Abstract. The objectives of this thesis are to evaluate (1) the influence of slope aspect on boreal plant responses to clear-cutting and (2) the effects of post-harvest extraction of bioenergy (logging residues or slash) on plant composition, richness and performance in clear-cuts. Such insight is essential for understanding changes in species composition and richness in response to clear-cutting and application of intensified harvesting systems. The focus is on productive and managed spruce dominated forests and focal organisms are mosses, liverworts (i.e. bryophytes) and vascular plants. Space-for-time substitution studies were performed in south- and north-facing slopes located in 10 forests and 10 adjacent clear-cut stands in central Sweden. Differences between forests and clear-cuts were interpreted as effects of clear-cutting. The results show that the response of all three focal groups differed between aspects. More species were lost in south-facing slopes and clear-cutting reduced species richness of liverworts as well as of bryophytes and vascular plants associated with sheltered habitats. By contrast, clear-cutting caused no reduction in any group and more species were added in north-facing slopes. As a result north-facing clear-cuts generally had higher species richness than their forest counterparts. The disparate patterns in species’ response between aspects were most likely caused by initial microclimatic differences and a greater microclimatic change in south-facing slopes, in response to clear-cutting. A paired comparative study of conventionally harvested (i.e. slash left) and slash-harvested clear-cut stands was performed 5-10 years after clear-cutting in south-central Sweden. Both the species composition and the richness of mosses and liverworts were affected by slash harvest, whereas the composition of vascular plants was not. Slash harvest also reduced richness of mosses and liverworts associated with forests and organic substrates (e.g. dead wood and litter). Species richness of vascular plants and bryophytes associated with inorganic substrates (i.e. mineral soil) was unchanged. Differences between conventionally harvested stands and slash-harvested stands were most likely a result of reduced cover of organic material reducing substrate availability and shelter in the latter. Increased mechanical disturbance in slash-harvested stands that destroys remnant forest vegetation and favours pioneers may also play a role. A bryophyte transplant experiment was performed in seven clear-cuts in central Sweden and monitored over one vegetation period. The results show that logging residues (or slash) and forest edges may shelter ground-dwelling bryophytes by buffering the clear-cut microclimate. In conclusion, both slope aspect and extraction of forest bioenergy affect plant survival in clear-cut boreal forests. As surviving plant populations facilitate re-colonisation, north-facing slopes and conventionally harvested clear-cuts (i.e. slash left) may potentially recover faster than south-facing slopes and slash-harvested clear-cuts.

An increase in the frequency and intensity of storm events is predicted by numerous climate researchers for the north of Europe. Not only this but also landuse change in form of clear-cutting can have an impact on the discharge of rivers and with that on road drainage structures. Extensive societal costs can be the consequences of blockage and underdimensioned structures. Hydrological models are powerful instruments that can be used to assess the future dimension requirements for road drainage structures especially in specifically vulnerable areas. In this thesis the hydrological model MIKE SHE was set up to study the discharge and water level at two pipe bridges and one culvert within the catchment of the river Hakerud in Västra Götaland, Sweden. Three scenarios were considered including a changing climate until 2050 and 2100 and a clear-cut scenario aiming to find out if the current design is sufficient for the future. This model can be used as an example model set-up for similar studies taking the recommendations of the experience gained in this thesis into consideration. For the Swedish Transport Administration further studies on this basis can contribute to decision making on the dimensioning of road drainage structures in the future to ensure a safe and robust infrastructural system.

