Entre 1992 e 2005, representantes de 11.921 organizações não governamentais (ONGs) participaram de conferências realizadas pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e pela Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Tendo em vista que, tradicionalmente, apenas os representantes dos Estados-membros dessas duas organizações seriam admitidos, a crescente presença de atores não-governamentais nesses eventos foi considerada uma das evidências empíricas do surgimento de uma sociedade civil global. Contudo, alguns críticos afirmam que a sociedade civil não seria global, mas concentrada geograficamente em alguns países. Nosso objetivo é analisar se, de fato, existe tal concentração e quais suas principais características. Com esse objetivo, analisamos a distribuição geográfica das sedes das ONGs credenciadas para esses eventos, discutindo dois dos principais argumentos contrários à idéia de sociedade civil global: o primeiro afirma que a sociedade civil não é global porque seus atores estão concentrados em países do Norte (gerando um desnível Norte-Sul, com predomínio numérico e político de ONGs do Norte sobre as do Sul); o segundo, defende que a concentração das ONGs espelha as atuais constelações de poder em âmbito internacional (pois as ONGs seriam, predominantemente, de países localizados no eixo Europa-América Anglo-Saxônica). Considerando que todos seríamos parte da sociedade civil global, procuramos constatar de onde são as pessoas e organizações que efetivamente têm participado das discussões e decisões a respeito de questões que dizem respeito a todos (os habitantes do planeta). / Between 1992 and 2005, 11921 representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) participated in conferences held by the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Given that, traditionally, only representatives of Member States of these two organizations would be admitted, the growing presence of \"nongovernmental\" actors in these events was considered one of the empirical evidence of an emerging \"global\" civil society. However, some critics argue that civil society is not global, but geographically concentrated in some countries. Our goal is to examine whether, in fact, exist that concentration and their main characteristics. With this objective, we analyzed the geographic distribution of headquarters of accredited NGOs to conferences, discussing the two main arguments against the idea of global civil society: the first asserts that civil society is not \"global\" because their actors are concentrated in North countries (creating a North-South divide, with numerical and political dominance of NGOs from the North on the South); the second claims that the concentration of NGOs reflects the current constellation of power in the international arena (as the NGOs would be predominantly of countries located in EuropeAmerica Anglo-Saxon). Whereas we would all be part of global civil society, we see where are the people and organizations that have effectively participated in the discussions and decisions about issues that concern all (the inhabitants of the planet).

A presente tese examina a atuação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB), por meio de sua instância diretiva máxima, o Conselho Federal, entre 1945 e 1964. A ação pública do órgão, neste período, pode ser decomposta em três fases. Em meados da década de 1940, o Conselho Federal engajou-se profundamente na oposição ao Estado Novo. Na década de 1950, forçado pelas transformações que atingiam a advocacia, o organismo centrou-se numa agenda eminentemente corporativa. Finalmente, no início da década de 1960, o Conselho retomou uma postura fortemente politizada para combater o governo Goulart. Destacam-se, no trabalho, quatro eixos temáticos: 1.) o perfil da elite dirigente da OAB; 2.) a relação da Ordem dos Advogados com o Estado; 3.) a relação da Ordem com a sociedade civil; 4.) a relação da Ordem com a categoria profissional que representava. / The present thesis examines the performance of OAB (Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil), through its highest authority, Federal Council, between 1945 and 1964. The public action of the organ, in this period, can be decomposed in three phases. In the middle of the 1940s, Federal Council was deeply engaged in the opposition to the New State. In the 1950s, forced by the changes that reached the advocacy, the organism was centered in an eminently corporate agenda. Finally, in the beginning of 1960s, the Council recovered a strongly politicized posture to fight Goulart administration. Four themes are accentuated in the work: 1.) the profile of OAB elite; 2.) the relationship between OAB and the State; 3.) its relationship with the civil society; 4.) its relationship with the professional category that it represented.

