The relationship that exists between the educator and the ]earners is very important. A positive relationship will contribute to the learners' feeling safe to explore their potentiaL A positive relationship will lead to educators feeling motivated towards teaching. Educators do, however, bring unfinished business to the classroom that affects their relationship with their learners. The learners also bring unfinished business to the classroom that affects their relationship with their educators. The resulting educatorlearner relationship is characterized by a contact making process of exclusion. 'I11is often leads to disciplinary problems and learners being referred to the school psychologist for counseling. The first research objective, therefore, was to develop a Gestalt program that wiiJ assist in creating a safe environment in which the learners and educators can share their feelings and emotions. The second objective was to establish a contact making process of inclusion between learners and educators in the foundation phase. After reviewing literature on the research problem. the researcher consulted experts on the subject. Thorough research was done on existing literature relating to the research problem. Using as a base the information gathered from consulting experts, the literature search and the preliminary exploratory studies, the researcher developed the program. The program was first pilot tested at school A. After completion of the pilot study, the program was tested under field conditions at school B. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis procedures were used to analyze the data. The results from both the pilot test and the field test indicated that the program increased the awareness of the educators who formed part of the experimental group. The awareness of the educators who formed part of the control group, who did not receive the intervention, stayed the same. The results of the research project allowed the researcher to continue developing a product for dissemination. The research study contributed to the development of a Gestalt program that assisted in creating a safe environment where the learners and educators could share their feelings and emotions. The program also contributed lo creating a contact making process of inclusion between educators and learners in the foundation phase. Finally the research study provided a program that can be used to assist professionals and other individuals in the fields of education, psychology or social work. / Social work / M. Diac.

This qualitative case study investigated how six National Board Certified secondary mathematics teachers integrate knowledge of students into their practice to create socio- academic spaces for learning. Individual audiotaped interviews were utilized to generate data about what knowledge these teachers had of their students, how they gathered this knowledge, and how this knowledge of students influenced their decisions related to curriculum and instruction. The data were used to form an understanding of the nature and function of the socio- academic spaces that teachers create in planning for and delivering instruction. The study revealed that as teachers interact independently with the curriculum, they create spaces for analysis and reflection. In addition, as they interact with their students around the curriculum, they create spaces for their students to practice, to make connections, to communicate, and to apply and experience math. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-22T12:11:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Gonçalves Felix.pdf: 2526600 bytes, checksum: 7a40584a748e0b738d4d4a6d201e8d86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:11:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Gonçalves Felix.pdf: 2526600 bytes, checksum: 7a40584a748e0b738d4d4a6d201e8d86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 / This research had as objective to analyze didactic procedures, that from the interaction teacher-student, contribute to the learning of the child. These pedagogical devices were developed and analyzed within a class of 4th Year of Elementary School, in a public school in Greater São Paulo. As theoretical references of the research, the concepts of Wallon and Freinet were used to understand the learning process and interpersonal relations of the class. This work took as an inspiration some of the pedagogical devices developed at Ponte's school in Portugal, based on the ideas of Freinet and Pacheco, its founder. As a research methodology, the following didactic procedures were developed: roaming diary, letters to the teacher, "I think good / I think bad" mural, assemblies, theater games, mural "I need help / I can help in ...", were applied during the academic year of 2017, together with a group of 25 students, by the teacher and researcher of this dissertation. In order to separate teacher from researcher, a flow chart of the activities was elaborated, and the analysis was done by sampling of documents and observations, and by categories. The results of the research indicated that the child learns more when he is heard and takes the classroom environment as his own. The relations between teacher-student and student-student improved after assemblies and murals, when everyone started to bring the conflicts and difficulties into the group and treat them as part of the context and therefore a problem of all of them. There was a democratization of the environment, in which everyone came to participate in the proposed situations and decisions of the group. The class also became more participatory in class and content, with fewer absences, forming help groups to study. The research concluded that a respectful relationship in teacher-student and pupil-student relations, and a democratization of the classroom environment, promote favorable results in the teaching-learning process for students and teachers. When the teacher is attentive to the affectivity that happens in the relations in the classroom, and is oriented to reflect for the planning of the didactic procedures until its execution, the scholastic performance of the students improves, as well