Utilizou-se o modelo hidrológico TOPMODEL, baseado em aspectos físicos e topográficos, em uma das três microbacias do Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal Eng. Agr. Walter Emmerich, do Instituto Florestal/SP. O laboratório localiza-se na Serra do Mar, junto às cabeceiras do rio Paraibuna, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. O modelo usa um índice topográfico que indica as áreas de contribuição para o deflúvio da microbacia e permite simular a vazão e analisar o comportamento hidrológico da microbacia. A primeira parte do trabalho buscou determinar os valores iniciais dos parâmetros de calibração, testar a validade das premissas do modelo, e, principalmente, compreender melhor o funcionamento hidrológico da bacia D. Os resultados indicam uma eficiência maior para as simulações de eventos isolados do que para as de períodos longos. A simulação do comportamento hidrológico em função do corte raso mostrou uma diminuição do tempo de pico e um aumento significativo do volume de vazão simulado: de 17 a 44%, em comparação a bacia D coberta com floresta. Mostram, também, que de 7 a 93% do deflúvio é gerado a partir das áreas variáveis de afluência (A.V.A.). Recomenda-se que o corte raso seja evitado a qualquer custo. Caso seja necessário, as matas ciliares devem ser mantidas; onde elas não existem mais, devem ser recuperadas imediatamente. As áreas com agricultura ou pastagem devem utilizar as melhores técnicas de conservação do solo, de forma que as condições naturais de infiltração não sejam drasticamente alteradas. / A physically based semi-distributed model, TOPMODEL, has been applied to one catchment in Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. The model uses a topographic index which highlights significant hydrological areas within the catchment. The model simulate streamflow and analyse the behaviour of the catchment. The first part of this paper concerns to the first values of calibration parameters, experiments the validity of the premisses of the model, and, mainly, tries to understand how does the hydrology of D catchment works. The results are more efficient on simulation of isolate events than on events of long period. The simulation of hydrology behaviour subject to clear-cutting has showed a diminution of the time of rise and a significant increase of streamflow simulated: from 17 to 44%, in comparaison to D forest catchment. They also show that from 7 to 93% of the streamflow is generated from saturated contributing areas (sources areas). It\'s advisable to avoid clear-cutting. If necessary, the riparian zone has to be preserved; and where they have been destroyed, they have to be recovered urgently. Agricultural lands or grasslands have to use the best management practices, in order to keep the natural conditions of infiltration.

Disturbances are ubiquitous features of most northern forest ecosystems. The subsequent response of plant assemblages on both short (resistance or not) and long term (recolonization or not) will depend on a number of factors operating at several spatial scales. In boreal forest ecosystems, bryophyte assemblages are a conspicuous and species rich group of plants for which these processes are poorly understood. Using a combination of experimental and observational approaches this thesis explores these questions for closed-canopy bryophyte assemblages in relation to a) microtopography (both for the initial and long-term response), b) environmental constrains during post-logging succession and c) disturbance type. My results clearly show that the shade and shelter provided by microtopographic surface structures can increase survival rates of bryophytes following clear-cut logging by decreasing mortality from microclimatic stress and mechanical disturbance. Following clear-cutting, the recovery of forest floor and dead wood living bryophytes seems to be a relatively steady and progressive process without any major bottleneck episodes in the young or semi-mature forest stages with much of the pre-disturbance composition recovered after 50 years. Although boulders were found to increase the initial survival on clear-cuts and hence increase disturbance resistance, we found no evidence that boulders influenced the subsequent recolonization process. Lastly, strong compositional dissimilarities were found in young forests (40 years) following clear-cut logging, wildfire and insect outbreak, indicating divergent trajectories to occur following different disturbances. Hence, early seral stages of forest ecosystems regenerating after natural disturbances seem to compliment young managed forests in maintaining landscape level diversity. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Utilizou-se o modelo hidrológico TOPMODEL, baseado em aspectos físicos e topográficos, em uma das três microbacias do Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal Eng. Agr. Walter Emmerich, do Instituto Florestal/SP. O laboratório localiza-se na Serra do Mar, junto às cabeceiras do rio Paraibuna, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. O modelo usa um índice topográfico que indica as áreas de contribuição para o deflúvio da microbacia e permite simular a vazão e analisar o comportamento hidrológico da microbacia. A primeira parte do trabalho buscou determinar os valores iniciais dos parâmetros de calibração, testar a validade das premissas do modelo, e, principalmente, compreender melhor o funcionamento hidrológico da bacia D. Os resultados indicam uma eficiência maior para as simulações de eventos isolados do que para as de períodos longos. A simulação do comportamento hidrológico em função do corte raso mostrou uma diminuição do tempo de pico e um aumento significativo do volume de vazão simulado: de 17 a 44%, em comparação a bacia D coberta com floresta. Mostram, também, que de 7 a 93% do deflúvio é gerado a partir das áreas variáveis de afluência (A.V.A.). Recomenda-se que o corte raso seja evitado a qualquer custo. Caso seja necessário, as matas ciliares devem ser mantidas; onde elas não existem mais, devem ser recuperadas imediatamente. As áreas com agricultura ou pastagem devem utilizar as melhores técnicas de conservação do solo, de forma que as condições naturais de infiltração não sejam drasticamente alteradas. / A physically based semi-distributed model, TOPMODEL, has been applied to one catchment in Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. The model uses a topographic index which highlights significant hydrological areas within the catchment. The model simulate streamflow and analyse the behaviour of the catchment. The first part of this paper concerns to the first values of calibration parameters, experiments the validity of the premisses of the model, and, mainly, tries to understand how does the hydrology of D catchment works. The results are more efficient on simulation of isolate events than on events of long period. The simulation of hydrology behaviour subject to clear-cutting has showed a diminution of the time of rise and a significant increase of streamflow simulated: from 17 to 44%, in comparaison to D forest catchment. They also show that from 7 to 93% of the streamflow is generated from saturated contributing areas (sources areas). It\'s advisable to avoid clear-cutting. If necessary, the riparian zone has to be preserved; and where they have been destroyed, they have to be recovered urgently. Agricultural lands or grasslands have to use the best management practices, in order to keep the natural conditions of infiltration.

A expansão das áreas de reflorestamento colocam em evidência os possíveis efeitos destas nos recursos hídricos. Tendo como principal característica o crescimento acelerado, as florestas plantadas apresentam elevadas taxas de evapotranspiração, e, embora não sejam consideradas usuárias de água, o consumo das mesmas modifica a produção de água na microbacia. Buscando entender este cenário, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar alternativas de corte raso em mosaico a serem utilizadas para mitigar os efeitos das florestas plantadas nos recursos hídricos. Foram testados variáveis de intensidade e configuração espacial do corte raso e seus efeitos obtidos por meio de simulações chuva-vazão na microbacia experimental de Itatinga. O estudo foi dividido em duas partes, a primeira foi referente à análise do consumo por meio da curva de permanência do deflúvio em diferentes cenários de intensidade de corte, e a segunda pela simulação hidrológica distribuída de cenários de corte variáveis tanto na intensidade quanto na localização. A partir dos resultados obtidos foram realizadas comparações com as vazões mínimas de referência (Q7.10 e Q90) para quantificação do consumo de água das florestas ao longo do tempo. Os resultados mostraram que quando totalmente coberta com floresta o consumo de água sempre ficava além do recomendado, conforme o corte da cobertura simulado era intensificado (até 100% de corte) os valores de consumo caiam, sendo que a partir de cinquenta porcento de corte o deflúvio ficava abaixo dos dois índices de vazão mínima de referência analisados. Na segunda parte do estudo os cenários de intensidade e localização do corte (30, 50 e 70% de corte nas cotas baixas e altas) foram comparados com a referência - cobertura total com floresta - e os resultados analisados quanto ao escoamento total, pico de vazão e volume dos eventos. Foi também simulado um cenário para a análise do efeito da vegetação ripária na redução dos impactos. Os resultados mostraram que os efeitos das diferentes intensidades de corte raso estão relacionados a altura total precipitada, pois apresentaram diferenças significativas para os menores eventos de chuva, não tendo as intensidades diferenças no corte para os maiores eventos (lâminas de chuva acima de 15 mm). A localização do corte nas cotas baixas da bacia resultou em picos de vazão e volume maiores do que o cenário referência para uma mesma intensidade de corte. Quando os cortes foram