A presente tese tem como objeto a análise das intervenções da sociedade civil no cárcere à luz do conceito de reintegração social. A partir de um estudo de campo, apresento e comparo alguns projetos de intervenção em estabelecimentos prisionais de São Paulo e da Catalunha. Busquei sistematizar algumas experiências de reintegração social, buscando compreender as formas e impactos de diversos projetos que propõem reaproximação sociedade civil-cárcere. O objetivo foi conhecer algumas das formas que a sociedade civil tem se relacionado com o cárcere, de forma a compreender quais estratégias, discursos e práticas são mobilizadas na intervenção da sociedade nesse espaço. E ainda se, a partir dessas ações, pode-se afirmar que o cárcere está se abrindo à sociedade e vice-versa. / This thesis has as object the analysis of civil society interventions in prison in the light of the concept of social reintegration. From a field study, I present and compare some intervention projects in prisons in Sao Paulo and Catalonia. I tried to systematize some experiences of social reintegration, seeking to understand the forms and impacts of various projects that propose rapprochement civil society-jail. The aim was to study some of the ways that civil society has been involved in the prison, in order to understand what strategies, speeches and practices are mobilized in the intervention of society in that space. And still, from these actions, it can be said that the prison is opening up to society and the society is opening to prison and vice versa.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar de que forma organizações de direitos humanos de América Latina, com atuação de âmbito nacional, processam a demanda de accountability. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em cinco organizações de direitos humanos de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México e Peru. Estas organizações formam parte de um grupo informal de donatárias da Fundação Ford que, desde 2003, reúnem-se duas vezes por ano para discutir questões de interesse comum. As organizações são: Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, Argentina; Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos, México; Corporación Humanas, Chile; Instituto de Defensa Legal (IDL), Peru; e Justiça Global, Brasil. Em cada organização foram entrevistadas quatro pessoas. As entrevistas foram realizadas por telefone, utilizando-se um questionário semi-estruturado. O resultado da pesquisa demonstra que, ao contrário do que afirma a literatura, existe nas organizações de direitos humanos de nossa região uma reflexão sobre o tema que lhes permite adotar uma ideia complexa de accountability para a sociedade civil. Trata-se de uma abordagem que, atualmente, prioriza questões de justificação e monitoramento em relação ao componente de controle mais estrito (responsabilização/sanção). Ademais, revela que existem nas organizações novas práticas tendentes a resolver a questão de accountability, prestando especial atenção para o tipo particular de trabalho que realizam. O resultado evidencia, também, que na visão das organizações é importante prestar contas para os beneficiários e, neste sentido, as organizações coincidem com a literatura. Ao mesmo tempo registra, porém, que, pelo menos no caso das organizações objeto da pesquisa, não existem questionamentos concretos dos beneficiários. A pesquisa retrata, ainda, a dificuldade que as organizações encontram para prestar contas e avaliar a eficácia de tarefas de advocacy em favor de públicos difusos. Por fim, o presente trabalho destaca, na conclusão, a necessidade de maior debate teórico sobre a questão da legitimidade destas organizações, à luz da constatação de que elas realizam práticas de representação. / The main purpose of this dissertation is to examine how Latin American national human rights organizations are addressing the demand for greater NGO accountability. The research was done with five human rights organizations from Argentine, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru. These organizations are members of an informal group of Ford Foundation grantees that, since 2003, meet twice a year to discuss issues of common interest. The organizations are: Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, from Argentina; Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos, from Mexico; Corporación Humanas, from Chile; Instituto de Defensa Legal (IDL), from Peru; and Justiça Global, from Brazil. Four persons were interviewed in each organization. The interviews were made by telephone, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results show that, contrary to what the literature affirms, there is a growing concern in those human rights organizations in relation to accountability. The results also demonstrate that the organizations apply a complex concept of accountability that prioritizes justification and monitoring, over the enforcement component. Furthermore, the research indicates that the organizations are developing new mechanisms to deal with the demand for accountability. The interviewees agree with the literature regarding the importance of being accountable to beneficiaries, but they do not identify this as a problematic issue as the literature does. The results illustrate, in addition, the difficulty that the organizations face when trying to be accountable and evaluate the impact of advocacy initiatives in favor of beneficiaries that are not individualized. Finally, this dissertation concludes by drawing attention to the need for further theoretical debate on the issue of legitimacy, since it is clear that those organizations act as representatives.

