Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Urban Design to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2015 / This research report demonstrates how an enabling framework can be applied as a means to address morphological issues in a manner that also fulfils certain existing urban policy objectives. The aim of the research is to assess the extent to which an enabling framework applied in this way can create environments that are in line with the core values of the urban design profession. The morphological issues in question are primarily due to the continued existence of the railway lines in the middle of the Johannesburg CBD. The policies in question, presented in the form of spatial development frameworks (SDFs), are those of the City of Johannesburg (COJ) and the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG). The enabling framework is an approach to settlement making that is characterised by three aspects. The first is its end product, a movement-oriented spatial framework known as the organising concept. The second aspect is the enabling framework’s open ended approach, which holds that the city is an act of will: that a city can be shaped proactively by a single idea and that the idea need not be detailed in order for it to be applied. Lastly, the enabling framework is distinct in its understanding of participation, which is described as democratic feedback: an infinite number of responses to the organising concept that includes even the production of alternate plans. It is argued in this report that these three aspects of the enabling framework align well with the existing policy context in Johannesburg, where there is emphasis on spatial planning (with a strong transport component), on an open ended approach, and on participatory approaches to planning. The report assesses the extent to which the application of the enabling framework in this context can create an environment that espouses urban design principles. This is done in three steps: demonstrating how an enabling framework is constituted and how it may be applied; demonstrating possible responses to it; and then evaluating these responses on the basis of imageability (Lynch, 1975) and responsiveness (Bentley et al, 1985). In general, the findings from this assessment indicate that enabling frameworks may be more effective at addressing imageability than they are at creating responsiveness.

This research report considers the question and concept of the flâneur as an artist and a means of representing the city. In doing this, the figure of the flâneur is removed from its European and Western urban context and placed within an African one. This figure is also imagined as an African black artist as opposed to its popularly and historically known white poet and artist, of Baudelaire’s creation. In this way, the flâneur as an African artist, in an African city, may be used to ask and possibly answer the question of what this all entails for the representation of such a city, are there any differences between this flâneur and its Western archetype? Factoring in the significance of postcolonial theory and its application to space, more especially the city, what nuances and perspectives may be drawn from this? For purposes of the above; the city of Johannesburg is used as the spatial subject matter, the early series of work by the artist Kudzanai Chiurai being an example of the aforementioned representation of the city while the artist himself is seen as the flâneur with the rationale behind his work being the practice of the flâneur that is, flânerie. Keywords: Postcolonialism, postcolonial urbanism, flâneur, flânerie, Baudelaire, Walter Benjamin, Johannesburg, post-apartheid, Achille Mbembe, Kudzanai Chiurai.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the City Development Agencies on the regeneration of the Johannesburg inner city. Urban degeneration within Johannesburg has been a major challenge, which has an adverse impact on crime, pollution and loss of revenue. This study will investigate public private partnership city development agencies which play a role in establishing sustainable communities. The City Development Agencies and their objectives are reviewed with the principle intention of establishing how successful they are in achieving these objectives. Interviews with senior management from these organizations provided conclusive evidence about their effectiveness and the state of regeneration. These structured interviews incorporated challenges associated with urban degeneration. Key performance indicators were established to measure the success of the organizational structures. These are reviewed against the data from the interviews and government reports. The results of this study show that organizational structures have a positive impact on the sustainable regeneration process and are structured to foster continuous regeneration. Management, communication and fiscal issues were identified as areas of difficulty Organizational structures are essential for the regeneration process, as they provide a structured platform for managing the process. Proper management, communication and adequate funding will help in ensure sustainable regeneration.

