The South Nation watershed is located in Eastern Ontario, Canada and managed under the authority of the South Nation Conservation (SNC). The watershed covers an area of 400,000 hectares with four dominant categories of land-use classes (60% agriculture, 34% forest, 5% mixed urban, and 1% other). Water quality is a great concern for the SNC as many anthropogenic activities generate harmful pollutants (such as heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides) that are discharged to the river through surface and groundwater flow. The discharge patterns of these pollutants are mainly driven by land-use distribution within the watershed which has been constantly evolving with urbanization and intensification of agriculture. Major changes in land-uses can potentially offset current SNC efforts to mitigate water pollution. The objective of the current study is to predict land-use series of maps for the South Nation watershed starting from 1991 to 2020. The prediction is carried out using the land-use allocation algorithm of the Dyna-CLUE (Dynamic Conversion of Land-Use and its Effects) model which is implemented for local regions. Dyna-CLUE is a spatially explicit hybrid land-use allocation model that combines estimation and simulation models, and its allocation procedures predict future trends of land-use surface (estimated from historical trends). The binary logistic regression is used to link preferences of land-use classes and potential demographic and geographic driving factors. Expert judgment was used to select a set of spatial driving factors believed to be responsible for changes in land-use distribution in the South Nation watershed. Three different scenarios for future development of the region were considered, with different initial conditions and conversion restrictions. The simulation results were evaluated using visual and statistical validation techniques to assess the performance of the model in generating maps similar to reality. The Dyna-CLUE model was successfully applied to the South Nation watershed. It was observed that the simulated maps generated from the model were in good agreement with the reality maps. This was confirmed through statistical validation via map pair analysis (error matrix) used to assess the overall accuracy of the model predictions. Results showed that the model was sensitive to land-use restrictions. Such type of modeling can be valuable for assessing the land-use changes at the local level, and setting up a decision support system for the South Nation Conservation towards sustainable land-use management in the watershed. Better results are expected to be achieved with more reliable datasets (i.e., accurate classification of land-use types in reality maps). Data availability and quality were the main obstacles that faced this research work. Our work has the merit to be the first application of CLUE model in Eastern Ontario.

No Brasil, o consumo de pescado in natura cresce a cada ano e sua ingestão tem sido associada a problemas de saúde, principalmente, surtos de intoxicação alimentar causado pela histamina, podendo representar risco à saúde do consumidor. A histamina pode provocar erupções na pele, náuseas, dor de cabeça, palpitações, vômitos, dores abdominais, distúrbios respiratórios e taquicardia. O Brasil exporta pescado para os principais mercados consumidores e tem enfrentado barreiras comerciais pela exigência de análises de histamina, com a finalidade de assegurar a qualidade do pescado exportado. Assim sendo, foi desenvolvido e validado um método por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (CLUE) para a determinação dos teores de histamina em peixes. O método desenvolvido mostrou ter boa linearidade, seletividade, exatidão e precisão, ser robusto e com os limites de detecção e quantificação determinados de 0,03 µg mL-1 e 0,10 µg mL-1, respectivamente. A metodologia foi aplicada a amostras de pescados (atum e sardinha) in natura e em conservas. Das 12 amostras analisadas de atum in natura somente uma apresentou teor de histamina de 1,07 mg.kg-1, 05 amostras de sardinha in natura apresentaram teores de 26,81, 0,35, 37,25, 9,97 e 0,94 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Nas amostras de atum em conserva, 02 apresentaram teores de 1,30 e 0,13 mg kg-1. Enquanto que, 04 amostras de sardinha em conserva continham teores de histamina de 2,49, 68,96 e 11,66 mg kg-1, e uma das amostras de sardinha em conserva estava com o teor muito acima, cerca de 17 vezes do limite máximo estabelecido pelo MAPA, de 100 mg kg-1 para conservas de sardinha. Essa quantidade de histamina encontrada pode sugerir a ocorrência de uma intoxicação, representando risco à saúde humana. Além disso, foi calculada a incerteza de medição, pois garante uma maior