No decorrer de vários anos de leituras e intervenções práticas, foram recolhidos ideias e eixos temáticos, alinhavados e sistematizados na troca de passes entre a arte do futebol brasileiro e seus principais narradores, a partir dos conceitos de hegemonia, sociedade civil e intelectual orgânico em Gramsci. Paralelamente, captou-se o narrador em Walter Benjamin e a sua visão sobre a modernidade. A tese abordará basicamente esses pontos. Tudo em Cenários e Personagens de décadas distintas, em espaços geográficos não necessariamente iguais ou limítrofes, mas capazes de dialogar através dos temas escolhidos. Cenários e personagens que percorrem uma trajetória iniciada na Inglaterra na segunda metade do século XIX, até sua consolidação no Brasil na década de 1960. Dos personagens, percorremos as trilhas de Gentil Cardoso, Dori Kürschner, Neném Prancha, Nelson Rodrigues e João Saldanha, tendo como inspiração os seus grandes solistas: de Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça a Gerson, passando por Friedenreich, Fausto, Leônidas, Didi, Garrincha e Pelé. / During several years of readings and practical interventions, ideas and axial themes were collected, sketched, and systematized in the exchange of passes between the art of Brazilian soccer and major narrators, from Gramsci\'s concepts of hegemony, civil society, and organic intellectuals. Similarly, the narrator is captured in Walter Benjamin and his vision of modernity. The thesis will mainly deal with these points. The content addresses Characters and Settings of distinctive decades, and geographic spaces not necessarily equal or bordering, but able to dialogue through the chosen themes. Characters and settings that cover a trajectory started in England in the second half of the nineteenth century until its consolidation in Brazil in the 1960s. Among the historical personalities, we followed the paths of Gentil Cardoso, Dori Kürschner, Neném Prancha, Nelson Rodrigues and João Saldanha; taking as inspiration the great soloists: from Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça to Gerson, in addition to Friedenreich, Fausto, Leônidas, Didi, Garrincha and Pelé.

Os anos 90 foram marcados por inúmeras mudanças no cenário brasileiro. Um dos resultados foi a emergência de um novo padrão organizacional de intervenção social, que carrega a promessa de transformação social da realidade brasileira. Trata-se das organizações do Terceiro Setor, que se assentam sobre o fortalecimento da sociedade civil, o desenvolvimento da democracia e, conseqüentemente, têm na cidadania um pilar fundamental para a viabilidade de tais projetos. A proposta desta dissertação é contribuir para a compreensão do papel transformador atribuído às organizações do Terceiro Setor. Para tanto, apresentam-se diferentes correntes discursivas e interpretativas sobre a transformação social. Primeiramente, apresentaram-se os discursos que sustentam a existência dessas organizações, debatendo-se criticamente sobre suas justificativas. Num segundo momento, realizou-se um estudo de caso com o objetivo de configurar no discurso dos atores institucionais de um projeto de um programa de promoção social de uma organização do Terceiro Setor qual a transformação social concebida. Por fim, abordaram-se os pareamentos entre o conceito de sociedade civil e Terceiro Setor, mostrando a inconsistência dessa operação e marcando os pontos de contato entre os discursos das diferentes disciplinas e aqueles dos atores institucionais do caso estudado. Das análises dos discursos dos atores institucionais, verificou-se que as práticas nomeadas como transformadoras são multifacetadas, apesar da tendência de rotulação das várias ações como sendo iguais e seguindo a mesma direção. Por outro lado, as categorias que modelam as práticas de transformação social da organização não contemplam os fenômenos psicológicos encontrados nessas práticas – que são a própria condição dessas categorias. Pela confrontação dos diferentes discursos abordados nessa dissertação, notou-se que o debate sobre a transformação social segue os imperativos de um projeto político dominante, demonstrando que um dos mecanismos dessa uniformização é a substituição ideológica das significações das palavras. Essa aparente unidade é o que dá liga às ações das inúmeras organizações da sociedade civil. / The nineties were marked by several changes in the Brazilian scene. One of its results was the emergence of a new organizational pattern of social intervention, which bears the promise of social transformation of the Brazilian reality. It is the Third Sector organizations, which rely on the strengthening of civil society, the development of democracy and, which consequently, have in citizenship the fundamental pillar for the viability of such projects. The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute for the comprehension of the transforming role attributed to the Third Sector organizations. Therefore, different discourses and interpretative tendencies about the social transformation are presented. Initially, a presentation of the discourse on which these organizations are based has been made, along with a critical discussion of their justifications. After that, a case study is evaluated in order to identify, based on the discourses of the institutional actors enrolled in a social project of a Third Sector organization, the social transformation they conceive. Finally, the paring of the civil society concept and the Third Sector concept are approached, showing the inconsistence of this operation and highlighting the connecting links between the discourses of the different disciplines and those of the institutional actors of the studied case. Through the analyses of the discourses of the institutional actors it was verified that the practices named as transforming were multifaceted, in spite of the tendency of labeling them as equal and following the same direction. On the other hand, the categories that shape the organizations’ practices of social transformation do not contemplate the psychological phenomena found in those practices – which are the condition of theses categories themselves. By the confrontation of the different discourses approached in this dissertation, it was observed that the discussion of social transformation follows the imperatives of a dominating political project. Moreover, it is shown that one of the devices of this uniformization is the ideological substitution of the meanings of words. The apparent unity is what links the actions of several civil society organizations

Although civil societies in Central and Eastern Europe are often portrayed as similar, united by a shared communist past, they have developed along increasingly divergent trajectories over the past three decades. This article investigates the current state of civil society in the region and the role the institutional context plays in it. Drawing on historical institutionalism and the process of European integration, we classify the 14 countries under investigation into three distinct groups and analyze data from a survey of more than 350 local civil society experts. We find that, together with domestic governments, international donors and the EU are perceived as the most influential institutional actors for civil society organizations. Their respective influences, however, depend largely on a country's stage in the EU accession process. Overall, the study provides a differentiated mapping of civil society in this region and a better understanding of how the institutional context relates to a Country's civil society.