By the year 2050, about three quarters of the world’s population will live in cities. Most cities are developed by state or federal governments; however, some cities are developed for the purpose of private interests that plan the city. While the concept of private companies planning and sometimes even owning cities is not a new development, there seems to currently be a rise in this trend, with communication corporations such as IBM, Google, Intel, and Cisco now taking advantage of this growing market. Known as “smart” or “wired” cities, this new privatized way of planning communities allows major communication corporations to play an important role in shaping the future of our communities. Google, IBM, and Intel are all playing a role in planning the future of Portland, Oregon. By analyzing documents such as planning ordinances, financial reports, and government transcripts, as well as conducting interviews with city planners and corporate employees, this study found that many of the “smart” city efforts being undertaken by these communication corporations are intimately tied to their efforts to bring the Internet of Things (IoT) to fruition. Ultimately, the main goal of these efforts is to utilize urban communication technologies (UCTs) to gather data about community members by tracking their activities. In this emerging personal data economy, identities are the main commodity being fetishized.

Esta dissertação é um estudo sobre as transformações pelas quais passou a Rua José Paulino, principal via comercial do bairro paulistano Bom Retiro, entre 1928 e 1980. Em 1928, tratava-se de uma via mista, ocupada simultaneamente por inúmeros usos, como moradia, comércio, serviços e pequenas indústrias que supriam as necessidades das várias comunidades imigrantes residentes no bairro. Em 1980, a José Paulino era uma via reconhecida nacionalmente por possuir um comércio de moda predominantemente feminino e a preços acessíveis, atraindo diversos compradores de outras regiões do Estado de São Paulo e do Brasil. O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender como se deram as sucessivas mudanças nos usos da rua e quais são os rebatimentos dessas mudanças na materialidade da José Paulino durante o intervalo proposto para o seu estudo. A estruturação de uma nova atividade econômica no local implicou alterações materiais e estéticas, com demolições de imóveis antigos, construções de novos edifícios e a posterior ocupação de suas fachadas pela comunicação visual que os proprietários das confecções passaram a aplicar em seus imóveis. / This dissertation is a study on changes through which José Paulino Street, the main commercial street in the São Paulo neighborhood of Bom Retiro, occurred between 1928 and 1980. In 1928, this street was a mixed-use urban corridor, being simultaneously occupied by innumerable uses, such as housing, commerce, services and small industries that supplied the needs of the various immigrant communities residing in the neighborhood. In 1980, José Paulino was a nationally recognized street with a predominantly feminine and affordable fashion trade, attracting several buyers from other regions of the State of São Paulo and Brazil. The objective of this research was to understand how the successive changes in uses of this street occurred and what is the bending of these changes in the materiality of José Paulino during the time period proposed for his study. The shaping of a new economic activity in the area led to material and aesthetic changes, with demolitions of old buildings, constructions of new buildings and posterior occupation of its façades by visual communication that owners of the confections began to use in their properties.

O trabalho investiga práticas culturais da floresta na produção de espaços diferenciados na cidade e na configuração da paisagem urbana, no contexto contemporâneo de hibridismo altamente complexo da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental brasileira. Dos movimentos de recuo das populações originais ao avanço de reconquista territorial, lastreado por um tipo não aparente de expansionismo cultural por entre o universo da mestiçagem cabocla, observa-se a extensão sutil e contínua das territorialidades nativas na região de florestas de cabeceiras em que se desenhou o Acre no mapa do Brasil. A fase atual é aquela em que essa dinâmica vem alcançada pela cidade, gerando novos conflitos mas também impensadas possibilidades. Parte-se do estudo sobre a formação de um lugar de tradição comunitária, ayahuasqueira e agroflorestal, o Alto Santo, fundado em uma antiga colocação de seringa, hoje delimitando a vila Irineu Serra e uma Área de Proteção Ambiental nas bordas