confiabilidade dos resultados analíticos para tomadas de decisões importantes em Vigilância Sanitária e Saúde Pública. / In Brazil, the consumption of fish in nature grows every year and its intake has been linked to health problems, especially food poisoning outbreaks caused by histamine, which may pose a risk to consumer health. Histamine can cause skin rashes, nausea, headache, palpitations, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory disorders and tachycardia. Brazil exports fish to the main consumer markets and has faced trade barriers by requiring histamine analysis, in order to ensure the quality of exported fish. Thus, it was a method developed and validated liquid chromatography ultra efficiency (CLUE) for determining histamine levels in fish. The method was proven to have good linearity, selectivity, accuracy and precision and be robust with the limits of detection and quantification of certain 0,03 ug mL-1 and 0.10 ug mL-1, respectively. The methodology was applied to fish samples (tuna and sardines) in fresh and canned. Of the 12 samples analyzed tuna in fresh only one showed histamine content of 1.07 mg.kg-1, 05 sardine in fresh samples showed levels of 26.81, 0.35, 37.25, 9.97 and 0.94 mg kg-1, respectively. In the samples of canned tuna, 02 showed levels of 1.30 and 0.13 mg kg-1. While 04 canned sardines containing histamine concentrations of 2.49, 68.96 and 11.66 mg kg-1, and one sample canned sardine content was much higher, about 17 times higher than the maximum limit established by MAPA, 100 mg kg-1 for canned sardine. This amount of histamine found may suggest the occurrence of intoxication, representing a risk to human health. In addition, the measurement uncertainty was calculated as it ensures a higher reliability of the analytical results for taking important decisions on Health Surveillance and Public Health.

The South Nation watershed is located in Eastern Ontario, Canada and managed under the authority of the South Nation Conservation (SNC). The watershed covers an area of 400,000 hectares with four dominant categories of land-use classes (60% agriculture, 34% forest, 5% mixed urban, and 1% other). Water quality is a great concern for the SNC as many anthropogenic activities generate harmful pollutants (such as heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides) that are discharged to the river through surface and groundwater flow. The discharge patterns of these pollutants are mainly driven by land-use distribution within the watershed which has been constantly evolving with urbanization and intensification of agriculture. Major changes in land-uses can potentially offset current SNC efforts to mitigate water pollution. The objective of the current study is to predict land-use series of maps for the South Nation watershed starting from 1991 to 2020. The prediction is carried out using the land-use allocation algorithm of the Dyna-CLUE (Dynamic Conversion of Land-Use and its Effects) model which is implemented for local regions. Dyna-CLUE is a spatially explicit hybrid land-use allocation model that combines estimation and simulation models, and its allocation procedures predict future trends of land-use surface (estimated from historical trends). The binary logistic regression is used to link preferences of land-use classes and potential demographic and geographic driving factors. Expert judgment was used to select a set of spatial driving factors believed to be responsible for changes in land-use distribution in the South Nation watershed. Three different scenarios for future development of the region were considered, with different initial conditions and conversion restrictions. The simulation results were evaluated using visual and statistical validation techniques to assess the performance of the model in generating maps similar to reality. The Dyna-CLUE model was successfully applied to the South Nation watershed. It was observed that the simulated maps generated from the model were in good agreement with the reality maps. This was confirmed through statistical validation via map pair analysis (error matrix) used to assess the overall accuracy of the model predictions. Results showed that the model was sensitive to land-use restrictions. Such type of modeling can be valuable for assessing the land-use changes at the local level, and setting up a decision support system for the South Nation Conservation towards sustainable land-use management in the watershed. Better results are expected to be achieved with more reliable datasets (i.e., accurate classification of land-use types in reality maps). Data availability and quality were the main obstacles that faced this research work. Our work has the merit to be the first application of CLUE model in Eastern Ontario.