as the performance of the teacher / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar procedimentos didáticos, que a partir da interação professor-aluno, contribuem para a aprendizagem da criança. Estes dispositivos pedagógicos foram desenvolvidos e analisados dentro de uma turma de 4º Ano do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública da Grande São Paulo. Como referenciais teóricos da pesquisa, foram utilizadas as concepções de Wallon e Freinet para entender o processo de aprendizagem e relações interpessoais da turma. Este trabalho tomou como inspiração, alguns dos dispositivos pedagógicos desenvolvidos na escola da Ponte, em Portugal, a partir das ideias de Freinet e de Pacheco, seu fundador. Como metodologia da pesquisa, desenvolveu-se os seguintes procedimentos didáticos: diário de itinerância, cartas ao professor, mural “Acho bom/Acho ruim”, assembleias, jogos teatrais e mural “preciso de ajuda/posso ajudar em...”, que foram aplicados durante o ano letivo de 2017, junto a uma turma de 25 alunos, pelo professor e pesquisador desta dissertação. Para diferenciar o ato de professor do ato de pesquisador, foi elaborado um fluxograma das atividades, e a análise foi feita por amostragem de documentos e observações, e por categorias. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a criança aprende mais quando é ouvida e toma o ambiente da sala de aula como seu. As relações entre professor-aluno e aluno-aluno melhoraram após as assembleias e os murais, quando todos passaram a trazer os conflitos e as dificuldades para dentro do grupo e tratá-los como parte do contexto e por isso, um problema de todos eles. Aconteceu uma democratização do ambiente, no qual todos passaram a participar das situações propostas e decisões do grupo. A turma tornou-se, também, mais participativa nas aulas e nos conteúdos, com menos ausências, formando grupos de ajuda para estudar. A pesquisa concluiu que uma convivência respeitosa nas relações professor-aluno e aluno-aluno, e uma democratização do ambiente da sala de aula promovem resultados favoráveis no processo ensino-aprendizagem para alunos e professores. Quando o professor se atenta na afetividade que acontece nas relações em sala de aula, e se orienta a refletir para o planejamento dos procedimentos didáticos até sua execução, o desempenho escolar dos alunos se aprimora, bem como a atuação do professor

李曉東. / 論文(博士)--香港中文大學, 2000. / 參考文獻 (p. 199-210) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Li Xiaodong. / Lun wen (bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2000. / Can kao wen xian (p. 199-210) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

by Hui Na-na, Anna. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-122). / Text in English; Questionnaire also in Chinese. / by Hui Na-na, Anna. / LISTS OF FIGURE & TABLES V / Chapter CHAPTER 1 - --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the study / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Approaches to Creativity --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Motivational Orientation and Creativity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Relationship between Classroom Environment and Creativity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Relationship between Classroom Environment and Motivational Orientation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 - --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Conception of Creativity / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of Creativity --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Factors of Creativity --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Distinction between Creativity and Intelligence --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Approaches to Creativity / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Creative Personality --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Creative Product --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Creative Process --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Creative Press (Environment) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- More Integrative Approaches to Creativity --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- An Approach to Studying Creativity in Writing --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Creativity and Classroom Environment / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Environmental Stimulants of Creativity in the Classroom --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Environmental Inhibitors of Creativity in the Classroom --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Teachers' and Peers' Judgment of Creativity and Social Validation of Students' Creativity in the Classroom --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conception of Motivational Orientation / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientation --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Orientation as Trait and Involvement as State --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Motivational Orientation and Classroom Environment --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6 --- Motivational Orientation and Creativity --- p.45 / Chapter 2.7 --- Hypotheses of the Study --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 - --- METHOD / Chapter 3.1 --- Operational Definitions of Variables / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Operational Definition of Creativity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Operational Definition of Motivational Orientation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Operational Definition of Classroom Environment --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Subjects --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Instruments / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Consensual Assessment of Creativity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Motivational Orientation Scale --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Classroom Environment Questionnaire --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Behavioral Characteristics of Students --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Procedure / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Pilot Study --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Main Study --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- results / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliabilities of Instruments / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Consensual Assessment of Creativity --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Motivational Orientation Scale --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Classroom Environment Questionnaire --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Behavioral Characteristics of Students --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Instruments --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2 --- Relationships Among Product Creativity and Other Variables / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Objective and Subjective Judgment of Creativity --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Students' Product Creativity, Students' Behavioral Characteristics and Peer Nomination of Creativity" --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Behavioral Characteristics of Students and Students' Motivational Orientation --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Product Creativity and Students' Motivational Orientation --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Students' Behavioral Characteristics and Their Perception of Classroom Environment --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Product Creativity and Students' Perception of Classroom Environment --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Students' Motivational Orientation and Their Perception of Classroom Environment --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Students' Perception of Classroom Environment and Others' Perceived Measures of Students' Creativity --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Sex Effects of Variables on Behavioral Characteristics of Students, Peer Nomination of Creativity and Self-Perception of Creativity" --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Prediction of Students' Product Creativity / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Students' Product Creativity Predicted by Objective and Subjective-Creativity Variables --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Students' Product Creativity Predicted by Students' Perception of Classroom Environment --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Students' Product Creativity Predicted by Students' Self-Perception of Motivational Orientation and Creativity --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Students' Product Creativity Predicted by Teachers' Observation of Behavioral Characteristics and Peer Nomination of Creativity --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Students' Product Creativity Predicted by all Independent Variables --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of Findings / Chapter CHAPTER 5 - --- discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Implications and Directions for Future Research / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Social Validity of Students' Creativity --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Students' Creativity, Motivational Orientation and Behavioral Characteristics of Students" --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Students' Creativity and Classroom Environment --- p.100 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Students' Self-Perception of Creativity --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.104 / references / Appendices

<p>Begreppet självkänsla innebär kännedom om det egna jaget. Enligt forskare har en god självkänsla en betydande effekt på vår livskvalité. Trots stora olikheter används begrepp inom självbildsforskningen ofta synonymt med varandra i vardagstal. Om detta skulle ske i vetenskapliga sammanhang är det allvarligt, då det kan leda till felaktiga slutsatser. Detta arbete fokuserar på vad läraren kan göra för att stärka den enskilda elevens självkänsla i klassrummet.</p><p>De lärare som deltagit i undersökningen är rörande överens när det kommer till barns självkänsla. Samtliga respondenter har tankar om begreppets betydelse och vikt, även om svaren skiljer sig något. Litteraturöversikten och intervjuerna visar att det finns mycket läraren kan göra för att stärka eleverna i klassrummet. En negativ parameter är tyvärr tidsbrist, vilken medför att lärarna inte alltid räcker till för de elever som är i behov av att stärka självkänslan.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur medvetna dagens lärare är när det gäller självkänsla, vilken vikt de lägger vid begreppet samt om de aktivt arbetar med att stärka den enskilde elevens självkänsla. Det finns en påvisad problematik när det gäller att identifiera elever med låg självkänsla. Det har därför även varit av intresse att ta reda på om verksamma lärare själva anser sig ha lätt för att identifiera låg självkänsla bland eleverna. Undersökningen är genomförd enligt kvalitativ metod och innefattar sex stycken intervjuer med lärare som alla är verksamma inom grundskolan.</p><p>Lärarna i undersökningen anser sig ha relativt lätt att identifiera låg självkänsla hos barn. Studier och min undersökning visar att lärare identifierar självkänslan hos barn genom att se till vissa typiska karaktärsdrag. Forskning visar dock att det finns stora svårigheter att upptäcka de elever som har lägst självkänsla i en klass. Detta är mycket oroande då de barn som behöver uppmärksammas och stärkas mest istället riskerar att glömmas bort.</p><p>Det kan genom detta arbete konstateras att lärarens förhållningssätt i allra högsta grad påverkar eleverna och undervisningen. Hur läraren ser på sina elever har en avgörande betydelse för hur eleven utvecklas i skolan. För att en lärares förhållningssätt ska ha en positiv inverkan och gynna barnen krävs det att denne ofta reflekterar över sig själv och sin lärarroll. Som ytterligare slutsats kan nämnas att lärare och dess omgivning tror att lärare kan identifiera låg självkänsla hos barn. Det finns dock forskning som visar att i själva verket har lärare fel två gånger av tre när det kommer till att identifiera barnen med lägst självkänsla. Här skiljer sig litteraturen och intervjuerna en del. Lärarna i undersökningen finner det relativt lätt att identifiera dessa elever, medan en del av litteraturen jag tagit del av säger att de med lägst självkänsla ofta förbises. Man kan med andra ord säga att lärare saknar kunskap om hur elever med lägst självkänsla upptäcks.</p>

