One of the goals for physical therapist graduates of professional entry-level education programs is development of the ability to practice effectively in the present health care environment. Another goal is for graduates to develop the ability to continue to learn and grow as professionals throughout their careers, and to contribute to the evolution of their profession in the future. The clinical reasoning and associated experiential learning of new graduates can be viewed as a practical demonstration of both of these goals. This research explored student physical therapists? understanding and learning of clinical reasoning during their professional entry education. / PhD Doctorate

Digitalisation in today’s society is constantly evolving. Research shows the positive effects of apps for people with cognitive impairments by enabling meaningful activities as well as increasing independence. The purpose of this study was to describe the occupational therapist's professional reasoning regarding the recommendation and use of apps to enable activity for people with a cognitive impairment. The study adopted a qualitative approach to capture the participants' reasoning whilst working with apps. The selection was carried out with purposeful selection based on the criteria set. A total of ten participants participated. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions and then analysed with a qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in three categories; Identify the client's needs and prerequisites to promote activity, Match and customize the app for a sustainable use and The Occupational Therapist's prerequisites for using apps as an intervention. The results shows that the occupational therapist works closely with the client and its social network to match the appropriate app based on needs and conditions in activity. Furthermore, the occupational therapists see great benefits of using apps, primarily for the supportive features that can increase independence as well as the freedom of movement the app can contribute to. However, problem areas are in the form of uncertainty in app updates and difficulties in having sufficient knowledge of the available apps. The conclusion is that Occupational therapists in this study use a wide breadth in their reasoning. Where several aspects of the client's needs and prerequisites as well as the occupational therapist's own prerequisites are weighed together to use apps as intervention. This showed great complexity, as apps are a new and large area for the occupational therapists and therefore further studies are needed for more knowledge within the subject.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10999.pdf: 828663 bytes, checksum: 3120eb8cbe0dd912fe745f6d65d0f09e (MD5) / A avaliação da competência para o raciocínio clínico em situações de incerteza ainda é pouco pesquisada. Os testes escritos mais usados na educação médica são os testes de múltipla escolha. Embora estes sejam capazes de avaliar a capacidade para se lidar com problemas bem definidos, reconhece-se que, na prática, a maioria das situações contém incertezas. A tomada de decisões nesses contextos é um dos pilares da competência profissional. Compreender como isso se desenvolve pode contribuir com propostas de ensino com ênfase no aprimoramento dessa competência. Para tanto, a avaliação do raciocínio clínico em contextos de incerteza foi desenvolvida a partir da teoria de scripts, a qual explica o processo de raciocínio clínico, com base na metodologia descrita por Charlin et al. (2000). Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: desenvolver, aplicar e analisar um teste de concordância de scripts (TCS) com temas em geriatria. Um grupo de especialistas formou o painel de referência para a construção do escore do teste. O teste também foi aplicado em um grupo de estudantes de graduação. Da comparação dos resultados obtidos pelos dois grupos, chegou-se a indícios de validade do instrumento, que foi capaz de diferenciar o raciocínio clínico de acordo com o nível de experiência dos examinandos. As análises de consistência interna e de estudos G forneceram interpretações que se aproximaram da complexidade contida em um escore que busca avaliar a competência profissional. Os coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach e G foram calculados e discutidos segundo as qualidades e as limitações psicométricas dos resultados alcançados. Com isso, comprovou-se que o teste de concordância de script, com situações em geriatria, desenvolvido em língua portuguesa, em uma instituição de ensino brasileira, pode ser uma alternativa de avaliação do raciocínio clinico em contextos de incerteza. / Assessment of competency for clinical reasoning in contexts of uncertainty is still little studied. The assessment methodologies most applied in medical course are the multiple choice questions. Although these questions are appropriate to evaluate the capacity to solve well defined problems, it is recognized in practice most of situations are under uncertainty. Decision making in these situations becomes one of the supports of the professional competency. To understand how this process develops can contribute with educational propositions emphasizing the improvement of this