La participation citoyenne (PC) est aujourd’hui au cœur de nombreux discours mais peine à s’imposer dans les institutions publiques. Dans le cas du design urbain (DU), des initiatives encourageantes peuvent être observées. Néanmoins, les observations amènent aussi à remarquer que les méthodologies actuellement utilisées reposent majoritairement sur des outils artisanaux. Cette thèse se concentre sur l’intégration d’outils numériques dans le processus de participation citoyenne dans l’aménagement des espaces publics. Plus particulièrement, les travaux sont centrés sur un mode de concertation collaboratif appliquant les concepts du co-design, qui vise à rassembler citoyens et professionnels du design urbain dans un même lieu, pour bâtir un langage commun et une vision partagée. Au travers d’une méthodologie de recherche basée sur la design science, cette recherche transdisciplinaire considère à la fois le contexte d’application, et les théories dans le domaine de la PC numérique et du co-design. En effet, il est mis en avant que les travaux de recherche existants soient soit trop théoriques dans le domaine de la PC et ne proposent pas l’instanciation et l’évaluation d’un artefact à travers un prototype, soit trop centrés sur la technologie en laissant de côté le contexte d’application. De plus, afin de combler un manque dans l’état de l’art actuel, un accent particulier est mis sur l’amélioration des capacités d’expression créative des citoyens par le co-design, et la réalisation d’une interface intuitive dédiée aux amateurs. / Citizen participation (CP) is today at the heart of many speeches but struggles to impose itself in public institutions. In the case of urban design (DU), encouraging initiatives can be observed. Nevertheless, observations also point out that the methodologies currently used are mainly based on artisanal tools. This thesis focuses on the integration of digital tools in the process of citizen participation in the development of public spaces. More specifically, the work focuses on a collaborative approach that applies the concepts of co-design, which aims to bring citizens and urban design professionals together in one place, to build a common language and a shared vision. Through a research methodology based on design science, this transdisciplinary research considers both the context of application, and theories in the field of digital CP and co-design. It is emphasized that the existing research work is either too theoretical in the field of PC and do not propose the instantiation and the evaluation of an artifact through a prototype, or too centered on the technology, leaving aside the context of application. In addition, in order to fill a gap in the current state of the art, a special emphasis is placed on improving citizens' creative expression abilities through co-design, and the realization of an intuitive interface dedicated to amateurs.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, les technologies de l'information et de la communication intégrées aux produits de consommation ont considérablement modifié la nature de leurs usages. Réactives, les entreprises se sont emparées de ces nouvelles technologies et proposent aux consommateurs de customiser leurs produits quotidiens après achat. J’ai intitulé cette approche "Smart Customization", dans ma thèse. L´idée étant que, pour qu'une telle customisation "intelligente" ait lieu, il faut intégrer directement des boîtes à outils intelligentes (ou smart UTCD) dans nos produits de consommation. Ces boites à outils intelligentes sont ensuite destinées à guider les consommateurs dans le procédé de customisation de leurs objets. Actuellement, il n’y a pas véritablement de recherche académique alors que, au contraire, la presse industrielle évoque la smart customization comme une opportunité à exploiter. Il semble pourtant essentiel, d'identifier les facteurs de succès de ces nouvelles offres de customisation, notamment, en adoptant le point de vue du consommateur sur l´élément principal Smart UTCD. C´est ce qui a déterminé l´objectif de ma thèse. Via une étude d´acceptante technologique dans le papier 1, un choice-based conjoint analysis dans l’article 2 et une exploration des mécanismes de co-conception qui ont lieu entre le consommateur et l´outil de conception « smart UTCD », je participe à la recherche sur la smart customisation. / In the last decade, our products have been more and more equipped with information and communication technology (ICT), which has modified the nature of their applications greatly. Notably, firms find finally a mean to empower customers to customize their products after purchase. One talks about “Smart Customization”. For such “smart” customization to happen, the idea is to embed directly smart user toolkits for co-design (smart UTCD) into our consumer products. That said, while in the business press, they largely view smart customization as an opportunity to be tapped, in contrast, research is hardly focused on it. Notably, it appears essential to identify factors of customer - based