Begreppet självkänsla innebär kännedom om det egna jaget. Enligt forskare har en god självkänsla en betydande effekt på vår livskvalité. Trots stora olikheter används begrepp inom självbildsforskningen ofta synonymt med varandra i vardagstal. Om detta skulle ske i vetenskapliga sammanhang är det allvarligt, då det kan leda till felaktiga slutsatser. Detta arbete fokuserar på vad läraren kan göra för att stärka den enskilda elevens självkänsla i klassrummet. De lärare som deltagit i undersökningen är rörande överens när det kommer till barns självkänsla. Samtliga respondenter har tankar om begreppets betydelse och vikt, även om svaren skiljer sig något. Litteraturöversikten och intervjuerna visar att det finns mycket läraren kan göra för att stärka eleverna i klassrummet. En negativ parameter är tyvärr tidsbrist, vilken medför att lärarna inte alltid räcker till för de elever som är i behov av att stärka självkänslan. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur medvetna dagens lärare är när det gäller självkänsla, vilken vikt de lägger vid begreppet samt om de aktivt arbetar med att stärka den enskilde elevens självkänsla. Det finns en påvisad problematik när det gäller att identifiera elever med låg självkänsla. Det har därför även varit av intresse att ta reda på om verksamma lärare själva anser sig ha lätt för att identifiera låg självkänsla bland eleverna. Undersökningen är genomförd enligt kvalitativ metod och innefattar sex stycken intervjuer med lärare som alla är verksamma inom grundskolan. Lärarna i undersökningen anser sig ha relativt lätt att identifiera låg självkänsla hos barn. Studier och min undersökning visar att lärare identifierar självkänslan hos barn genom att se till vissa typiska karaktärsdrag. Forskning visar dock att det finns stora svårigheter att upptäcka de elever som har lägst självkänsla i en klass. Detta är mycket oroande då de barn som behöver uppmärksammas och stärkas mest istället riskerar att glömmas bort. Det kan genom detta arbete konstateras att lärarens förhållningssätt i allra högsta grad påverkar eleverna och undervisningen. Hur läraren ser på sina elever har en avgörande betydelse för hur eleven utvecklas i skolan. För att en lärares förhållningssätt ska ha en positiv inverkan och gynna barnen krävs det att denne ofta reflekterar över sig själv och sin lärarroll. Som ytterligare slutsats kan nämnas att lärare och dess omgivning tror att lärare kan identifiera låg självkänsla hos barn. Det finns dock forskning som visar att i själva verket har lärare fel två gånger av tre när det kommer till att identifiera barnen med lägst självkänsla. Här skiljer sig litteraturen och intervjuerna en del. Lärarna i undersökningen finner det relativt lätt att identifiera dessa elever, medan en del av litteraturen jag tagit del av säger att de med lägst självkänsla ofta förbises. Man kan med andra ord säga att lärare saknar kunskap om hur elever med lägst självkänsla upptäcks.

"Why are you researching us?" ... "Are you a spy?"..."Are you taping right now?" asked children at the ‘Community School,' in those first moments of this qualitative study. This thesis contributes to the growing body of social research in the field of early childhood education, viewing children as capable and competent meaning makers, engaging their input as ‘agentive researchers,’ and reconceptualizing research methodology, play theory, and early childhood teaching practice. Changing contexts of 21st century childhoods, as well as new theories regarding literacy and meaning making, prompted this research involving a reconceptualization of play and its value, within the context of multiliteracies theories and holistic education. This process of reconceptualization was informed by observation (playscapes, places, props, plots, partners and practices) of boys at play considering their meaning-making processes. Through participant observation in a full-day Kindergarten, play episodes were documented (i.e., digital videography, photography, audio recording, field notes, collection of artifacts) and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three broad themes emerged. First, physical and social aspects of the Classroom Play Environment were found to be influential in creating conditions for play, influencing the quality of engagement and learning. Ample time, space, freedom of movement, and access to plentiful creative materials were important in children’s active play and meaning making processes. Common behavourist classroom management techniques were avoided in favour of social constructivist approaches, which promoted children’s self-regulation with an aim to recognize and foster their sense of agency, and support emergent play-literacy practices (Hill & Nichols, 2006). Second, children’s explanations regarding the source and inspiration of play themes and interests prompted a reconsideration of ‘spontaneity’ as foundational to a Definition of Play. Defining play processes as “multiliteracies”, and play episodes as “text”, play ideas were found to be intertextually linked to multiple texts including picture books, multimedia, and iconic texts. Third, Boys' Play was observed to involve much movement combined with rough and tumble, pretend, construction, and word play, prompting a re-consideration of ‘narrative’ within the context of play and literacy research literature. As well, boys inquired about gendered play objects and identities in complex and personal ways. This digital thesis document utilized a multimodal design, embedding visual and audio text, creating a new multimodal thesis form with an aim toward considering all modes of meaning making as equal, rather than emphasizing or privileging print text (Jewitt & Kress, 2003).