This dissertation addresses the question “how disasters change state-society relations under authoritarian rule?” Specifically, I investigate how space and social capital were created after major earthquakes and the relationships between local governments and civil society organizations (CSOs). Based on four years of interviews conducted with government officials and CSO leaders and two rounds of surveys in 126 villages in rural Sichuan province, utilizing experiments, focus groups, and interviews, I argue that social capital and space for CSOs were created after major earthquakes. Adding to the literature of consultative authoritarianism and graduated control, I demonstrate that within the newly created space, local governments use a deliberate differentiation strategy towards different CSOs. Such differentiation is more driven by the state’s interest to extract productivity and outsource responsibility for public goods provision by regime-supporting CSOs, and less dictated by the state’s need to acquire information from regime-challenging CSOs with collective action potential. Such approach contributes to the authoritarian resilience in China. Despite the interference from the state from above, the newly created space also faces challenges from the private sphere with individual citizens being skeptical of the CSO sector due to limited interactions, mismatch of criteria, institutional constraints, and lack of civility. I then draw from the qualitative data and construct a dynamic framework of state-society relations under an authoritarian state after disasters by starting from co-operational, complementary, competitive, and confrontational relations, and end up in either co-optation or confrontation in the long run. Finally, I trace the development of the newly drafted charity law and the foreign NGO law. I argue that the state-organized legalization process would first allow the state to use the “zone of indifference” to get to know the new developments in the public sphere. Then, through a process of toleration, participation, initiation, replication, and bifurcation, the state manages to extract productivity from, and outsource responsibility to, the regime-supporting players, and drive out the regime challenging ones. The laws, made through this process, is also vulnerable to state intervention at any time, and therefore, prevents China from having a meaningful civil society. / 2020-02-22T00:00:00Z

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-26T19:42:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Emilie Faedo Campos.pdf: 2158749 bytes, checksum: cf0ef0b2f0c81dc786144f85451de7d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T19:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Emilie Faedo Campos.pdf: 2158749 bytes, checksum: cf0ef0b2f0c81dc786144f85451de7d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O foco deste estudo se direciona para a análise da forma e do conteúdo das organizações da sociedade civil no contexto particular de uma realidade local, o município de Guarapuava (PR). Mais especificamente, a fim de identificar perspectivas de construção democrática desenvolvidas a partir das práticas das organizações civis em relação com o Estado. O referencial teórico gramsciano é o fundamento a partir do qual se desenvolvem as categorias analíticas. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é compreender perspectivas de construção democrática no espaço local através da análise da forma e do conteúdo das organizações da sociedade civil em Guarapuava (PR). Para tanto, a amostra da pesquisa compreende organizações civis de fins públicos, conforme tipologia própria de classificação desenvolvida para o estudo. Em virtude da característica do objeto, trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, que utilizou os seguintes instrumentos de pesquisa para o alcance dos objetivos: revisão sistemática de literatura, análise documental, entrevista semiestruturada, observação assistemática e análise de categorias. A tese está organizada em três capítulos. No primeiro, são desenvolvidos elementos conceituais acerca das categorias Estado, sociedade civil e democracia, fundamentados no referencial teórico gramsciano. Com a mesma fundamentação teórica, o segundo capítulo apresenta elementos contextuais nacionais: as diversas expressões assumidas pela sociedade civil brasileira após a redemocratização, bem como determinações conjunturais do início do século XXI. O último capítulo adentra o universo empírico da pesquisa, composto por elementos contextuais locais, e apresenta a análise da configuração do universo organizacional da sociedade civil em Guarapuava. Entre os achados da pesquisa, pela luz dos fundamentos teóricos utilizados, destaca-se que, remetidos a parâmetros democráticos, os objetivos, práticas e resultados delineados pelas organizações não se limitam a formatações específicas: nas relações estabelecidas entre si, expressam tanto marcas