competency. Therefore, a written test for the assessment of the clinical reasoning process in contexts of uncertainty could be helpful. For this purpose, it was developed an instrument of assessment based on the script cognitive theory that explains the clinical reasoning process, according to the description by Charlin et al. (2000). The purposes of this study were to develop, apply and analyze a script concordance test (SCT) in geriatrics. A group of experts constituted the reference panel for the construction of the test´s score. After that, the instrument was solved by a group of medical students. Comparing the results for both groups, it was achieved evidences of validation for the approach, which result was able to discriminate the clinical reasoning in agreement with the experience level of the examinees. Internal consistency and G test analyzes gave meanings close to the complexity of a score to measure a professional competency. Cronbach´s alphas and G coefficients were calculated and discussed to support psychometric qualities and limitations of results. Therewith, it has confirmed the script concordance test with geriatrics situations, developed in Portuguese, at a brazilian educational institution, can be an alternative to the assessment of clinical reasoning in contexts of uncertainty / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

abstract: ABSTRACT Results from previous studies indicated nursing students needed to further develop critical thinking (CT) especially with respect to employing it in their clinical reasoning. Thus, the study was conducted to support development of students’ CT in the areas of inference subskills that could be applied as they engaged in clinical reasoning during course simulations. Relevant studies from areas such as CT, clinical reasoning, nursing process, and inference subskills informed the study. Additionally, the power of simulation as an instructional technique along with reflection on those simulations contributed to the formulation of the study. Participants included junior nursing students in their second semester of nursing school. They completed a pre- and post-intervention Critical Thinking Survey, reflective journals during the course of the intervention, and interviews as the conclusion of the study. The intervention provided students with instruction on the use of three inference subskills (Facione, 2015). Moreover, they wrote reflective journal entries about their use of these skills. Quantitative results indicated no changes in various CT measures. By comparison, qualitative data analysis of individual interviews and reflective journals showed students: applied inference subskills in a limited way; demonstrated restricted clinical reasoning; displayed emerging reflection skills; and established a foundation on which to build additional CT in their professional roles. Limitations of the study included time—length of the intervention and limited power of the instruction—depth of the instruction with respect to teaching the inference subskills. Discussion focused on explaining the results. Implications for teaching included revision of the instruction in inference subskills to be more robust by extending it over time, perhaps across courses. Additionally, use of a ‘flipped’ instructional process was discussed in which students would learn the subskills by viewing video modules prior to class and then are ‘guided’ to apply their learning in classroom health care simulations. Implications for research included closer examination of the development of CT in clinical reasoning to devise a developmental trajectory that might be useful to understand this phenomenon and to develop teaching strategies to assist students in learning to use these skills as part of the clinical reasoning process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Higher and Postsecondary Education 2017

A acurácia dos diagnósticos de enfermagem é importante para a escolha de intervenções adequadas, mas ainda pouco se conhece sobre os fatores que a influenciam. Objetivos: identificar os fatores preditores da acurácia de diagnósticos de enfermagem; descrever o grau de acurácia dos diagnósticos de enfermagem documentados na prática clínica e testar a concordância intra e entre avaliadores na aplicação da Escala de Acurácia de Diagnósticos de Enfermagem Versão 2. Método: estudo documental realizado num hospital público de ensino da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. A acurácia dos diagnósticos de enfermagem documentados na admissão de pacientes foi estimada por meio da aplicação da EADE Versão 2, que possui 4 itens para o julgamento da presença, relevância, especificidade e coerência das pistas existentes para o diagnóstico em avaliação. As respostas aos itens são pontuadas e geram um escore final variando de 0 a 13,5 (0 / 1 / 2 / 4,5 / 5,5 / 9 / 10 / 12,5 ou 13,5). A amostra do estudo foi aleatória, composta pelos registros de admissão de 749 pacientes adultos internados na clínica médica ou cirúrgica entre julho de 2005 e junho 2008. Todos os enfermeiros que documentaram as admissões avaliadas forneceram informações de características pessoais e profissionais. Foram computados dados de caracterização dos pacientes que tiveram seus registros