de Rio Branco. Lugar característico do lento Brasil caboclo com forte influência ameríndia no modo de viver e pensar de sua população, vem agora a ser sobreposto pelos movimentos acelerados da urbanização corporativa e do empreendedorismo urbano. As tensões que emergem desse novo encontro reiteram a constatação de que, na Amazônia, o pensamento oficial sobre a cidade não é amazônico. Sustenta-se, entretanto, a hipótese de que floresta e cidade não são incompatíveis, desde que a leitura da cidade englobe o que se denomina por relativismo urbano. E ainda, que a cultura da floresta tem papel preponderante na manutenção de tal compatibilidade, dado que imprime nessa relação a diversidade como um valor. Um novo padrão observado de uso e ocupação, a multilocalidade, herdeira do nomadismo constitutivo das práticas espaciais das populações amazônicas, vem perturbar o clássico dualismo rural/ urbano caracterizando-se mais como um padrão integrador, criador de territórios interculturais, paisagens híbridas e cidades nômades, manchas de diferenciação limitadoras à homogeneização do território. São os lugares balizadores. Lugares de resistência a partir dos quais desenha-se um novo movimento, um novo espaço de fluxos, uma nova contraracionalidade que expande sua presença e aumenta a esfera de preservação da Amazônia, a grande casa da unidade primordial. / This work investigates the role of forest culture in differentiated space production upon cities and urban landscapes, in the context of the contemporary Brazilian Upper Amazon\'s highly complex hybridism. From the original population\'s backwards movements to the forward territory reconquering, sustained by a non visible kind of cultural expansionism into the mixed caboclo universe, it sees the continuous and discrete extension of native territorialities throughout the region of upper forests where Acre has been drawn on Brazil\'s map. Now, we are seeing these dynamics encounter the expansion of the city, creating new conflicts but also unthinkable possibilities. We start here with the study of a local region in the urban frontier of Rio Branco; a place of tradition in community living, ayahuasca culture and agroforest practices, founded in an old rubber production unity, which nowadays borders Irineu Serra Village and an Environmental Protection Área. Characterized by Brazilian caboclo\'s slow way of life and strong Amerindian influence on living and thinking, the village has become overtaken by highspeed movements of corporate urbanization and urban entrepreneurship. Tensions created by this new kind of meeting reaffirm the fact that, in the Amazon, official conceptions about cities are not Amazonian ones. However, we sustain the hypothesis that forest and city are not incompatible, conditioned by an interpretation of the city that embodies what we call urban relativism. And furthermore, that forest culture has a predominant role in maintaining compatibility, since it includes the value of diversity itself. A newly observed pattern of space use and occupation, the multilocality, is inherited from the characteristic nomadism of Amazonian populations. This transforms the classical dualism between rural and urban domains into a more integrative pattern, creating intercultural territories, hybrid landscapes and nomad cities, and restricting the tendency of a territory to homogenize. These are called moderator places. Places of cultural resistance, from where a new movement is being drawn, a new flow space, another rationality that expands its presence and increases the preservation field of the Amazon, the huge home of primordial unity.

As cidades consomem cerca de 75% da energia primária global, que por sua vez é responsável por 68% das emissões de CO2. Análises que integrem as variáveis responsáveis pelo consumo de energia das cidades são fundamentais para a avaliação de ações de planejamento visando a redução do consumo de energia e das emissões. Através da modelagem baseada em agentes (ABM), este trabalho procura explorar as relações entre as características das cidades, o consumo direto de energia e as emissões de CO2, provenientes do consumo direto de energia. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma discussão da base teórica a partir da revisão da literatura publicada nos últimos cinco anos. Em seguida apresenta-se o modelo proposto, desde os pressupostos para a sua construção até as fórmulas para cálculo da estimativa de consumo energético e emissões. Os resultados das simulações mostram que as características das cidades afetam o consumo direto de energia, contudo o efeito bumerangue pode cancelar os benefícios das ações de planejamento urbano voltados para a conservação de energia. Verificou-se que a integração das variáveis em um modelo sistêmico apresenta resultados distintos de modelos isolados. Por fim, é concluído que o aumento da densidade urbana e a inserção de áreas verdes podem anular os benefícios das ações estratégicas ou ainda culminar em aumento da demanda energética, se considerados os impactos diretos e indiretos em todos os usos finais energéticos. Apesar disso, devido às características da oferta elétrica local, o aumento da densidade populacional contribui para a redução das emissões. Os resultados apresentados podem servir de base para discussões no âmbito do planejamento urbano de cidades de baixo consumo de energia e emissões de GEE / Worldwide cities consume 75% of the primary energy, which is related to 68% of the CO2 emissions. Analyses that integrate the variables responsible for energy consumption in cities are fundamental in planning procedures aiming energy efficiency and emission reductions. This work explores, through agent-based modeling (ABM), relationships between city characteristics, direct energy consumption, and CO2 emissions from direct energy consumption. Initially, we discuss the theoretical basis and present the literature review predominantly based on five years. In the methods section the proposed model and the formulas for calculating the consumption and emission estimates are presented. The numerical results of the simulations show that city characteristics affect direct energy consumption and CO2 emissions, but the rebound effect may cancel out the benefits of urban planning actions targeting energy conservation. The integration of multiple variables in a systhemic model yields distinct results when compared to results from models based on specific variables. Finally, it is concluded that increasing urban density and expanding green areas may cancel out the benefits of strategic actions or even lead to greater energy demand and greater emissions, considering the direct and indirect impacts on all energy services. However, due to the local electricity supply, increasing population density yields emission reductions. Results provide a basis for discussions in urban planning towards low energy cities

O presente trabalho consiste em uma etnografia do sistema de transporte fluvial no estado do Amazonas e uma análise de habilidades e dos modos de se viver entre cidades e rios amazônicos. Foi tomado como foco de análise as viagens realizadas entre a capital do estado e as cidades de Parintins, Itacoatiara, Maués, Manacapuru e Tefé, além das estruturas portuárias e regiões de moradia sobre as águas. O estudo procura lidar com as relações entre ambientes entendidos como opostos e promover reflexões sobre esses espaços híbridos entre cidade e rios. As massas de água formam caminhos entre as cidades, percorridos diariamente por diversos tipos de embarcações e que fazem circular pessoas e mercadorias. A etnografia mostra que as cidades amazônicas se estendem sobre as superfícies líquidas, de forma a apresentar formas particulares de produção do espaço urbano e disputas sobre esses espaços. / This study presents an ethnographyc study of the river transportation system in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, and an analysis of skills and ways of living between cities and rivers. The research focus the travels between Manaus and the cities of Parintins, Itacoatiara, Maués, Manacapuru and Tefé, as well as the port infraestructure and living spaces on the water. This research deals with the relationship between two environment understood as opposites in order to promote a reflection on these hybrid spaces between city and rivers. Those bodies of water form paths between cities, traveled daily by many types of ships making goods and people circulate. The ethnography shows that Amazonian cities extend themselves on liquid surfaces, revealing specific forms of production of urban space and disputes over these spaces.

Idealizado como uma \"cidade industrial ideal\", o antigo núcleo industrial de Batatuba, situado no município de Piracaia (SP, Brasil), é praticamente invisível na historiografia das realizações urbanísticas no Brasil, embora em seu projeto sobressaiam seu caráter social e sua filiação ao pensamento moderno. Batatuba integrara um programa internacional de cidades destinado a concretizar, arquitetônica e urbanisticamente, a expansão mundial da Companhia calçadista Bata, que se iniciara e florescera no entreguerras. Ainda que emissárias dos princípios da racionalidade e eficiência de Taylor e Ford, as ações dos dirigentes da Companhia - inicialmente as de seu fundador, Tomas Bata (1876-1932, chamado de Henry Ford da Europa Central) e