regional hazard assessments. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

One chemoautotrophic origin of life theory posits the abiotic formation of alkyl thiols as an initial step to forming biomolecules and eventually a simple chemoautotrophic cell. The premise of this theory is that a recurring reaction on the charged surfaces of pyrite served as a primordial metabolism analogous to the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (Wächtershäuser 1988) that was later enveloped by a primitive cellular membrane. Alkyl thiols have not previously been identified in terrestrial hot springs as unequivocally abiogenic, but they have been produced in the laboratory under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of a catalyst. I analyzed the dissolved gas content of several hot springs and conducted sterile laboratory experiments in order to evaluate the abiogenic formation of methanethiol (CH3SH), the simplest of the alkyl thiols. Specifically of interest was Cinder Pool, an acid-sulfate-chloride hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. This spring is unusual in that it contains a subaqueous molten sulfur layer (~18 m depth) and thousands of iron- vii sulfur-spherules floating on the surface, which are created by gas bubbling through the molten floor of the spring. This material could potentially serve as a reactive and catalytic surface for abiogenic CH3SH formation in Cinder Pool. Gas samples were collected from Cinder Pool and an adjacent hydrothermal feature in fall of 2011 using the bubble strip method. Two samples contained measurable quantities of CH3SH and other organic sulfur gases, with concentrations of all gases generally higher at the bottom of the pool. Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to replicate these findings in a sterile environment. Analog Cinder Pool water was injected into serum bottles containing different iron-sulfur compounds, including cinders collected from the pool itself, as catalytic surfaces for the CH3SH generating reaction. The bottles were then charged with hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon disulfide (CS2) as reaction gases and incubated for a week at temperatures between 60 and 100oC. Bottles used either powdered FeS, FeS2 (pyrite) or cinder material as a catalytic surface, and all of these surfaces were capable of catalyzing CH3SH formation. In bottles without imposed CS2, however, cinder material was the only surface that produced any detectable CH3SH. While CH3SH is central to the autotroph-first theory and has been synthesized in the laboratory (e.g. Heinen and Lauwers 1996), it has not previously been observed to form abiotically in natural systems. I have identified CH3SH in a natural hydrothermal feature where it is unlikely to have formed secondary to microbial activity, and I have duplicated these field findings in sterile laboratory experiments using the cinders as a reactive surface for formation. / text

xvi, 167 p. ; ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Volatiles, particularly H 2 O, play an important role in subduction zone magmatism, from instigating melting of the mantle wedge to influencing the explosivity of eruptions at the surface. To better understand both small-scale eruptive processes and large-scale melt generation processes, concentrations of H 2 O, CO 2 , Cl and S were measured in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from nine monogenetic volcanoes across the Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF) in central Mexico. Melt inclusions, tiny blebs of melt trapped within crystals during growth, record pre-eruptive melt compositions and dissolved volatile contents. Analyses of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the long-lived (15 years) eruption of Volcan Jorullo illustrate the complexities of cinder cone eruptions. The later-erupted melt inclusions record decreases in crystallization depths, increases in magma storage time, and shallow assimilation of granitic bedrock, suggesting significant evolution of the magma plumbing system over time. Because melt inclusions are trapped at variable depths during magma crystallization, they record progressive degassing of melts during ascent and eruption. Degassing of basaltic melts is variable due to differences in solubility of the volatile components. Estimated volatile solubilities based on variations in melt inclusion data for the MGVF suggest that Cl and S have high solubility, with little to no degassing of these species during ascent and eruption, whereas H 2 O and CO 2 show evidence of substantial degassing. Furthermore, increases in concentrations of incompatible elements in melt inclusions correlate with extents of degassing, suggesting that degassing during ascent drives melt crystallization in many cinder cone eruptions. The volatile contents of mafic arc magmas as revealed by melt inclusions reflect the influx of H 2 O-rich components from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. Across-arc patterns in volatile and incompatible trace element concentrations for MGVF magmas show that the flux of H 2 O-rich subduction components remains high for large distances across the arc. These data, combined with oxygen isotope analyses of olivine phenocrysts and 2-D thermo-mechanical models of the subduction zone, suggest a complex origin for the H 2 O-rich subduction components, involving dehydration of subducted sediment and storage of volatiles in hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge. This dissertation includes co-authored materials both previously published and submitted for publication. / Adviser: Paul J. Wallace