No Brasil, o consumo de pescado in natura cresce a cada ano e sua ingestão tem sido associada a problemas de saúde, principalmente, surtos de intoxicação alimentar causado pela histamina, podendo representar risco à saúde do consumidor. A histamina pode provocar erupções na pele, náuseas, dor de cabeça, palpitações, vômitos, dores abdominais, distúrbios respiratórios e taquicardia. O Brasil exporta pescado para os principais mercados consumidores e tem enfrentado barreiras comerciais pela exigência de análises de histamina, com a finalidade de assegurar a qualidade do pescado exportado. Assim sendo, foi desenvolvido e validado um método por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (CLUE) para a determinação dos teores de histamina em peixes. O método desenvolvido mostrou ter boa linearidade, seletividade, exatidão e precisão, ser robusto e com os limites de detecção e quantificação determinados de 0,03 µg mL-1 e 0,10 µg mL-1, respectivamente. A metodologia foi aplicada a amostras de pescados (atum e sardinha) in natura e em conservas. Das 12 amostras analisadas de atum in natura somente uma apresentou teor de histamina de 1,07 mg.kg-1, 05 amostras de sardinha in natura apresentaram teores de 26,81, 0,35, 37,25, 9,97 e 0,94 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Nas amostras de atum em conserva, 02 apresentaram teores de 1,30 e 0,13 mg kg-1. Enquanto que, 04 amostras de sardinha em conserva continham teores de histamina de 2,49, 68,96 e 11,66 mg kg-1, e uma das amostras de sardinha em conserva estava com o teor muito acima, cerca de 17 vezes do limite máximo estabelecido pelo MAPA, de 100 mg kg-1 para conservas de sardinha. Essa quantidade de histamina encontrada pode sugerir a ocorrência de uma intoxicação, representando risco à saúde humana. Além disso, foi calculada a incerteza de medição, pois garante uma maior confiabilidade dos resultados analíticos para tomadas de decisões importantes em Vigilância Sanitária e Saúde Pública. / In Brazil, the consumption of fish in nature grows every year and its intake has been linked to health problems, especially food poisoning outbreaks caused by histamine, which may pose a risk to consumer health. Histamine can cause skin rashes, nausea, headache, palpitations, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory disorders and tachycardia. Brazil exports fish to the main consumer markets and has faced trade barriers by requiring histamine analysis, in order to ensure the quality of exported fish. Thus, it was a method developed and validated liquid chromatography ultra efficiency (CLUE) for determining histamine levels in fish. The method was proven to have good linearity, selectivity, accuracy and precision and be robust with the limits of detection and quantification of certain 0,03 ug mL-1 and 0.10 ug mL-1, respectively. The methodology was applied to fish samples (tuna and sardines) in fresh and canned. Of the 12 samples analyzed tuna in fresh only one showed histamine content of 1.07 mg.kg-1, 05 sardine in fresh samples showed levels of 26.81, 0.35, 37.25, 9.97 and 0.94 mg kg-1, respectively. In the samples of canned tuna, 02 showed levels of 1.30 and 0.13 mg kg-1. While 04 canned sardines containing histamine concentrations of 2.49, 68.96 and 11.66 mg kg-1, and one sample canned sardine content was much higher, about 17 times higher than the maximum limit established by MAPA, 100 mg kg-1 for canned sardine. This amount of histamine found may suggest the occurrence of intoxication, representing a risk to human health. In addition, the measurement uncertainty was calculated as it ensures a higher reliability of the analytical results for taking important decisions on Health Surveillance and Public Health.

Orientador: Maria Bernadete Marques Abaurre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T16:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_Adrianade_M.pdf: 7019024 bytes, checksum: e4a9801ec48602f92aa424365f27aa91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado, como sugere o próprio título, é, a partir da análise de dados de um corpus longitudinal, discutir o papel do desenho no processo de aquisição da linguagem escrita de M.L, autora de uma vasta produção de desenhos e textos escritos que se encontram arquivados no banco de dados do Projeto ?A relevância teórica dos dados singulares no processo de aquisição da linguagem escrita?, desenvolvido desde 1992 no IEL/Unicamp. Através desse acompanhamento longitudinal, buscamos marcas do trabalho individual de M.L.com a escrita e com o desenho que possam ser tomadas como indícios de um estilo em construção. Tomando como ponto de partida a busca de singularidades na produção textual de M.L, a análise dos dados foi baseada no paradigma indiciário de investigação (cf. Ginzburg, 1986, Abaurre et alli, 1992, 1997) e na concepção de estilo defendida por Possenti (1988), bem como na teoria dos gêneros do discurso de Bakhtin (1953/1979) e ancorou-se em uma concepção sócio-histórica de linguagem (cf. Franchi, 1987) a partir da qual foi possível traçar considerações sobre a relação sujeito/linguagem ao longo de seu processo de aquisição da escrita. Com base na apresentação e análise de dados referentes a diferentes momentos do percurso de M.L. pelo mundo da escrita, traçamos reflexões sobre o seu trabalho individual com a linguagem, buscando mostrar de que modo ela explorou a escrita e o desenho na manifestação de seu querer-dizer / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation, as suggested by its title, is to discuss, based on the analysis of data from a longitudinal corpus, the role of drawing in the process of written language acquisition by M.L., the author of a wide production of drawings and written texts filed in the data bank of the project ?The theoretical relevance of singular data in the process of written language acquisition?, conducted since 1992 at IEL/Unicamp. In the course of our analysis we searched for features characteristic of M.L.'s individual work with writing and drawing which could be taken as evidences of a style under construction. Taking as a starting point the quest for singularities in M.L.'s text production, the analysis of the data was based on the clue paradigm of investigation (see Ginzburg, 1986, Abaurre at alli, 1992, 1997), on the notion of style proposed by Possenti (1988), as well as on Bakhtin's (1953/1979) theory of discourse genres, and was anchored in a social-historical conception of language (Franchi, 1987). Based on these assumptions it was possible to discuss the relation ship between the subject and language during her process of writing acquisition. Based on the presentation and analysis of data concerning different moments of M.L.'s language acquisition process, we have identified reflections, on M.L.'s individual work with language, of how she explored writing and drawing to say what she meant to say / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

The South Nation watershed is located in Eastern Ontario, Canada and managed under the authority of the South Nation Conservation (SNC). The watershed covers an area of 400,000 hectares with four dominant categories of land-use classes (60% agriculture, 34% forest, 5% mixed urban, and 1% other). Water quality is a great concern for the SNC as many anthropogenic activities generate harmful pollutants (such as heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides) that are discharged to the river through surface and groundwater flow. The discharge patterns of these pollutants are mainly driven by land-use distribution within the watershed which has been constantly evolving with urbanization and intensification of agriculture. Major changes in land-uses can potentially offset current SNC efforts to mitigate water pollution. The objective of the current study is to predict land-use series of maps for the South Nation watershed starting from 1991 to 2020. The prediction is carried out using the land-use allocation algorithm of the Dyna-CLUE (Dynamic Conversion of Land-Use and its Effects) model which is implemented for local regions. Dyna-CLUE is a spatially explicit hybrid land-use allocation model that combines estimation and simulation models, and its allocation procedures predict future trends of land-use surface (estimated from historical trends). The binary logistic regression is used to link preferences of land-use classes and potential demographic and geographic driving factors. Expert judgment was used to select a set of spatial driving factors believed to be responsible for changes in land-use distribution in the South Nation watershed. Three different scenarios for future development of the region were considered, with different initial conditions and conversion restrictions. The simulation results were evaluated using visual and statistical validation techniques to assess the performance of the model in generating maps similar to reality. The Dyna-CLUE model was successfully applied to the South Nation watershed. It was observed that the simulated maps generated from the model were in good agreement with the reality maps. This was confirmed through statistical validation via map pair analysis (error matrix) used to assess the overall accuracy of the model predictions. Results showed that the model was sensitive to land-use restrictions. Such type of modeling can be valuable for assessing the land-use changes at the local level, and setting up a decision support system for the South Nation Conservation towards sustainable land-use management in the watershed. Better results are expected to be achieved with more reliable datasets (i.e., accurate classification of land-use types in reality maps). Data availability and quality were the main obstacles that faced this research work. Our work has the merit to be the first application of CLUE model in Eastern Ontario.