depois as de Jan Antonin Bata (1898-1965) - contribuíram para inaugurar novas referências nos campos do planejamento urbano e territorial, da organização industrial e das relações de trabalho naquelas décadas. O núcleo industrial de Batatuba fora iniciado por Jan Antonin Bata por volta de 1940, sendo possível notar a permanência, tanto no desenho de sua planta urbana, quanto nos remanescentes atuais, do \"vocabulário\" urbanístico replicado nas \"cidades-em-série\" da Companhia. Assim, não seria gratuita a flagrante semelhança do plano de Batatuba com outros planos para uma cidade industrial ideal, como Batovany-Partizanske (atual Eslováquia). Durante a expansão internacional da empresa nos anos 1930 este vocabulário desenvolvera-se gradualmente em Zlín (atual República Tcheca), então a cidade-sede da Companhia Bata, e por meio de seu escritório de arquitetos, sendo a base desta linguagem a racionalidade no uso de materiais e técnicas construtivos e a padronização e reprodutibilidade. Esta orientação se expressou nos planos urbanos, onde os bairros residenciais revelavam a preferência pelo modelo da cidade-jardim e o lema de Tomas Bata \"Trabalhar coletivamente e viver individualmente\". Aspecto fundamental desta evolução foi a aproximação da empresa com os arquitetos dos CIAM (Congressos Internacionais de Arquitetura Moderna) e alguns de seus expoentes, como Le Corbusier, atraídos pelo ideário social, arquitetônico e urbanístico da Companhia e pelas possibilidades projetuais proporcionadas pelo porte global desta. Elemento de ruptura desta evolução, a Segunda Guerra Mundial representou uma inflexão no modus operandi da Companhia. Por volta de 1940, Jan Antonin Bata iniciou nova etapa nos negócios, adquirindo no Brasil, onde passou a residir definitivamente, as empresas Companhia de Viação São Paulo - Mato Grosso e Companhia Comercial Alto-Paraná. Nesta fase as ações de Jan Bata adquiriram nova tonalidade. Com suas empresas, participa do desbravamento do oeste paulista e do sul do então Mato Grosso, planejando e fundando cidades e núcleos de caráter agroindustrial: Vila CIMA (Companhia Industrial, Mercantil e Agrícola), Mariápolis, Bataguassu, Batayporã, Kennedyba - intentando, afinal, contribuir para incorporar os \"espaços vazios\" de Vargas à economia brasileira. No que se refere às realizações arquitetônicas e urbanísticas, a fase brasileira de Jan Bata, por sua quase total ausência na historiografia, ainda carece de melhor conhecimento e análise. Este trabalho pretende distinguir esta fase - situada entre os anos de 1940 e 1965 - e relacioná-la com as cidades da Companhia Bata criadas durante os anos do entreguerras (1918-1940). Busca analisar, preliminarmente e à luz do Movimento Moderno e das questões locais, em que medida aquela constância programática exercida pela Companhia, no planejamento da vida coletiva, do trabalho e da produção industrial, de expressão urbanística e de cunho econômico, foi seguida no ambiente brasileiro sendo preservada ou reinventada. / Idealized as an \"ideal industrial city\", the old industrial core of Batatuba, located in Piracaia (SP, Brazil) is virtually invisible in historiography of urban achievements in Brazil - although its project manifests a social character and an ascendancy of modernist thinking. Batatuba had integrated an international cities\' program aimed to materialize in architectonic and urban ways the global expansion of Bata footwears company, which began and flourished during the 1920-1930 decades. Although reiterating Taylor\'s and Ford\'s rationality and efficiency principles, the actions of Bata Company\'s directors (the first, Tomas Bata, 1876-1932, so-called \"Henry Ford of Central Europe\", and afterwards, Jan Antonin Bata, 1898-1965) added to inaugurate new references on urban and territorial planning, industrial organization and labor relations in those decades. The industrial core of Batatuba had been launched by Jan Antonin Bata by 1940, and its possible to notice the persistence of urban vocabulary replicated in the companys serial-cities, even in its urban plan and in its remaining buildings. In this sense, it wouldn\'t be a coincidence the clear similarity between Batatuba\'s plan and others Bata\'s \"ideal industrial city\", such as Batovant-Partizanske (Slovakia). During the company\'s international expansion during the 1930s that vocabulary had been gradually developed by Bata\'s architects in Zlín (Czech Republic nowadays, then the host city of the Company). Rationality in material\'s use and construction techniques, standardization and reproducibility turned into the basis of that language. Those orientations were expressed in urban plans, where residential neighborhoods revealed the preference for a garden-city model and for Tomas Batas motto: \"Working collectively and living individually.