success of such novel customization offers. Thereby, in paper I, I adapt and test a technology acceptance model to smart UTCD. In paper II, I realize a choice based conjoint analysis on smart UTCD. In article III, I expose a theoretical framework for use generation and apply it one the two existing types of smart UTCD. With my findings, I contribute to theory by adding to our limited understanding of the smart UTCD acceptance, providing in-depth knowledge on the customer´s choice process on the smart UTCD´ design features and by opening the black box on the co-design mechanisms that occur between customers - smart UTCD. Additionally, the findings of my three article that compose my dissertation permit firms to be provided with some measures on how to design smart customization offers that fit better the target customers.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-11T19:11:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Seidl Ferretti.pdf: 1748375 bytes, checksum: 3a14da8caf8aaa4278c345ca3c0a62ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-11T19:11:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Seidl Ferretti.pdf: 1748375 bytes, checksum: 3a14da8caf8aaa4278c345ca3c0a62ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / Nenhuma / As intervenções de designers que, como consultores, interagem com comunidades de artesãos, para qualificar a produção artesanal e reposicioná-la no mercado consumidor, são populares no Brasil - devido ao seu potencial de gerar desenvolvimento econômico e social para tais comunidades. Investiga-se tais interações a partir da perspectiva do design estratégico, visando a geração de valor através de processos que envolvem múltiplos atores na elaboração de soluções. Objetiva-se a proposição de caminhos estratégicos para a qualificação das consultorias de designers nas comunidades artesanais, visando à promoção de processos de co-design que contribuam para a maior autonomia das comunidades em relação às instituições que fomentam tais intervenções. A partir de uma investigação exploratória, são realizados estudos de caso com três grupos produtores de artesanato que contaram com a presença de designers para o desenvolvimento de seus produtos. Analisa-se a trajetória e processos de criação de artefatos destes grupos, e descreve-se um ambiente projetual em que a estrutura organizacional e as relações interpessoais influenciam a atuação dos designers e a continuidade do projeto, e a introjeção das competências dos consultores, e o fortalecimento da rede de valor dos grupos favorecem a autonomia dos artesãos. Sintetizam-se quatro proposições centrais: 1) a atuação do designer como um agente de capacitação do grupo na cultura do design; 2) a criação de um espaço de co-design condutivo a uma experiência imersiva, favorecendo simultaneamente as relações interpessoais e a projetação colaborativa; 3) a facilitação do processo de co-design e da capacitação dos artesãos, a partir de instrumentos que combinam pesquisas metaprojetuais e o desenvolvimento das relações entre os participantes; 4) o fortalecimento da rede de valor dos grupos através de colaborações horizontais intergrupais. / The interventions of designers who, as consultants, interact with communities of artisans to qualify handicraft production and reposition it in the consumer market, are popular in Brazil - because of their potential to generate economic and social development for such communities. These interactions are investigated here through a strategic design's perspective, aiming at value creation through processes that involve multiple actors in the development of solutions. The objective of this research is to propose strategic paths for the qualification of design consultancies for handicraft communities, aiming to promote co-design processes that contribute to the community's greater autonomy in relation to the institutions that promote these interventions. As part of an exploratory investigation, three case studies are conducted, involving communities of artisans where designers helped to develop artifacts. The development paths and the artifact creation process of these groups are analyzed, leading to the description of a designing environment where the organizational structure and the relationships between participants have an influence on the designers work and the continuity of the project; and the introjection of the consultant's skills, and the strengthening of the community's value network contribute towards the artisan's autonomy. Four central propositions are therefore defined: 1) the role of the designer as a qualification agent in design culture; 2) the creation of a co-design space which conducts to an immersive experience while promoting interpersonal relationships and collaborative design; 3) the facilitation of the co-creation process and qualification of artisans through instruments that combine research on a metadesign level and the development of interpersonal relations; 4) the strengthening of the groups value network through horizontal intergroup collaborations.