xvi, 182 p. : col. ill. / Volatile components (H 2 O, CO 2 , S, Cl) dissolved in magmas influence all aspects of volcanic activity from magma formation to eruption explosivity. Understanding the behavior of volatiles is critical for both mitigating volcanic hazards and attaining a deeper understanding of large-scale geodynamic processes. This work relates the dissolved volatile contents in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from young volcanics in the Central Oregon and Northern California Cascades to inferred magmatic processes at depth and subsequent eruptive activity at the surface. Cinder cone eruptions are the dominant form of Holocene volcanism in the Central Oregon segment of the High Cascades. Detailed field study of deposits from three cinder cones in Central Oregon reveals physical and compositional similarities to explosive historic eruptions characterized as violent strombolian. This work has important implications for future hazard assessments in the region. Based on melt inclusion data, pre-eruptive volatile contents for seven calc-alkaline cinder cones vary from 1.7-3.6 wt.% H 2 O, 1200-2100 ppm S, and 500-1200 ppm Cl. Subarc mantle temperatures inferred from H 2 O and trace elements are similar to or slightly warmer than temperatures in other arcs, consistent with a young and hot incoming plate. High-magnesium andesites (HMA) are relatively rare but potentially important in the formation of continental crust. Melt inclusions from a well-studied example of HMA from near Mt. Shasta, CA were examined because petrographic evidence for magma mixing has stimulated a recent debate over the origin of HMA magmas. High volatile contents (3.5-5.6 wt.% H 2 O, 830-2900 ppm S, 1590-2580 ppm Cl), primitive host crystals, and compositional similarities with experiments suggest that these inclusions represent mantle-derived magmas. The Cascades arc is the global end member, warm-slab subduction zone. Primitive magma compositions from the Cascades are compared to data for arcs spanning the global range in slab thermal state to examine systematic differences in slab-derived components added to the mantle wedge. H 2 O/Ce, Cl/Nb, and Ba/La ratios negatively correlate with inferred slab surface temperatures predicted by geodynamic models. Slab components become increasingly solute-rich as slab surface temperatures increase from ∼550 to 950°C at 120 km depth. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Paul J. Wallace, Chair and Advisor; Dr. Katharine Cashman, Member; Dr. Ilya Bindeman, Member; Dr. Richard Taylor, Outside Member

This study examines power structures and oppression in the first two novels of the Lunar Chronicles by Marissa Meyer. Postcolonial theory and concepts as the Other/the other, and mimicry supplemented with an intersectional perspective are applied in the study. The study investigates how the protagonist, Cinder, is treated as a cyborg in a human world, and as a Lunar on Earth. Furthermore, it focuses on what happens when the oppressed becomes the oppressor and gains power. I conclude that the humans in Meyer’s sequel treat cyborgs in a similar way as the colonizer has treated the colonized through history. Cyborgs are suppressed due to fear from humans who neither understand cyborgs, nor have any interest to learn about them. The humans have a preconceived idea about what and who the cyborgs are and in correlation to the colonizer, the humans see no point in changing that view. Therefore, humans take the role as the Other while pushing cyborgs to become the other. In a similar way, Lunars become the Other due to their Lunar gift, which creates a power imbalance that they use to suppress people on Earth. When Cinder accesses her Lunar gift, she transforms from being the oppressed into the oppressor, and she must face the consequences of possessing such power which results in someone’s death. She realizes then that she would rather be the oppressed and be hurt herself than to be the oppressor and hurt others.