\" An important feature of that development was the company\'s approach to CIAM\'s (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) and some of its exponents - such as Le Corbusier, attracted by Bata\'s social, urban and architectonic ideas and by the possibilities offered by company\'s global extents. Second World War represented a collapse on that evolution and a shift in Bata\'s modus operandi. By 1940, Jan Antonin Bata started a new stage in his business, buying in Brazil - where he would live definitively the Road Company Sao Paulo-Mato Grosso and the Alto Paraná Commercial Company. At this stage, Bata\'s actions acquired new hues. With his companies, he participates in the profiteering of the West of São Paulo and Southern of the old Mato Grosso States, planning and founding cities and urban cores marked by an agro-industrial character: Vila CIMA (Industrial, Commercial and Agricultural Company Town), Mariápolis, Bataguassu, Batayporã, Kennedyba searching for, at least, contribute to incorporate the Brazilian empty spaces to national economy during Vargas years. In relation to urban and architectural achievements, the Brazilian phase of Jan Bata - by its almost complete absence in historiography - still needs better understanding and analysis. This paper aims to distinguish this stage - located between the years 1940 and 1965 - and relate it to Bata\'s cities created during the interwar years (1918-1940). Besides, this paper searches for analyze - preliminarily and under local issues and Modern Movements focus in which terms that programmatic constancy featured by Bata\'s (on planning collective life, work, industrial production in urban and economic ways) would been maintained or reinvented in Brazil.

O presente trabalho sistematiza as principais questões relacionadas ao processo de urbanização das cidades portuárias durante as décadas finais do século XX, de modo a compreender as transformações sócio-espaciais, face às determinações econômicas e tecnológicas surgidas ou enfatizadas no período, considerando as especificidades locais. Procura também explicitar a maneira como estas questões vêm sendo apreendidas pelas ações de planejamento desenvolvidas para tais cidades. A análise de projetos urbanos realizados em algumas cidades portuárias, embasa- dos pelas teorias de planejamento vigentes, evidencia uma tendência a estabelecer-se como concentradora da relação porto-cidade a questão da reincorporação ao tecido urbano de áreas correspondentes a etapas tecnológicas anteriores e, conseqüentemente, considerar estas áreas o foco único das intervenções. Partindo da convicção de que a questão destas áreas, chamadas obsoletas, não é a única a ser enfrentada por estas cidades, nem tampouco está desvinculada das demais que se materializam no espaço do porto, busca-se a partir da presente pesquisa, expor quais outras influenciam na dinâmica atual entre cidade e porto, focando especialmente naquelas ligadas ao espaço operacional, de modo a criar uma base multidisciplinar de conhecimento que possa oferecer ao planejamento intra-urbano uma visão de conjunto, assim como destacar o papel da teoria e do método nas etapas de planejamento precedentes à elaboração das propostas. / The present work systematizes the main questions related to the port city\'s urbanization process throughout the last decades of the 20th century, in order to com- prehend the socio-spatial transformations regarding the economic and technological determinations of the period, both new and the emphasized, and considering their local specificities. It also aims to explicit how these questions have been taken into consideration by urban planning actions carried out in these cities. The analysis of recent urban plans for port cities, and based upon current planning theories, shows the tendency of reducing the port-city\'s relation issue to the reincor- poration of obsolete structures to the cíty\'s urban fabric, and, consequently, considering it the only focus of interventions. Supported by the conviction that this is not the only issue to be faced by these cities, nor is detached from the many others materialized on the space of the port, we intend, through the present research, to establish what questions influence today\'s port-city dynamic, aiming particularly those related to the operational space, in order to create a multidisciplinary base that can offer intra-urban planning a broader view. lt\'s our goal, as well, to highlight the role of theory and method on the planning process precedent to the proposal phase.