de um conservadorismo que se desdobra em desarticulação (por isso “gelatinosa”), quanto elementos de uma organização civil a ser fortalecida; ao se relacionarem com o Estado manifestam sua instrumentalização sob a hegemonia neoliberal, localizando suas práticas no âmbito da “pequena política”, sem deixar de conter posicionamentos de resistência e enfrentamento; o que se reflete no tipo de democracia “disfarçada”, produto desse processo (que não é homogêneo e manifesta também germes de elaboração de outros consensos). / This study aims to analyse the form and content of civil society organizations in the particular context of a local reality of the city of Guarapuava (PR). More specifically, in order to identify democratic perspectives developed from the practices of civil organizations in relation with the State. The Gramscian theoretical framework is the foundation from which the analytical categories are developed. Therefore, the general objective of the research is to understand democratic perspectives in the local space through the analysis of the form and content of civil society organizations in Guarapuava (PR). The research sample comprises civil organizations of public purposes classified according to the typology developed for the study. Due to the characteristic of the object, the research is of a qualitative nature which used the following research instruments to reach its objectives: systematic literature review, documentary analysis, semi-structured interview, unsystematic observation and category analysis. The thesis is organized in three chapters. In the first one, conceptual elements are developed in the categories: State, civil society and democracy based on the Gramscian theoretical reference. On the same theoretical basis, the second chapter presents national contextual elements: the various expressions assumed by the Brazilian civil society after redemocratization as well as conjunctural determinations of the beginning of the 21st century. The last chapter enters into the empirical universe of research composed of local contextual elements, and presents the analysis of the configuration of the organizational universe of civil society in Guarapuava. In light of the theoretical foundations, the findings of the research highlight, with reference to democratic parameters, that the objectives, practices and results produced by the organizations are not limited to specific formations. Moreover, their established relationship expresses both marks of a conservatism that unfolds in disarticulation called "gelatinous", and elements of a civil organization to be strengthened. By relating to the state, the organizations manifest their instrumentalization under neoliberal hegemony, locating their practices within the scope of "small politics", although containing positions of resistance and confrontation; what reflect a "disguised-like" democracy, which is a product of a non homogeneous process and also show the germs of elaboration of other consensuses.

This thesis constitutes a case study of how an Islamic institution in London is produced as an object of knowledge. It develops an argument by Maussen about mosques in Western Europe, which suggests that they ‘do not have a self-evident, clear and constant meaning’. On the basis of a literature review, he points to how academics have shaped ‘the processes of the production of meaning’ regarding these mosques, something that has political consequences for knowledge. This thesis builds on his work by shifting the research focus to a specific example of an Islamic institution, and including a broader group of actors involved in its production as an object of knowledge. For this research, I undertook an ethnographic study of the institution, holding a junior position within the leadership as a way of learning about its everyday life. This material is complemented by other forms of data, such as research literature, archival sources, media accounts, Council documentation, Parliamentary proceedings, maps, images, and photographs. The thesis has three ‘threads’, which fall into six chapters. The ‘public sphere’ thread comprises three chapters, which look at the institution’s representation by and engagement with three sets of actors: researchers, state representatives, and journalists. A ‘community’ chapter explores local productions of meaning: specifically, how the community’s internal complexity shapes understandings of the institution. Finally, the ‘history’ thread comprises two explorations: perspectives on the meaning of its foundational moment, and its relationship with the history of its built environment. Each of the chapters offers a way of reading the institution, while there are also matters of internal heterogeneity, and further temporal and material complexities in its construction as an object of knowledge. The thesis conclusion proposes the metaphor of ‘palimpsest’ to describe the resultant complexity of meaning in play.