An E-graph is constructed by replacing each edge in a core graph G with a copy of a graph H. An important property of E-graphs is that their invariant values can be determined from parameters of the original graphs G and H. We determine chromatic number, clique number, vertex and edge cover numbers, vertex and edge independence numbers, circumference, and girth of E-graphs. A characterization of hamiltonian E-graphs is also given.

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This cross-sectional investigation of 6,931 U.S. adults examined the relationship between sitting time and insulin resistance. A primary objective was to evaluate how this relationship was mediated by the following variables: age, sex, race, year of assessment, cigarette smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Self-reported sitting time, measured in minutes per day, was the exposure variable. Insulin resistance, indexed by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), was the outcome variable. Data were used from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Results showed a strong, positive association between sitting time and insulin resistance after adjusting for age, sex, race, and year of assessment (F = 13.3, p < 0.0001). Further controlling for cigarette smoking and physical activity did not alter the significance of the relationship. Adding BMI to the demographic covariates weakened the relationship but did not nullify it; however, the association was no longer significant after adjusting for differences in waist circumference (F = 1.39, p = 0.2563). Overall, waist circumference was a powerful mediating variable between sitting time and insulin resistance.

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Introducción: La circunferencia de cuello (CCu) es una medida útil para evaluar riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue determinar la correlación y establecer los mejores puntos de corte que correspondan entre CCu e Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y Circunferencia de Cintura (CCi). Métodos: Se utilizó la base de datos de Perú del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). Se evaluó por sexo: (i) la correlación de Pearson entre CCu e IMC y CCi, (ii) la Sensibilidad (Se) y Especificidad (Sp) para sobrepeso y obesidad (IMC) y para obesidad central (CCi), con el Índice de Youden. Resultados: Se encontró correlación fuerte por sexo entre CCu y CCi (hombres: r=0,81 y mujeres: r=0,80) y moderada entre CCu e IMC (r=0,80 y r=0,76 respectivamente). El punto de corte para definir sobrepeso/obesidad por CCu (IMC≥25.0 kg/m2) en hombres fue 36,95 cm y en mujeres 32,85 cm (Se: 81% y 78%; Sp: 77% y 88%, respectivamente), para obesidad (IMC≥30.0 kg/m2) fue 39,15 cm para hombres y 33.85 cm para mujeres (Se: 92% y 88%; Sp: de 84% y 73%, respectivamente) y para obesidad central fue 38,65 cm en hombres y 32,75 cm para mujeres (Se: 80% y 77%; Sp: de 89% y 89%, respectivamente). Conclusión: Se encontró una correlación fuerte entre CCu y CCi y moderada entre CCu e IMC. La CCu es una medida práctica y poco invasiva. Podría ser usada en salud pública para identificar riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. / Background: Neck circumference (NC) is being used lately to identify the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation and establish the best cut-off points that correspond between NC and Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Methods: Data were obtained from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS). The following were evaluated by sex: (i) Pearson's correlation between NC and BMI and WC, (ii) Sensitivity (Se) and Specificity (Sp) for overweight and obesity (BMI) and for central obesity (WC), with the Index of Youden. Results: A strong correlation by sex was found between NC and WC (men: r = 0.81 and women: r = 0.80, respectively) and a moderate correlation between NC and BMI (r = 0.80 and r = 0.76 respectively). The cutoff points to define overweight /obesity by NC (BMI≥25.0 kg / m2) in men was 36.95 cm and in women 32.85 cm (Se: 81% and 78%; Sp: 77% and 88%, respectively) and for obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg / m2) it was 39.15 cm for men and 33.85 cm for women (Se: 92% and 88%; Sp: 84% and 73%, respectively). For central obesity, the cutoff points is 38.65 cm for men and 32.75 cm for women (Se: 80% and 77%; Sp: 89% and 89%, respectively). Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between NC and WC and a moderate one between NC and BMI. The NC is a practical and minimally invasive measure that could be used in public health to identify the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. / Tesis

Previous research described the value farmers place on their ability to work. The impact of obesity on workers is an increasing concern in occupational health research; yet, knowledge regarding the impact of obesity on the performance of farm work is limited. Identifying the impact of obesity on farmer’s work ability can guide healthcare workers in promoting and motivating farmers to implement lifestyle changes to improve health and sustain longevity in their ability to work. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the impact of obesity on the work ability of U.S. farmers. Specific aims were to 1) examine the current state of the science regarding obesity in farmers; 2) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Work Ability Index; 3) identify the relationship between obesity and work ability; and 4) compare central versus general obesity as predictors of decreased work ability in U.S. farmers. Key findings of this research support obesity as an increasing concern among U.S. farmers which can result in a decline in work ability. Psychometric evaluation of the Work Ability Index also supports the use of this tool for research and clinical assessment in this population. Implications for clinical practice and nursing research are also discussed.