realizados nas cotas altas os resultados não diferiram significativamente do cenário referência em nenhuma porcentagem de corte, com exceção para a altura precipitada entre 4 e 8 mm. As simulações dos efeitos da floresta ripária mostraram que quando mantida ao longo do rio a vegetação diminui o escoamento direto, no entanto, este efeito depende da intensidade do evento de chuva, não sendo significativo para grandes eventos. Por meio dos dados foi possível concluir que o corte em mosaico é uma ferramenta que deve ser utilizada no manejo das florestas plantadas, pois por meio deste é possível diminuir o consumo através da intensidade e mitigar os efeitos do aumento do escoamento por meio da localização do corte. / The expansion of areas of planted forests shows possible effects they have on water resources. Due to the characteristics of accelerated growth, commercial reforestations have high rates of evapotranspiration. Although planted forests are not considered water users, their consumption modifies water production in the watershed. Seeking to understand this scenario, the objective of this study was to identify alternatives to clear-cutting in mosaic that can be used to mitigate the effects of planted forests in water resources. Variables of intensity and spatial configuration of clear-cutting and its effects obtained through rain-flow simulations were tested in the experimental watershed of Itatinga. The study was divided into two parts, the first consisted of the analysis of consumption through the flow permanence curve in different scenarios of cut intensity, and the second was characterized by hydrological simulation of distributed variable cutting scenarios both in intensity and in location. The results were used to compare with the minimum flow rates of reference (Q7.10 and Q90) to quantify water consumption of forests over time, measuring the relationship between consumption and minimum reference flow. The results showed that when fully covered with forest, water consumption was always beyond the recommended, and as the simulated cut of the vegetation cover was enhanced (until 100% cutting), consumption values dropped. After 50 percent of cutting, runoff remained below two rates of minimum flow reference analyzed. In the second part of the study, the scenarios of intensity and location of cuts (30, 50 and 70% of cut in downstream and upstream) were compared with reference - complete forest cover - and the results were analyzed in terms of total runoff, peak flow and volume of events. It was also simulated a scenario for the analysis of the effects of riparian vegetation on the reduction of impacts caused by the clear-cutting of the planted forest. The effects of different intensities of clear-cutting are related to the size of the event of rain, because they showed significant differences for smaller rain events, however, no differences in the intensities were observed for greater events (precipitation above 15 mm). The location of the cut in downstream scenarios resulted at peak flow and volume larger than the reference scenario for the same cut intensity. When the cuts were made in upstream, the results did not differ significantly from the reference scenario in any percentage of cut, except for the rain size between 4 and 8 mm. Simulations of the effects of riparian forest showed that when they are kept along the river, the vegetation decreases the direct runoff, however, this effect depends on the intensity of the rain event, not being significant for large events. The use of data allowed to conclude that the cut in mosaic is a tool that could be used in the management of planted forests, as it decreases consumption through intensity and mitigates the effects of increased runoff due to the location of the cut.

A expansão das áreas de reflorestamento colocam em evidência os possíveis efeitos destas nos recursos hídricos. Tendo como principal característica o crescimento acelerado, as florestas plantadas apresentam elevadas taxas de evapotranspiração, e, embora não sejam consideradas usuárias de água, o consumo das mesmas modifica a produção de água na microbacia. Buscando entender este cenário, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar alternativas de corte raso em mosaico a serem utilizadas para mitigar os efeitos das florestas plantadas nos recursos hídricos. Foram testados variáveis de intensidade e configuração espacial do corte raso e seus efeitos obtidos por meio de simulações chuva-vazão na microbacia experimental de Itatinga. O estudo foi dividido em duas partes, a primeira foi referente à análise do consumo por meio da curva de permanência do deflúvio em diferentes cenários de intensidade de corte, e a segunda pela simulação hidrológica distribuída de cenários de corte variáveis tanto na intensidade quanto na localização. A partir dos resultados obtidos foram realizadas comparações com as vazões mínimas de referência (Q7.10 e Q90) para quantificação do consumo de água das florestas ao longo do tempo. Os