"Why are you researching us?" ... "Are you a spy?"..."Are you taping right now?" asked children at the ‘Community School,' in those first moments of this qualitative study. This thesis contributes to the growing body of social research in the field of early childhood education, viewing children as capable and competent meaning makers, engaging their input as ‘agentive researchers,’ and reconceptualizing research methodology, play theory, and early childhood teaching practice. Changing contexts of 21st century childhoods, as well as new theories regarding literacy and meaning making, prompted this research involving a reconceptualization of play and its value, within the context of multiliteracies theories and holistic education. This process of reconceptualization was informed by observation (playscapes, places, props, plots, partners and practices) of boys at play considering their meaning-making processes. Through participant observation in a full-day Kindergarten, play episodes were documented (i.e., digital videography, photography, audio recording, field notes, collection of artifacts) and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three broad themes emerged. First, physical and social aspects of the Classroom Play Environment were found to be influential in creating conditions for play, influencing the quality of engagement and learning. Ample time, space, freedom of movement, and access to plentiful creative materials were important in children’s active play and meaning making processes. Common behavourist classroom management techniques were avoided in favour of social constructivist approaches, which promoted children’s self-regulation with an aim to recognize and foster their sense of agency, and support emergent play-literacy practices (Hill & Nichols, 2006). Second, children’s explanations regarding the source and inspiration of play themes and interests prompted a reconsideration of ‘spontaneity’ as foundational to a Definition of Play. Defining play processes as “multiliteracies”, and play episodes as “text”, play ideas were found to be intertextually linked to multiple texts including picture books, multimedia, and iconic texts. Third, Boys' Play was observed to involve much movement combined with rough and tumble, pretend, construction, and word play, prompting a re-consideration of ‘narrative’ within the context of play and literacy research literature. As well, boys inquired about gendered play objects and identities in complex and personal ways. This digital thesis document utilized a multimodal design, embedding visual and audio text, creating a new multimodal thesis form with an aim toward considering all modes of meaning making as equal, rather than emphasizing or privileging print text (Jewitt & Kress, 2003).

This study investigates the relationship of instructor behaviour and classroom practices with Chinese ESL speaking-in-class anxiety of a group of first-year university students in Hong Kong. The factors contributing to second language learning speaking-in-class anxiety (SA) are identified by means of interviews,a questionnaire and discussion. The relationship between sex, majors, students' second language (English) proficiency, self-evaluation of their first language (Chinese) and second language (L2) proficiency with SA are examined with the help of a questionnaire. A further aspect of the study explores the kinds of classroom practices and teacher behaviour that help students reduce SA by means of an experiment, comparison of data gathered from pre-and-post experiment questionnaires, participant observation, interviews, classroom activity records, audio recording and comparison of students' English oral grades before and after the experiment. Factor analysis identified five factors contributing to SA. They are - speech anxiety and fear of negative evaluation - comfortableness when speaking with native speakers - negative attitudes towards the English class - negative self-evaluation and - fear of failing the class/consequences of personal failure. Speaking in front of the class without preparation, being corrected when speaking, inadequate wait-time and not being allowed to use the first language in a second/foreign language class were also indicated by this group of first-year Chinese ESL university students as important elements leading to SA. Results suggested that teacher behaviour such as creating a warm and easy going atmosphere in the classroom, upholding teaching professionalism, providing specific help to students and providing pleasant language experience are useful to encourage spoken English in an ESL classroom. Classroom practices such as adopting appropriate tasks and activities that address varied leaning styles and strategies in the classroom, adopting appropriate modes of assessment and correction, allowing preparation in advance before asking students to speak in front of the class, providing adequate wait-time and allowing the use of the first language help lower students' SA. The thesis concludes with an examination of the methodological and theoretical implications of the study. The present research has highlighted the importance of considering the cultural elements, wait time and the use of LI in the L2 classroom, elements which have been neglected in previous anxiety research. A number of tentative and practical recommendations from the study are proposed together with suggestions for future research.