Resumo: Diante do grande impacto da fertilidade dos touros sobre as eficiências reprodutiva e produtiva em rebanhos comerciais, o presente trabalho foi realizado visando avaliar as características testiculares e seminais como critérios de seleção de touros jovens da raça Nelore. As correlações fenotípicas foram, de modo geral, baixas ou nulas (P<0,01) entre as características testiculares, seminais e de crescimento. Todas as características testiculares ou seminais deverão ser contempladas no exame andrológico, visto a independência existente entre as mesmas e a importância destas na comprovação da fertilidade de touros. Os componentes de (co)variância e os valores genéticos foram estimados pelo método da amostragem de Gibbs pelo programa GIBBS2F90, sob modelo animal, o qual incluiu como efeitos fixos, os grupos de contemporâneos e a idade do animal e como aleatório o efeito genético aditivo direto. As estimativas de herdabilidade para perímetro escrotal aos 18 meses, perímetro escrotal no andrológico, volume testicular, formato testicular, aptidão andrológica, defeitos espermáticos maiores, menores e totais foram: 0,42; 0,41; 0,23; 0,22; 0,10; 0,16; 0,04 e 0,15. As correlações genéticas entre perímetro escrotal aos 18 meses com as demais características testiculares e aptidão andrológica foram baixas a altas, de 0,20 a 0,84 e, baixas com as seminais, de -0,16 a -0,24. A circunferência escrotal como critério de seleção deverá promover ganho genético rápido por seleção individual e, por resposta correlacionada, aumento do volume testicular, mudança para formas mais esféricas dos testículos, melhoria da qualidade seminal e aumento do número de animais aptos à reprodução nas condições extensivas de criação no Brasil. / Abstract: Considering the great impact of fertility of bulls on reproductive and productive efficiency in commercial herds, the objective of this study was to evaluate the testicular and seminal traits as selection criteria of Nellore young bulls. The residual correlations between the traits were analyzed and, in general, the phenotypic associations were small (P<0.01) or null between the testicular, seminal and growth traits. The testicular or seminal traits should be considered in breeding soundness examination, due to their independence of each other and the importance to fertility of bulls. The genetic (co)variance components and genetic values were estimated by the Gibbs sampling method, using the program GIBBS2F90, under an animal model, which included, as fixed effects, the contemporary groups and animal age and, as random effect, the additive genetic effect. The heritability estimates for scrotal circumference at 18 months, scrotal circumference, testicular volume, testicular format, breeding soundness classification, major sperm defects, minor and total sperm defects were: 0.42, 0.41, 0.23, 0.22, 0.10., 0.16, 0.04 and 0.15. Genetic correlations between scrotal circumference at 18 months and others testicular traits and breeding soundness classification were low to high (0.20 to 0.84) and, with seminal traits was low (-0.16 to - 0.24). The scrotal circumference as a selection criterion should result in rapid genetic gain by individual selection, and as correlated response, should result in testicular volume, changes to more spherical shapes of the testicles, improved sperm quality and increased number of satisfactory bulls for breeding under extensive conditions in Brazil. / Orientadora: Lúcia Galvão de Albuquerque / Coorientador: Joanir Pereira Eler / Banca: José Bento Sterman Ferraz / Banca: José Domingos Guimarães / Banca: Humberto Tonhati / Banca: Maurício Mello de Alencar / Doutor

Os programas de melhoramento genético objetivam a seleção de animais geneticamente e fenotipicamente superiores. Dentre as características selecionadas para aumentar o ganho genético do rebanho, o perímetro escrotal destaca-se por sua alta herdabilidade e correlação com precocidade sexual, peso do animal e morfologia espermática. A seleção fenotípica para perímetro escrotal pode ser auxiliada pela junção da DEP PE 365 (diferença esperada na progênie para perímetro escrotal aos 365 dias) com a biotecnologia reprodutiva PIVE (produção in vitro de embriões), e tecnologias moleculares como o uso de marcadores do tipo SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) e marcadores bioquímicos (proteínas). Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo: verificar se os SNPs presentes nos genes atuantes na maturação sexual B4GALT1 (Beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase), FSHR (Follicle-stimulating hormone), LHR (Luteinizing hormone receptor) e IGF2 (Insulin-like growth factor 2) podem estar associados a maiores valores de DEP PE 365 em touros da raça Nelore; fazer o estudo global de proteínas no sêmen de touros da raça Nelore que possam ser indicativas de maior DEP PE 365 e verificar se a DEP PE 365 interfere negativamente ou positivamente nos resultados da PIVE. Para as análises de SNP, 178 touros foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo um com 104 animais de DEP PE 365 negativa e outro com 74 animais com DEP positiva. O DNA foi extraído do sangue destes animais e a região genômica de interesse foi amplificada e analisada por RFLP (restriction fragment lengh polymorphism). No caso da proteômica, dois pools de sêmen foram comparados entre si quanto aos seus perfis protéicos por LCMS (Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry): um proveninete de três touros que produzem em média 17,6% de embriões/oócito in vitro e DEP PE 365 média de -0,3 (inferiores) e outro pool proveniente de três touros que produzem em média 34,25% de embriões/oócito, com DEP PE 365 média de 1,07 (superiores). Para verificar se a DEP PE 365 de touros utilizados na PIVE influencia na quantidade e cinética de embriões produzidos, 48 touros foram divididos em três grupos (superior, neutro e inferior) por meio da amplitude total de suas DEPs PE 365 e então utilizados na PIVE. Então, observou-se a quantidade e os tipos de blastocistos gerados por cada um dos grupos. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostraram: o genótipo CC no SNP analisado no gene LHR, e o genótipo TT no SNP analisado no gene IGF2 podem estar relacionados a animais de maiores DEP PE 365 (p 0.05); proteínas envolvidas em vias metabólicas foram predominantes no grupo dos touros superiores e portanto podem ser prováveis marcadores bioquímicos de reprodutores com maiores DEP PE 365; touros com maiores DEPs PE 365 resultam na maior PIV de embriões favoráveis para serem transferidos para vacas receptoras (Bl e Bx; blastocisto e blastocisto expandido; p 0.05). Tais resultados apresentam informações que podem auxiliar na seleção de animais com melhores dados fenotípicos de DEP PE 365 e, portanto, melhores reprodutores. / The breeding programs aim the selection of phenotypically and genetically superior animals . Among the selected characteristics to increase genetic gain in the herd, scrotal circumference stands out for its high heritability and correlation with sexual precocity, animal weight and morphology . Phenotypic selection for scrotal circumference may be aided by the addition of EPD SC 365 (expected progeny difference for scrotal circumference at 365 days ) to IVPE (in vitro production of embryos) reproductive biotechnology and molecular technologies such as the use of molecular markers like SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ) and biochemical markers (proteins). Thus, this study aimed to: determine whether the SNPs present in genes B4GALT1 (Beta 1,4 - galactosyltransferase), FSHR (Follicle - stimulating hormone), LHR (Luteinizing hormone receptor) and IGF2 (Insulin- like growth factor 2) may be associated with higher values of EPD SC 365 in Nelore bulls; make global study of proteins in semen from Nelore bulls that may be indicative of greater EPD SC 365 and check if EPD SC 365 interferes negatively or positively on the results of IVPE. For the analysis of SNP, 178 bulls were divided into two groups, one with 104 animals of 365 negative EPD SC 365 and another with 74 animals with positive EPD SC 365. DNA was extracted from blood of these animals and genomic region of interest was amplified and analyzed by RFLP (restriction fragment polymorphism lengh). In the case of proteomics, two pools of semen were compared in respect to their protein profiles by LCMS (Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry): One from three bulls that produce on average 17.6 % of in vitro embryo/oocyte and with EPD SC 365 average -0.3 (lower) and another pool from three bulls that produce on average 34.25% of in vitro embryo/oocyte with EPD SC 365 average of 1.07 (upper). To check if EPD SC 365 bulls used in IVPE influences the amount and kinetics of embryos, 48 bulls were divided into three groups (upper, lower and neutral ) through the full range of their EPDs SC 365 and then used in IVPE. Then, it was observed the amount and types of blastocysts generated by each group. The results of this study showed: the CC genotype at SNP analyzed in LHR gene, and the TT genotype at SNP analyzed in the IGF2 gene may be related to larger EPD SC 365 animals (p 0.05); proteins involved in metabolic pathways were predominant in group of senior bulls and can therefore be likely biochemical markers of breeding with larger EPD SC 365; bulls with larger EPD SC 365 used in IVPE result in greater favor of embryos to be transferred to recipient cows (Bl and Bx; blastocyst and expanded blastocyst, p 0:05). These results provide information that can assist in the selection of animals with improved phenotypic data EPS SC 365 and, therefore, the best breeders.