resultados mostraram que quando totalmente coberta com floresta o consumo de água sempre ficava além do recomendado, conforme o corte da cobertura simulado era intensificado (até 100% de corte) os valores de consumo caiam, sendo que a partir de cinquenta porcento de corte o deflúvio ficava abaixo dos dois índices de vazão mínima de referência analisados. Na segunda parte do estudo os cenários de intensidade e localização do corte (30, 50 e 70% de corte nas cotas baixas e altas) foram comparados com a referência - cobertura total com floresta - e os resultados analisados quanto ao escoamento total, pico de vazão e volume dos eventos. Foi também simulado um cenário para a análise do efeito da vegetação ripária na redução dos impactos. Os resultados mostraram que os efeitos das diferentes intensidades de corte raso estão relacionados a altura total precipitada, pois apresentaram diferenças significativas para os menores eventos de chuva, não tendo as intensidades diferenças no corte para os maiores eventos (lâminas de chuva acima de 15 mm). A localização do corte nas cotas baixas da bacia resultou em picos de vazão e volume maiores do que o cenário referência para uma mesma intensidade de corte. Quando os cortes foram realizados nas cotas altas os resultados não diferiram significativamente do cenário referência em nenhuma porcentagem de corte, com exceção para a altura precipitada entre 4 e 8 mm. As simulações dos efeitos da floresta ripária mostraram que quando mantida ao longo do rio a vegetação diminui o escoamento direto, no entanto, este efeito depende da intensidade do evento de chuva, não sendo significativo para grandes eventos. Por meio dos dados foi possível concluir que o corte em mosaico é uma ferramenta que deve ser utilizada no manejo das florestas plantadas, pois por meio deste é possível diminuir o consumo através da intensidade e mitigar os efeitos do aumento do escoamento por meio da localização do corte. / The expansion of areas of planted forests shows possible effects they have on water resources. Due to the characteristics of accelerated growth, commercial reforestations have high rates of evapotranspiration. Although planted forests are not considered water users, their consumption modifies water production in the watershed. Seeking to understand this scenario, the objective of this study was to identify alternatives to clear-cutting in mosaic that can be used to mitigate the effects of planted forests in water resources. Variables of intensity and spatial configuration of clear-cutting and its effects obtained through rain-flow simulations were tested in the experimental watershed of Itatinga. The study was divided into two parts, the first consisted of the analysis of consumption through the flow permanence curve in different scenarios of cut intensity, and the second was characterized by hydrological simulation of distributed variable cutting scenarios both in intensity and in location. The results were used to compare with the minimum flow rates of reference (Q7.10 and Q90) to quantify water consumption of forests over time, measuring the relationship between consumption and minimum reference flow. The results showed that when fully covered with forest, water consumption was always beyond the recommended, and as the simulated cut of the vegetation cover was enhanced (until 100% cutting), consumption values dropped. After 50 percent of cutting, runoff remained below two rates of minimum flow reference analyzed. In the second part of the study, the scenarios of intensity and location of cuts (30, 50 and 70% of cut in downstream and upstream) were compared with reference - complete forest cover - and the results were analyzed in terms of total runoff, peak flow and volume of events. It was also simulated a scenario for the analysis of the effects of riparian vegetation on the reduction of impacts caused by the clear-cutting of the planted forest. The effects of different intensities of clear-cutting are related to the size of the event of rain, because they showed significant differences for smaller rain events, however, no differences in the intensities were observed for greater events (precipitation above 15 mm). The location of the cut in downstream scenarios resulted at peak flow and volume larger than the reference scenario for the same cut intensity. When the cuts were made in upstream, the results did not differ significantly from the reference scenario in any percentage of cut, except for the rain size between 4 and 8 mm. Simulations of the effects of riparian forest showed that when they are kept along the river, the vegetation decreases the direct runoff, however, this effect depends on the intensity of the rain event, not being significant for large events. The use of data allowed to conclude that the cut in mosaic is a tool that could be used in the management of planted forests, as it decreases consumption through intensity and mitigates the effects of increased runoff due to the location of the cut.