analisados. Foram realizados testes de associação entre o grau de acurácia dos diagnósticos e variáveis dos diagnósticos, variáveis dos pacientes e dos registros de admissão e variáveis dos enfermeiros. As variáveis que nos testes de associação com o grau de acurácia obtiveram valores de p 0,20 foram incluídas em modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Uma sub-amostra com 156 admissões foi sorteada para estimar a confiabilidade da escala intra avaliador e entre avaliadores. Resultados: Dos 749 registros de admissão foram avaliados 3.417 diagnósticos documentados por 21 enfermeiros. A maioria dos diagnósticos de enfermagem foi avaliada como altamente acurada (70,4%,) e a média geral da acurácia foi 9,8 (DP =5,6 e variação de 0 a 13,5). As análises de regressão linear múltipla permitiram ajustar três modelos (variáveis dos diagnósticos, variáveis dos pacientes e dos registros de admissão, variáveis dos enfermeiros). O modelo com as variáveis dos diagnósticos mostrou que diagnósticos de baixa frequência (p=0,000), diagnósticos do domínio funcional (p=0,000) e diagnósticos atuais (p=0,000) são preditores de graus mais elevados de acurácia, explicando 28% da variância; o modelo com as variáveis dos pacientes e registros de admissão mostrou que doenças crônicas (p=0,000), internações na clínica médica (p=0,000) e qualidade satisfatória dos registros (p=0,005) são preditores de acurácia mais elevada, com variância explicada de 14%; e o modelo com as variáveis dos enfermeiros mostrou que o relato da presença de conteúdo teórico e prático em diagnóstico de enfermagem na graduação (p = 0,011) foi preditor de graus elevados de acurácia, explicando 26% variância. O valor de Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC) intra avaliadores foi 0,96 e o ICC entre avaliadores foi 0,71 o que confere boa confiabilidade à EADE - Versão 2. Conclusão: O estudo oferece dados empíricos que contribuem para o conhecimento sobre os fatores preditores da acurácia dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. / The accuracy of nursing diagnoses is important in order to select appropriate interventions, however little is known about the factors that influence it. Objectives: To identify the predictors of accuracy of nursing diagnoses; describe the degree of accuracy of nursing diagnoses documented in clinical practice and to test the intra and interrater reliability of the Accuracy Scale for Nursing Diagnosis (NDAS) Version 2. Method: A documental study carried out in a public teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The accuracy of the nursing diagnoses documented during admission assessment of the patients was estimated by applying the NDAS Version 2, which has four items to judge the presence, relevance, specificity and consistency of the existing cues for a documented diagnosis. The responses to the items were scored and generated a final score ranging from 0 to 13.5 (0/1/2/4.5/5.5/9/10/12.5 or 13.5). The study sample was randomly composed of the admission records of 749 adult patients hospitalized in general medicine or surgical wards between July 2005 and June 2008. Each of the nurses who documented the admissions provided demographic and professional information. Also computed were the data of characteristics of patients who had their records reviewed. Association tests were performed between the degree of accuracy of diagnoses and variables of the diagnoses, variables of the patients and admission records and the variables of the nurses. The variables that obtained p values 0.20 in the association tests with the degree of accuracy were included in multiple regression models. A sub-sample of 156 admission records was randomly selected to estimate inter and intra-raters reliability of the scale. Results: Of the 749 admission records that were evaluated, 3.417 diagnoses were documented by 21 nurses. The majority of the nursing diagnoses were evaluated as highly accurate (70.4%) and average overall accuracy was 9.8 (DP = 5.6) and ranged from 0 to 13.5. Multiple linear regression analysis allows the adjustment of three models (variables of the diagnoses, variables of the patients and admission records and variables of the nurses). The model with variables of the diagnoses showed that diagnoses of low frequency (p = 0.000), diagnoses of the functional domain (p = 0.000) and actual diagnoses (p = 0.000) were predictors of a higher degrees of accuracy, explaining 28% of the variance; the model with variables of patients and admission records showed that chronic diseases (p = 0.000), admissions to the general medical ward (p = 0.000) and a satisfactory quality of the patient records (p=0.005) were predictors of higher accuracy, explaining 14% of the variance; and the model with variables of the nurses showed that reporting presence of theoretical and practical content of nursing diagnosis in the baccalaureate program (p = 0.011) was predictor of higher degrees of accuracy, explaining 26% of the variance. The ICC coefficient of intra and interraters was 0.96 and 0.71 respectfully, therefore demonstrating good reliability of the NDAS Version 2. Conclusion: This study provided empirical data to advance knowledge regarding predictors of the accuracy of nursing diagnoses.

Estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, que teve como objeto o raciocínio clínico elaborado pelos enfermeiros ao cuidarem de feridas em clientes com afecções oncológicas. Os objetivos traçados para o estudo foram: identificar as estratégias cognitivas que os enfermeiros com especialização em área oncológica consideram adotar para o estabelecimento de um julgamento clínico na avaliação de feridas em clientes com afecções oncológicas e caracterizar as etapas de elaboração mental para construção do raciocínio clínico que os enfermeiros consideram percorrer quando da avaliação de feridas em cliente acometido por afecções oncológicas. O campo de pesquisa foi o Instituto Nacional do Câncer, no qual os cenários de coleta foi a unidade HC-I nas Seções de Oncologia Clínica, Neurocirurgia, Abdominopélvica, Centro de Tratamento Intensivo e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço. Os sujeitos do estudo foram treze enfermeiros com especialização em oncologia, que assistiam clientes com afecções oncológicas, há pelo menos cinco anos. A coleta dos dados aconteceu nos meses de junho e julho de 2009, sendo utilizado um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada para captar as informações. A análise dos dados foi realizada com base no método de análise de conteúdo, que ao ser aplicado possibilitou a apreensão de quatro categorias: (1) a afecção oncológica como fator expressivo na elaboração mental diagnóstica do enfermeiro; (2) a relevância do conhecimento teórico-prático avançado para a elaboração mental avaliativa do enfermeiro; (3) a construção da elaboração mental para o raciocínio clínico diagnóstico do enfermeiro; (4) a importância da interação humana no contexto avaliativo. Concluiu-se que, este estudo identificou, na discussão das categorias, as quatro principais estratégias cognitivas que os enfermeiros com especialização em área oncológica consideram adotar para o estabelecimento de um julgamento clínico na avaliação de feridas em clientes com afecções oncológicas e caracterizou as etapas de elaboração mental para construção do raciocínio clínico diagnóstico do tipo hipotético-dedutivo e intuitivo. Compreendeu-se que os sujeitos da pesquisa detêm qualidades intelectuais específicas e avançadas, quando elaboram diagnósticos e intervenções baseadas nas respostas humanas em situação de avaliação de feridas nos clientes com doença oncológica, e foi considerado que o ensino pode impulsionar o desenvolvimento das competências cognitivas no sentido de formar profissionais capazes de avaliar o próprio conhecimento, bem como a fomentação de novas pesquisas relativas a essa temática imprescindível para uma assistência de enfermagem qualificada. / This is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study about the clinical reasoning utilized from nurses when they take care wounds in clients with oncologic diseases. The purpose was identified the cognitive strategies which the oncologic specialized nurses utilize to define a clinical trial to evaluate the wounds in oncologic clients and characterize the stages of the mental elaboration that these nurses make to reach the reasoning trial when the evaluation of these wounds are taken. This study took place in the National Cancer Institute in the Unit HC-1 in the sections of Oncologic Clinic, Neurosurgery, Abdomem and Pelvic, Intensive Unit Care and Head and Neck surgery. The subject of this study was thirteen oncologic specialized nurses who are working in this field at least five years. The datas' collection was performed from June to July 2009 and was utilized a semi-structure interview. The datas' analysis was realized based in the analysis content method which allowed to reach four categories. (1) The oncologic disease as an expressive factor to the nurses in their mental elaboration of the diagnostic, (2) The relevance of the practical and theoric advanced knowledge to able the nurses to perform a mental evaluation, (3) The nurses steps of the mental elaboration to get the diagnostic clinical reasoning, (4) The human interaction in the evaluation context. It was concluded from the categories above, four main cognitives strategies which the oncologic specialized nurses utlilize to establish a clinical trial in the evaluation of the wounds in clients with oncologic diseases. Also this study characterized the mental steps elaboration to reach a diagnostic clinical reasoning as hypothetical-deductive and intuitive. It was understood that the subjects of this study who were evaluating the wound in clients with oncologic diseases have advanced and specific intellectual skills to perform a diagnostic and intervention in these clients. It was also considered that the education can promote the development of the cognitive proficiency to make the professionals able to evaluate their own knowledge as well as new researchs regarding at this thematic is indispensable to a qualified nursing assistance.