Introdução: A expansão da obesidade entre populações jovens tem aumentado de forma expressiva e contribui para a carga mórbida global de doenças. Inquéritos que avaliam a capacidade de índices baseados na massa corporal sensíveis à detecção de gordural corporal são relevantes e ainda escassos. Objetivo: Analisar o desempenho dos valores do índice de massa corporal (IMC) ou da circunferência da cintura (CC) no diagnóstico de excesso de peso em adolescentes. Métodos: Utilizamos dados de 1816 adolescentes do estudo Saúde e nutrição dos escolares adolescentes da zona oeste do município de São Paulo. O estado nutricional dos adolescentes foi descrito pelo IMC, CC e composição corporal inferida pelo ângulo de fase - dos parâmetros bioelétricos - e somatório das dobras cutâneas. As áreas sob curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC) foram calculadas para avaliar a capacidade do IMC e CC na triagem de adiposidade. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) e diagnóstico odds ratio (DOR) foram analisados para os sistemas de classificação do IMC (referência brasileira e internacional) e o critério da CC (referência holandesa). Resultados: IMC e CC apresentam correlação positiva (r = 0,77 e 0,73, respectivamente) com gordura das dobras. Em ambos os sexos, os três critérios sugerem adequada identificação do excesso de massa gordurosa (AUC 0,90) e valores elevados de especificidade e sensibilidade. Apesar da alta taxa de sensibilidade os VPP alcançam, em torno de 41 por cento nos meninos e 35 por cento nas meninas para o IMC e 49 e 38 por cento , respectivamente, para CC. Os valores do DOR são 64,6 e 38,6 para IMC pela referência nacional e internacional, respectivamente e 38,3 para CC nos meninos. Nas meninas, na mesma sequência os valores são 49,5, 56,2 e 31,9. Conclusão: A CC apresenta desempenho menor se comparado ao IMC no diagnóstico de excesso de adiposidade. Os resultados apóiam o uso do IMC para o monitoramento de saúde de adolescentes e, pela primeira vez apresentam essa evidência com base em análise bivariada da composição corporal / Introduction: The spread of obesity among young people has increased significantly and contributes to global disease burden morbid. Surveys that assess the ability of indices based on body mass sensitive detection gordural body are relevant and still scarce. Objective: To analyze the performance values of body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in the diagnosis of overweight in adolescents. Methods: We used data from 1816 adolescents in the study \"Health and nutrition of schoolchildren in the west zone of São Paulo.\" The nutritional status of adolescents was described by BMI, waist circumference and body composition - inferred by the phase angle - the bioelectric parameters - and sum of skinfolds. Areas under Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated to assess the ability of BMI and WC in screening for adiposity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were analyzed for BMI classification systems (reference Brazilian and international) and the WC criterion (Dutch reference). Results: BMI and WC shows a positive correlation (r = 0.77 and 0.73, respectively) with fat skinfolds. In both gender the three criteria suggest proper identification of excess body fat (AUC 0.89) and high levels of specificity and sensitivity. Despite the high sensitivity rate the PPV achieve 41 per cent boys and 35 per cent in girls for BMI and 49 per cent and 38 per cent for WC, respectively. The values of DOR are 64.6 and 38.6 for BMI by national and international reference, respectively, and 38.3 for WC in boys. In girls, the same sequence values are 49.5, 56.2 and 31.9. Conclusion: The WC has underperformed compared to BMI in the diagnosis of excess adiposity. The results support the use of BMI for monitoring the health of adolescents and for the first time present this evidence based on bivariate analysis of body composition