Magistro darbe tiriama paliktų biologinei įvairovei medžių plyno kirtimo biržėse būklė ir išlikimas. Darbo objektas – plyno kirtimo biržės ir jose palikti biologinės įvairovės medžiai. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti plynose kirtavietėse paliekamų biologinės įvairovės medžių būklę, rūšinę sudėtį, kiekį ir pasiskirstymą bei išlikimą kirtavietėje. Darbo metodika – atliekant tyrimą, dėmesys buvo kreipiamas į du skirtingus parametrus. Pirmiausia buvo išsiaiškintas atskirų medžių atsparumas aplinkos poveikiams, priklausomai nuo jų individualių savybių. Kitas tyrimas, kuriame buvo apskaičiuota žuvusių medžių dalis kirtavietėje, priklausomai nuo kirtavietės parametrų ir medžių išsidėstymo joje. Darbo rezultatai – Plynose kirtavietėse vidutiniškai paliekama 11 medžių hektare, iš kurių per pirmuosius šešerius metus 14 procentų žūsta. Didėjant kirtavietės dydžiui bendras išlikimo procentas mažėja. Geriau išlieka grupėmis paliekami medžiai nei medžiai paliekami pavieniui. Didelę reikšmę medžių išlikimui turi vėjas - du trečdaliai žuvusių medžių žuvo dėl vėjo, buvo išversti arba nulaužti. Didžiausią poveikį vėjas turi medžiams, kurių paviršinė šaknų sistema, ir medžiams, kurių storio ir aukščio santykis mažesnis. Didėjant atstumui nuo kirtavietės krašto, dėl didesnio vėjo poveikio, medžių išlikimas mažėja. Atskirų medžių rūšių išlikimas priklauso nuo augavietės atitikimo medžių rūšiai ir paliekamų medžių individualių parametrų. Atrenkant paliekamus biologinei įvairovei medžius didesnis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master thesis presents evaluation of the trees condition and ability to survive, which are left for biological diversity in the clear cutting areas. Object of the work – trees left for biological diversity in clear cutting areas Aim of the work – to evaluate the condition, variety, quantity and layout of the trees, left for biological diversity in clear cutting areas. Methods of work- attention were paid to two different indicates: first, it has been investigated trees ability to resist environmental factors, depending on individual aspects of each tree. Second, it has been investigated area of coppice, where it was examined fraction of dead trees depending of trees layout and different factors in the coppice. Result of the work – there are approximately eleven trees left in each hectare and 14 percent of them do not survive during the first 6 years. The more the coppice expands the less possibility of tree to survive. The trees are more likely to survive when they are left in groups rather than on their own. The wind has important implication to the trees; two thirds of the trees get destroyed by the wind. The trees that are mostly in danger due to the wind are the ones that have roots spread out close to the ground surface and which have a reduced diameter and height ratio. Trees that are in the middle of the coppice have an increased risk to die from wind. Various trees survive depending on the type of the tree specification and its environmental... [to full text]

Baigiamajame darbe aptariami kirtavietėse paliekamų pušies biologinės įvairovės medžių ilgalaikio išlikimo neigiamiems aplinkos veiksniams tyrimo rezultatai. Darbo tikslas – surinkti ir įvertinti Nemenčinės miškų urėdijos kirtavietėse paliekamų biologinės įvairovės medžių būklę, kiekį ir išlikimą kirtavietėje. Darbo objektas – plyno kirtimo biržės ir jose palikti biologinės įvairovės medžiai. Darbo metodika. Mokslinės literatūros analizės pagrindu teoriniu aspektu buvo gilinamasi į biologinės įvairovės svarbą ir jos apsaugos priemonių kūrimą bei taikymą. Šiam tikslui pasiekti studijuojamos lietuvių bei užsienio autorių knygos, moksliniai straipsniai, internetinė medžiaga, susijusi su nagrinėjama tema. Tyrimo metu buvo analizuojami keli parametrai: medžių atsparumas aplinkos poveikiams, medžių ilgalaikis išlikimas priklausantis nuo kirtavietės ploto, reljefo, paklotės storio. Darbo rezultatai. Tyrimo metu buvo susisteminta medžių paliekamų bioįvairovei tendencija. Buvo tirtos trijų skirtingų kirtimų metų šešios kirtavietės. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad į medžių paliekamų bioįvairovei būklę vis daugiau atsižvelgiama. Kirtimų metu paliekama vis didesnės įvairovės medžių, kurie atrenkami pagal normatyvus, kad būtų kuo ilgaamžiškesnis jų išlikimas. Nemenčinės miškų urėdijoje kirtavietėse po kirtimo praėjus daugiau nei 5 metams daugiausia išliko gyvybingų – žalių – medžių 77 proc. ir tik 23 proc. kitokių nudžiuvusių, nulaužtų ir išverstų medžių. Dauguma žalių medžių dažniausiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master thesis presents the pine tree biodiversity and it‘s condition in the clear-felled area had been evaluated in forest areas. Aim of the work – assemble and evaluate the condition, quantity and survival of the trees, left for biological diversity in clear cutting areas in Nemenčinės forestry enterprise. Object of the work – The trees left for the biological diversity in clear cutting areas. Methods of the work – the theoretical aspect of the importance of biodiversity and its conservation and development of the application were analyzed in literature. To achieve this, the Lithuanian and foreign authors, books, scientific articles, online material related to the topic were studied. The study included the analysis of several parameters: tree resistance to environmental factors, long-term survival of the trees from harvesting area, terrain. Result of work - during the studies the biodiversity trend of the pine trees left in the wood clearcuts was structured. Six clearings in three different harvest years have been tested. It have been stated that more and more attention for the biodiversity is considered. During the clear cuttings bigger variety of the trees are left. These trees are selected according to the guidelines in order to make the more durable. After more than 5 years in the Nemenčinės forestry enterprise - the majority of trees in the clearcut forest - 77 % of them - are well growing, lush green trees. However, 23 % of the trees are dead, twisted or dumped... [to full text]

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-12T13:30:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF16MA073.pdf: 1558252 bytes, checksum: 078f732c32622d0875732cff37fb28d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-12T13:30:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF16MA073.pdf: 1558252 bytes, checksum: 078f732c32622d0875732cff37fb28d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / The objective of the present research was to analyze timber extraction operations and determining economically optimal density of forest roads in thinnings and clear cut for Pinus stands managed for multiple use, subsidizing the operations planning for forest sustainability. The survey was conducted in areas of harvest of Pinus taeda L., belonging to Florestal Gateados Ltda, in Campo Belo do Sul, SC. The study was divided into two stages. In the first, a technical analysis, modeling and cost productivity of logging activities in different situations and machines: (a) first thinning in cut to lenght system (CTL) with forwarder; (b) third roughing in CTL system with forwarder; (c) clear cut in with forwarder CTL system; and (d) clear cut in full tree system (FT) with skidder. Technical analysis was performed by means of a time and motion study, with a sampling error of less than 10%, being evaluated the elements of the operating cycle and given nominal productivity (Pn) and effective (Pe). The cost analysis was accomplished through the determination of production and operational costs for the accounting method. The operations were evaluated in different conditions of slope, direction of operation, distance of extraction, presence of rocky outcrop and volume by class tora, which were also regarded as independes variables to fit mathematical models for multiple regression for estimation of productivity, using the Stepwise Procedure. The main results were: for the first trim the Pn was 10,90 m3/h and total operating cost (COT) of R$/he. 181,12 For the third roughing the NP was 16,45 m3/h and COT of 185,58 R$/he. In clear cut, for forwarder if a Pn of 29,05 m3/h and COT of 244,58/he R$, while for the skidder obtained a Pn of 128,60 m3/h and COT of 218,31 R$/he. For the modeling of productivity of machines, the distance and the volume by tora were used as explanatory variables, being present in the estimates for the forwarder, in addition