Corrêa CG. Raciocínio Clínico: o desafio do cuidar. [tese] São Paulo (SP): Escola de Enfermagem da USP; 2003. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a experiência do raciocínio clínico de enfermeiros especialistas. Utiliza-se como referencial teórico o Interacionismo Simbólico e como referencial metodológico a Teoria Fundamentada em Dados (Grounded Theory). Em entrevistas, 11 enfermeiros especialistas foram solicitados a relatar a experiência de identificar necessidades de cuidados em uma situação clínica que haviam vivenciado. A análise comparativa dos dados conduziu o delineamento de um modelo sobre a experiência do raciocínio clínico do enfermeiro especialista. O raciocínio diagnóstico apresentou-se indissociável do raciocínio terapêutico na maioria dos relatos. O modelo foi definido por três constructos. O constructo ENCONTRANDO-SE NO DESAFIO DO CUIDAR representa os processos pelos quais o enfermeiro vivencia o desafio do raciocínio clínico. A partir da vivência do desafio emerge o segundo constructo CUIDANDO que se refere ao processo central do raciocínio clínico. Trata-se de um processo sistematizado e dinâmico, composto de uma seqüência de pensamentos do enfermeiro no sentido de tomar decisões sobre suas ações. Esses dois constructos integrados são permeados por um terceiro, ATRIBUINDO VALOR AO CUIDAR, que os modula e dá especificidade a cada situação vivenciada. Dar continuidade ao estudo do modelo derivado nesta pesquisa possibilitará propor hipóteses que permitam testá-lo e aprofundar a compreensão do raciocínio clínico. Palavras chave: Raciocínio clínico; diagnóstico de enfermagem; intuição; cognição; cuidado. / Corrêa CG. Clinical Reasoning: the challenge of caring. [Phd Thesis]. São Paulo (SP): Escola de Enfermagem da USP; 2003. ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to understand the specialist nurses experience of clinical reasoning. The Symbolic Interactionism is the theoretical framework, and the Grounded Theory is the methodological one. Eleven specialist nurses were asked to report their experience on identifying nursing care needs in a clinical situation that they had experienced. Comparative analyses of the data led to the design of a clinical reasoning model for the specialist nurse. The diagnostic reasoning presented itself inseparable from the treatment reasoning in most reports. The model was defined by three constructs. The construct FINDING HIM/HERSELF OUT ON THE CARE CHALLENGE represents the processes by which nurses experience clinical reasoning challenge. Experiencing the caring challenge led to the second construct, CARING, which is concerned about the major judgement process. It refers to a systematic, dynamic process consisting of a sequence of thoughts in order to make decisions about the nurse actions. These two integrated constructs are permeated by a third one, ASCRIBING VALUE TO CARING, which modulates and gives uniqueness to each experienced situation. Further studies of the model devised in this research will develop hypotheses to test it and to deepen the understanding on clinical reasoning. Key words: clinical reasoning, nursing diagnosis, intuition, cognition, caring.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13461号 / 論医博第2248号 / 新制||医||1055(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 松村 由美, 教授 永井 洋士 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Learning outcomes for students whose education takes place in the physical field are, among others, knowledge and skills to implement the occupational therapy process. In this process patients’ problems are assessed and recorded, treatment planned, implemented, continuously evaluated, and the progress of each such patient professionally recorded. Since this is a process which requires distinct clinical reasoning skills on the part of the student various factors can influence the development of such skills during their training. Many authors are of the opinion that it is the interpersonal communication between supervisor and student which underpins successful fieldwork education. In this study the purpose therefore was to investigate how the interpersonal communication factors in the supervisory relationship play a role in enhancing occupational therapy students’ clinical reasoning during physical fieldwork education. At the outset a partially mixed, sequential dominant, status-qualitative design was employed. An inter-subjective or interactional epistemological position was adopted in order to