O significativo investimento em desenvolvimento tecnológico associado aos fatores ambientais, como disponibilidade de recursos naturais, clima e solo elevaram o Brasil ao patamar de maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, matéria-prima do açúcar e do etanol. Atualmente, o país exporta açúcar para mais de 100 países. Em relação ao etanol, esse vem se destacando no cenário mundial devido à viabilidade econômica e à necessidade de se utilizar energia renovável, em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis, com o intuito de mitigar o efeito estufa. Sendo assim, as perspectivas mundiais para a produção e, principalmente, consumo do etanol são favoráveis. Para o Brasil, devido à alta demanda mundial por açúcar e biocombustíveis, o zoneamento agroecológico da cana-de-açúcar, que apresenta uma seleção de terras potenciais para a expansão do seu cultivo visando uma produção sustentável, é uma necessidade imperiosa. Entretanto, os processos de mudança de uso e cobertura do solo são complexos e podem causar impactos, tais como: desertificação, perda da biodiversidade, poluição de ar, degradação dos componentes ambientais água e solo. Esse trabalho acadêmico visou estimar o escorrimento superficial e a produção de sedimentos em área consolidada e em área que encontra-se em expansão do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar para a produção de açúcar e etanol. Para isso, com base no Zoneamento Agroecológico da Cana-de-açúcar (ZAE Cana) que indica as áreas aptas ao cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, foram selecionadas duas áreas de estudo que possuem alta aptidão para a expansão da cana-de-açúcar. São elas: a Microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão das Guabirobas (MBH-G) localizada no município de São Carlos - SP, região onde a cultura da cana-de-açúcar é consolidada e; a Microbacia hidrográfica córrego da Onça (MBH-O), localizada na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, nos municípios de Ilha Solteira e Itapura, região onde a cultura da cana-de-açúcar encontra-se em expansão. O modelo de simulação espacial usado no trabalho é o Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at small region extent (CLUE-S), desenvolvido pela Universidade de Wageningen (Holanda). A aplicação satisfatória do CLUE-S permitiu o desenvolvimento de cenários futuros de uso e cobertura do solo com o intuito de simular a expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar em paisagens com diferentes características. A posteriori, foi estimada o escorrimento superficial e a produção de sedimentos desses cenários com o auxílio do modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). O SWAT foi sensível aos cenários, possibilitando a geração de resultados consistentes, qualitativa e quantitativamente para cada um deles, o que permitiu verificar as suas particularidades. Vale ressaltar que a avaliação ex-ante dos impactos ambientais na área de expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar em diferentes cenários pode direcionar ações de políticas públicas e de planejamento sócio-econômico-ambiental, dentre outros. / The significant investments in technological development associated to environmental factors, such as the availability of natural resources, for instance, climate and soil, have led Brazil to become the world\'s largest producer of sugarcane, the raw material used in the manufacture of ethanol and sugar. Currently, the country exports sugar to more than 100 countries. Ethanol has become globally eminent due to its economic feasibility and the need of clean and renewable energy rather than of fossil fuels in order to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the global perspectives on the production and especially the consumption of ethanol are favorable. Due to the high global demand for sugar and biofuels, the agro-ecological zoning of sugarcane, which features a selection of potential areas for cultivation expansion aiming at sustainable production, is a fundamental necessity for Brazil. However, the changes inland use and land cover are complex processes and can cause impacts such as desertification, biodiversity loss, air pollution, and degradation of environmental components such as water and soil. This research aims to estimate the sediment yield and runoff in areas where the culture of sugarcane is consolidated and in areas of sugarcane expansion for the production of sugar and ethanol. Accordingly, based on the Agro-Ecological Zoning for Sugarcane (ZAE Cana), which indicates suitable areas for sugarcane cultivation, two study areas that have high potential for the expansion of sugarcane were selected, namely the microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão das Guabirobas/MBH-G (Ribeirão das Guabirobas micro-drainage basin), located in the city of São Carlos - SP, a region where the culture of sugarcane is consolidated, and the microbacia hidrográfica córrego da Onça/MBH-O (córrego da Onça micro-drainage basin), located in the western region of the state of São Paulo, in the cities of Ilha Solteira and Itapura, an area of sugarcane expansion, i.e. a sugarcane expansion region. The spatial simulation model used in this research is the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at small region extent (CLUE-S), developed by the University of Wageningen, Netherlands. Making use of this methodology, future land use and land cover scenarios were created in order to simulate the expansion of sugarcane cultivation in areas with different characteristics. Subsequently, the sediment yield and superficial runoff in these scenarios were estimated with the help of the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool).This model was sensitive to both scenarios allowing the generation of consistent qualitative and quantitative results for each scenario enabling the identification of their particularities. It is noteworthy that the ex-ante evaluation of environmental impacts on areas of sugarcane expansion in different scenarios can guide public policy actions and socio-economic and environmental planning among others.