to the volume per cycle, in third, and slope in the first thinning and clear-cutting. For the skidder, the variables used were the distance and volume per cycle. In step two was given the economically optimum density (DOE) and acceptable (DAE) for different situations. The DOE was calculated by the indirect method, which is the product of the sum of the costs of reconstruction, maintenance, extraction and waste of productive area. First trim the current road density (of) was 45,28 m/ha, the DOE of 20,18 m/ha and the DAE of 28,26 m/ha. Third roughing the of was 95,08 m/ha, the DOE of 16,60 m/ha and the DAE of 21,68. In clear-cutting the of was 92,02 w/ha, being the DOE for the CTL system of 15,63 m/ha and DAE of 24,75 m/ha, while in the FT system DOE was 22,85 m/ha and 27,00 m DAE/ha. In General, the density of current roads was above the good and acceptable and should be carried out a redesign of operations targeting a road network within the acceptable density, resulting in lower costs and increased revenue to the company / O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar operações de extração de madeira e determinar economicamente a densidade ótima de estradas florestais em desbastes e corte raso para povoamentos de Pinus manejados para uso múltiplo, subsidiando o planejamento das operações com vistas à sustentabilidade florestal. A pesquisa foi realizada em áreas de colheita de Pinus taeda L., pertencentes à empresa Florestal Gateados Ltda, em Campo Belo do Sul, SC. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada uma análise técnica, de custos e modelagem da produtividade das atividades de extração de madeira em diferentes situações e máquinas: (a) primeiro desbaste em sistema de toras curtas (CTL) com forwarder; (b) terceiro desbaste em sistema CTL com forwarder; (c) corte raso em sistema CTL com forwarder; e (d) corte raso em sistema de árvores inteiras (FT) com skidder. A análise técnica foi realizada por meio de um estudo de tempos e movimentos, com um erro amostral menor que 10%, sendo avaliados os elementos do ciclo operacional e determinada a produtividade nominal (Pn) e efetiva (Pe). A análise de custos foi realizada através da determinação dos custos operacionais e de produção pelo método contábil. As operações foram avaliadas em diferentes condições de declividade, sentido de operação, distância de extração, presença de afloramento rochoso e classe de volume por tora, os quais também foram considerados como variáveis independes com intuito de se ajustar modelos matemáticos por regressão múltipla para a estimativa da produtividade, utilizando o procedimento Stepwise. Os principais resultados foram: para o primeiro desbaste a Pn foi de 10,90 m3/h e custo operacional total (COT) de 181,12 R$/he. Para o terceiro desbaste a Pn foi de 16,45 m3/h e COT de 185,58 R$/he. Em corte raso, para forwarder se obteve uma Pn de 29,05 m3/h e COT de 244,58 R$/he, enquanto que para o skidder se obteve uma Pn de 128,60 m3/h e COT de 218,31 R$/he. Para a modelagem da produtividade das máquinas, a distância e o volume por tora foram usadas como variáveis explicativas, estando presentes nas estimativas para o forwarder, além do volume por ciclo, em terceiro desbaste, e da declividade em primeiro desbaste e corte raso. Para o skidder, as variáveis utilizadas foram a distância e o volume por ciclo. Na etapa dois foi determinada a densidade economicamente ótima (DOE) e aceitável (DAE) para as diferentes situações de colheita. A DOE foi calculada pelo método indireto, sendo esta o produto do somatório dos custos de reconstrução, manutenção, extração e perda de área produtiva. Em primeiro desbaste a densidade de estradas atual (DE) foi de 45,28 m/ha, a DOE de 20,18 m/ha e a DAE de 28,26 m/ha. Em terceiro desbaste a DE foi de 95,08 m/ha, a DOE de 16,60 m/ha e a DAE de 21,68. Em corte raso a DE foi de 92,02 m/ha, sendo a DOE para o sistema CTL de 15,63 m/ha e DAE de 24,75 m/ha, enquanto que em sistema FT a DOE foi de 22,85 m/ha e DAE de 27,00 m/ha. De forma geral, a densidade de estradas atual foi acima da ótima e da aceitável, devendo ser realizado um replanejamento das operações visando uma malha viária dentro da densidade aceitável, resultando em menores custos e maiores receitas à empresa