generate data from the participants’ subjective experiences, and an interpretive approach was used to understand how occupational therapy students and supervisors perceive the supervisory relationship during the formers’ learning of their clinical reasoning skills. Data was generated from four sources. First of all, from focus groups conducted separately with students and their supervisors on completion of the fieldwork block; secondly from semi-structured one-on-one interviews held with students as well as supervisors on completion of the formers’ fieldwork block; thirdly from students’ Work Habits Reports, and finally by recording the practical exam grades students obtained in the physical field. To analyse the data both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed. Information obtained from the focus groups and one-on-one interviews were audio-taped and transcribed. After this process, transcribed data was coded and analysed following both a bottom-up and top down approach. The former was carried out by an independent coder and the latter by the researcher herself to determine which interpersonal communication themes and patterns might emerge from the collected data. A clinical psychologist using the Interpersonal Pattern Analysis, a diagnostic instrument, analysed the audio tapes of 14 supervisors who participated in the focus groups and one-on-one interviews. The themes which emerged from the thematic-content analysis and the Interpersonal Pattern Analysis were compared with the grades students obtained for their clinical reasoning skills in the final practical exam in the physical field. The findings of this study indicated that supervisors of students who received high grades solved problems effectively, were predominately linear in their approach, showed only limited empathy, were rigid in their expectations and gave only limited confirmation. In line with these findings supervisors of students who received lower grades were also effective in terms of problem solving skills and also gave limited confirmation, but were circular in their approach, showed partial empathy and were flexible. Finally in respect of the interpersonal approach to human behaviour there is no one role or pattern of interaction that is more effective in all contexts. A style or a pattern that may be highly effective in one kind of relationship may be ineffective in another. What is emerging here though is that a style which is characterised by flexibility and empathy may not necessarily be an effective teaching style, whereas a style characterised by a linear approach and limited empathy did indeed prove to be significantly more effective. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Occupational Therapy / unrestricted

The primary focus of nursing education in the 21st century is to graduate students with well-developed critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills. This descriptive case study explored the perceptions of 6 faculty and 6 unit staff nurses concerning the assessment of critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills of nursing students in the clinical setting. Benner's novice to expert theory served as the conceptual framework for the research. The guiding research questions focused on faculty and staff perceptions concerning unit staff nurses' level of preparedness to assess the critical thinking and clinical reasoning ability of nursing students, and explored how faculty and unit staff nurses perceived the process of evaluating nursing students' clinical reasoning and critical thinking skills in the clinical setting. Data were collected using semi structured interview questions, then coded and analyzed following Creswell's approach. This analysis identified six themes: (a) lack of consistency, (b) faculty and staff clinical expectations of students, (c) barriers to clinical education, (d) faculty and staff differences in educational definitions, (e) faculty and staff comfort level with students, and (f) resources needed for clinical education. Learning how faculty and staff nurses assess student nurses' ability to demonstrate effective clinical reasoning and critical thinking skills can positively impact social change in nursing education on the local and state level by informing best practice in how critical thinking and clinical reasoning are taught and assessed in nursing education. This facilitates graduating nurses who are prepared to deliver patient care that affect positive outcomes.