O significativo investimento em desenvolvimento tecnológico associado aos fatores ambientais, como disponibilidade de recursos naturais, clima e solo elevaram o Brasil ao patamar de maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, matéria-prima do açúcar e do etanol. Atualmente, o país exporta açúcar para mais de 100 países. Em relação ao etanol, esse vem se destacando no cenário mundial devido à viabilidade econômica e à necessidade de se utilizar energia renovável, em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis, com o intuito de mitigar o efeito estufa. Sendo assim, as perspectivas mundiais para a produção e, principalmente, consumo do etanol são favoráveis. Para o Brasil, devido à alta demanda mundial por açúcar e biocombustíveis, o zoneamento agroecológico da cana-de-açúcar, que apresenta uma seleção de terras potenciais para a expansão do seu cultivo visando uma produção sustentável, é uma necessidade imperiosa. Entretanto, os processos de mudança de uso e cobertura do solo são complexos e podem causar impactos, tais como: desertificação, perda da biodiversidade, poluição de ar, degradação dos componentes ambientais água e solo. Esse trabalho acadêmico visou estimar o escorrimento superficial e a produção de sedimentos em área consolidada e em área que encontra-se em expansão do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar para a produção de açúcar e etanol. Para isso, com base no Zoneamento Agroecológico da Cana-de-açúcar (ZAE Cana) que indica as áreas aptas ao cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, foram selecionadas duas áreas de estudo que possuem alta aptidão para a expansão da cana-de-açúcar. São elas: a Microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão das Guabirobas (MBH-G) localizada no município de São Carlos - SP, região onde a cultura da cana-de-açúcar é consolidada e; a Microbacia hidrográfica córrego da Onça (MBH-O), localizada na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, nos municípios de Ilha Solteira e Itapura, região onde a cultura da cana-de-açúcar encontra-se em expansão. O modelo de simulação espacial usado no trabalho é o Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at small region extent (CLUE-S), desenvolvido pela Universidade de Wageningen (Holanda). A aplicação satisfatória do CLUE-S permitiu o desenvolvimento de cenários futuros de uso e cobertura do solo com o intuito de simular a expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar em paisagens com diferentes características. A posteriori, foi estimada o escorrimento superficial e a produção de sedimentos desses cenários com o auxílio do modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). O SWAT foi sensível aos cenários, possibilitando a geração de resultados consistentes, qualitativa e quantitativamente para cada um deles, o que permitiu verificar as suas particularidades. Vale ressaltar que a avaliação ex-ante dos impactos ambientais na área de expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar em diferentes cenários pode direcionar ações de políticas públicas e de planejamento sócio-econômico-ambiental, dentre outros. / The significant investments in technological development associated to environmental factors, such as the availability of natural resources, for instance, climate and soil, have led Brazil to become the world\'s largest producer of sugarcane, the raw material used in the manufacture of ethanol and sugar. Currently, the country exports sugar to more than 100 countries. Ethanol has become globally eminent due to its economic feasibility and the need of clean and renewable energy rather than of fossil fuels in order to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the global perspectives on the production and especially the consumption of ethanol are favorable. Due to the high global demand for sugar and biofuels, the agro-ecological zoning of sugarcane, which features a selection of potential areas for cultivation expansion aiming at sustainable production, is a fundamental necessity for Brazil. However, the changes inland use and land cover are complex processes and can cause impacts such as desertification, biodiversity loss, air pollution, and degradation of environmental components such as water and soil. This research aims to estimate the sediment yield and runoff in areas where the culture of sugarcane is consolidated and in areas of sugarcane expansion for the production of sugar and ethanol. Accordingly, based on the Agro-Ecological Zoning for Sugarcane (ZAE Cana), which indicates suitable areas for sugarcane cultivation, two study areas that have high potential for the expansion of sugarcane were selected, namely the microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão das Guabirobas/MBH-G (Ribeirão das Guabirobas micro-drainage basin), located in the city of São Carlos - SP, a region where the culture of sugarcane is consolidated, and the microbacia hidrográfica córrego da Onça/MBH-O (córrego da Onça micro-drainage basin), located in the western region of the state of São Paulo, in the cities of Ilha Solteira and Itapura, an area of sugarcane expansion, i.e. a sugarcane expansion region. The spatial simulation model used in this research is the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at small region extent (CLUE-S), developed by the University of Wageningen, Netherlands. Making use of this methodology, future land use and land cover scenarios were created in order to simulate the expansion of sugarcane cultivation in areas with different characteristics. Subsequently, the sediment yield and superficial runoff in these scenarios were estimated with the help of the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool).This model was sensitive to both scenarios allowing the generation of consistent qualitative and quantitative results for each scenario enabling the identification of their particularities. It is noteworthy that the ex-ante evaluation of environmental impacts on areas of sugarcane expansion in different scenarios can guide public policy actions and socio-economic and environmental planning among others.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disrupting disorder affecting at least 10 percent of reproductive-aged women. In many cases, women develop comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic disorders. In North America and Europe, it takes several years and multiple doctors for women to receive a diagnosis of PCOS. This results in lost time for risk-reducing interventions. Menstrual tracking applications are one potential tool to alert women of their risk for PCOS and prompt them to seek further evaluation from a medical professional. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to develop the Irregular Cycles Feature (ICF) on the mobile phone application Clue®, which generates a probability of a user’s risk for PCOS. The secondary aim was to assess the accuracy of the tool by testing the feature on virtual test subjects. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to generate a list of signs and symptoms of PCOS. Probabilities were assigned to each variable and built into a Bayesian Network. The Irregular Cycles Feature, an adaptive questionnaire, was then developed in order to detect high-risk PCOS patients. The ICF detected at risk Clue® users through self-reported menstrual cycles and answers to medical history questions. Upon completion of the questionnaire, a Result Screen is displayed to the user. The Screen is a summary of the individual’s probability of having PCOS. For each eligible user, a Doctor’s Report is also generated. This is a screen containing information regarding menstrual irregularities and a brief medical history to be used by a medical professional in order to make a final diagnosis. Both the Result Screen and Doctor’s Report disclose information about PCOS and detailed explanations for consulting a medical provider. A brief statistical validation was then performed to compare the output of the network to predictions made by a physician-scientist using a correlation coefficient, a p-value, and a Pearson’s coefficient. RESULTS: The Irregular Cycles Feature successfully predicts probability of PCOS based on eight test cases. The correlation between the network’s calculation and the assessment made by a board-certified reproductive endocrinology/infertility physician-scientist was 0.82, with a p-value of less than 0.05. The Pearson’s coefficient was calculated to be 0.69. These values indicate that the ICF made statistically significant predictions when compared to the physician-scientist. CONCLUSIONS: The ICF provides consumer-friendly ways to improve interactions between medical providers and patients. The tool can be adapted to capture other causes of menstrual irregularities and can serve as an important mechanism for drawing attention to potentially hazardous health problems. Further validation studies will be conducted to confirm the utility of the ICF with Clue® users, particularly amongst those who receive an official diagnosis from a medical professional. / 2020-06-17T00:00:00Z

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-04-04T17:11:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIARA MERLUGO.pdf: 1163654 bytes, checksum: 112650b0950a34ee9e23411aa8adcab1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T17:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIARA MERLUGO.pdf: 1163654 bytes, checksum: 112650b0950a34ee9e23411aa8adcab1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / O gênero Erythrina está presente mundialmente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Estudos fitoquímicos utilizando vários órgãos dessas plantas, demostraram a presença de alcaloides, flavonoides, pterocarpanos e triterpenóides. Várias espécies são encontradas no Brasil, dentre elas Erythrina falcata e Erythrina crista-galli, conhecidas popularmente como “corticeira” e utilizadas medicinalmente devido à ação sedativa, ansiolítica, anti-inflamatória e antihipertensiva. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a composição química de extratos vegetais obtidos de folhas de E. falcata e E. crista-galli e ainda, avaliar o potencial hipotensor in vivo de extratos de E. falcata. Inicialmente, após coleta do material, as folhas foram selecionadas, submetidas à secagem e trituradas. Então, foram submetidas à extração por maceração exaustiva utilizando etanol 40% (v/v) e por infusão utilizando água a 100 °C. Para a caracterização em termos de fenólicos totais e conteúdo de flavonoides, os extratos foram quantificados por espectrofotometria. Para o ensaio cromatográfico, os extratos foram analisados por CLAE em sistema de fase reversa, com fase móvel consistindo de acetonitrila:água em eluição por gradiente e fluxo de 1,0 mL/min. Para a análise por CLUEESI- MS, a fase móvel foi composta de mistura de acetonitrila:metanol (4:1) e ácido fórmico pH 3,0, com eluição por gradiente e fluxo de 0,2 mL/min. A detecção por espectrometria de massas foi conduzida a partir das seguintes condições: N2 como nebulizante; energia de colição 4.0 eV; temperatura da fonte do eletrospray e do gás de solvatação 100°C e 120°C, respectivamente; voltagem do capilar 3000V; voltagem do cone 40V. Os espectros de massas foram obtidos na faixa de m/z 200-800. A avaliação dos efeitos hemodinâmicos foi realizadaem ratos wistar normotensos, anestesiados com uretana (1,4 mg/Kg), via canulação da artéria carótida (para a verificação da PAS, PAD e FC) e veia jugular (para administração do extratose drogas). A avaliação do potencial hipotensor da E. falcata foi investigada através da realização de uma curva crescente de administração dos extratos e os possíveis mecanismos de ação envolvidos foram analisados através da administração de diferentes drogas sendo elas: L-NAME (30 mg/kg); losartana (10 mg/Kg); hexametônio (20mg/Kg) e propranolol (5mg/kg). Os teores de fenólicos totais para E. falcata e E. crista-galli estiveram na faixa de 1,3193 – 1,4989 mgEAG/mL para os extratos obtidos por maceração e de 0,8771 – 0,9506 mgEAG/mL para as infusões. Em flavonoides totais, os conteúdos estiveram na faixa de 7,7829 – 8,1976 ER mg/g para os extratos obtidos por maceração e 9,3471 – 10,4765 ER mg/g para as infusões. Na determinação por CLUE-MS, os dados de íon molecular e fragmentos de massa indicaram a composição predominante em alcaloides, sugerindo-se os componentes erythristemine, 11β-methoxyglucoerysodine, erysothiopine, 11β- hydroxyerysodine–glicose e 11-hydroxyerysotinone-ramnosídeo. O extrato aquoso da E. falcata mostrou-se um potente hipotensor dose-dependente, causando uma queda na PAS de 23 a 35% e na PAD de 32 a 49% para ambos os extratos estudados, sem influenciar a FC, podendo este efeito estar relacionado com a via dos receptores β-adrenérgicos. / The genus Erythrina is present worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Phytochemical studies using various organs of these plants demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, pterocarpans and triterpenoids. Several species are found in Brazil, among them Erythrina falcata and Erythrina crista-galli, which are popularly known as “corticeira” and. used medicinally due to it action as sedative, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of extracts obtained from leaves of E. falcata and E. crista-galli, and still, to evaluate the hypotensive potential in vivo of E. falcata extracts. Initially, after collection of material plant, the leaves were selected, submitted to dryness and powdered. Then, submitted to extration by exhaustive maceration using ethanol 40% (v/v) and by infusion using water at 100 °C. For characterization in terms of phenolics and flavonoid content, the extracts were quantified by spectrophotometry. For chromatographic assay, the extracts were analysed by HPLC in reversed phase system, with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water in gradient elution and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. For analysis by UPLC-ESI-MS, the mobile phase consisted in a mixture of acetonitrile:methanol (4:1) and 0.1% formic acid pH 3.0, with a elution by gradient and flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The MS detection was performed following the conditions: N2 as nebulizing; collision energy 4.0 eV; temperature of electrospray source and desolvation gas 100°C and 120°C, respectively; capillary voltage 3000V; sample cone 40V. Mass spectra were recorded in the range of m/z 200-800. The evaluation of the hemodynamic effects was performed in normotensive Wistar rats, anesthetized with urethane (1.4 mg/kg) by cannulation of the carotid artery (for verification of SBP, DBP and HR) and jugular vein (for administration of the extracts and drugs). The hypotensive potential of E. falcata was investigated by conducting a growing curve administration of the extracts and the possible mechanisms involved were analyzed by administering different drugs such as: L-NAME (30 mg/kg); losartan (10 mg/kg); hexamethonium (20 mg/kg) and propranolol (5 mg/kg). The total phenolics content for E. falcata and E. crista-galli was from 1.3193 to 1.4989 mgGAE/mL for maceration and 0.8771 to 0.9506 mgGAE/mL for infusions. In total flavonoid, the content was from 7.7829 to 8.1976 mg RE/g for maceration and 9.3471 to 10.4765 RE mg/g for infusions. The molecular ions and mass fragments obtained by UPLCMS indicated the predominant composition in alkaloids, suggesting the components erythristemine, 11β-methoxyglucoerysodine, erysothiopine, 11β-hydroxyerysodine-glucose and 11-hydroxyerysotinone-rhamnoside. The aqueous extract of E. falcata showed to be a potent dose-dependent hypotensive, decreasing the SBP in 23 to 35% and DBP in 32 to 49% for both extracts, without influence in HR, and this effect may be due to the route of β- adrenergic receptors.