L’évolution des contraintes applicatives imposent des améliorations continues sur les performances et l’efficacité énergétique des systèmes embarqués. Pour répondre à ces contraintes, les plateformes « SoC » actuelles s’appuient sur la multiplication des cœurs de calcul, tout en ajoutant des accélérateurs matériels dédiés pour gérer des tâches spécifiques. Dans ce contexte, développer des applications embarquées devient un défi complexe, en effet la charge de travail des applications continue à croître alors que les technologies logicielles n’évoluent pas aussi vite que les architectures matérielles, laissant un écart dans la conception complète du système. De fait, la complexité accrue de programmation peut être associée à l’absence de standards logiciels qui prennent en charge l’hétérogénéité des architectures, menant souvent à des solutions ad hoc. A l’opposé, l’utilisation d’une solution logicielle standardisée pour les systèmes embarqués peut induire des surcoûts importants concernant les performances et l’occupation de la mémoire si elle n’est pas adaptée à l’architecture. Par conséquent, le travail de cette thèse se concentre sur la réduction de cet écart en mettant en œuvre des mécanismes matériels dont la conception prend en compte une interface de programmation standard pour systèmes embarqués. Les principaux objectifs sont ainsi d’accroître la programmabilité par la mise en œuvre d’une interface de programmation : MCAPI, et de diminuer la charge logiciel des cœurs grâce à l’utilisation des mécanismes matériels développés.Les contributions de la thèse comprennent la mise en œuvre de MCAPI pour une plate-forme multicœur générique et des mécanismes matériels pour améliorer la performance globale de la configuration de la communication et des transferts de données. Il est démontré que les mécanismes peuvent être pris en charge par les interfaces logicielles sans augmenter leur complexité. En outre, les résultats de performance obtenus en utilisant un modèle SystemC/TLM de l’architecture multicœurs de référence montrent que les mécanismes proposés apportent des gains significatifs en termes de latence, débit, trafic réseau, temps de charge processeur et temps de communication sur des cas d’étude et des applications complètes. / The application constraints driving the design of embedded systems are constantly demanding higher performance and power efficiency. To meet these constraints, current SoC platforms rely on replicating several processing cores while adding dedicated hardware accelerators to handle specific tasks. However, developing embedded applications is becoming a key challenge, since applications workload will continue to grow and the software technologies are not evolving as fast as hardware architectures, leaving a gap in the full system design. Indeed, the increased programming complexity can be associated to the lack of software standards that supports heterogeneity, frequently leading to custom solutions. On the other hand, implementing a standard software solution for embedded systems might induce significant performance and memory usage overheads. Therefore, this Thesis focus on decreasing this gap by implementing hardware mechanisms in co-design with a standard programming interface for embedded systems. The main objectives are to increase programmability through the implementation of a standardized communication application programming interface (MCAPI), and decrease the overheads imposed by the software implementation through the use of the developed hardware mechanisms.The contributions of the Thesis comprise the implementation of MCAPI for a generic multi-core platform and dedicated hardware mechanisms to improve communication connection phase and overall performance of data transfer phase. It is demonstrated that the proposed mechanisms can be exploited by the software implementation without increasing software complexity. Furthermore, performance estimations obtained using a SystemC/TLM simulation model for the reference multi-core architecture show that the proposed mechanisms provide significant gains in terms of latency (up to 97%), throughput (40x increase) and network traffic (up to 68%) while reducing processor workload for both characterization test-cases and real application benchmarks.

Caracterizado por grande complexidade, o projeto de edifícios de assistência à saúde precisa garantir funcionalidade e eficiência operacional à edificação, através de espaços que facilitem a realização das atividades de atenção à saúde. Isto é ainda mais proeminente em países como o Brasil, onde os serviços de atenção à saúde são deficitários, principalmente na esfera pública. Para tanto, é necessário um amplo conhecimento acerca dos usuários e dos fluxos e atividades que compõem os serviços prestados, que geralmente os arquitetos não possuem. Neste contexto, e dada a complexidade dos edifícios de assistência à saúde, o envolvimento efetivo dos usuários no processo de projeto - co-design - pode contribuir para o redesenho das atividades de atenção à saúde e assim possibilitar que os arquitetos alinhem o projeto do espaço físico com o projeto dos serviços, aumentando a oferta e a qualidade do atendimento à população. No entanto, o co-design exige grandes esforços do arquiteto, relativos à coordenação e à linguagem utilizada, entre outros desafios. O problema desta pesquisa reside, portanto, na falta de amparo e dificuldades de envolver efetivamente os usuários no processo de projeto destes edifícios, como perspectiva para trazer os conhecimentos relativos à utilização da edificação ao projeto, e assim aumentar a adequação entre edifício e uso. A pesquisa aqui proposta busca, neste sentido, uma proposição inovadora de solução através da abordagem da Design Science Research (DSR) que tem como fundamento a proposta de soluções para problemas enfrentados no mundo real. A pesquisa incluiu as etapas de entendimento do tema, com revisão bibliográfica, estudo exploratório e estudos de caso em dois projetos de edifícios de saúde com co-design; proposta de uma solução e avaliação da solução. Como solução, apresenta-se um modelo conceitual de processo de projeto com co-design para auxiliar os arquitetos na promoção desta prática em edifícios de assistência à saúde. Descreve-se ainda o processo de seleção dos representantes dos usuários para as oficinas de co-design, com as questões que devem ser consideradas pela coordenação, a preparação dos usuários, a estrutura para orientar as oficinas e as revisões de fases, indicando as entradas, os métodos e instrumentos e as saídas das oficinas, e os subprodutos para análise, os critérios de passagem e o conteúdo dos relatórios de revisão, no caso das revisões de fase. O modelo foi avaliado por quatro profissionais, que são arquitetos com experiência em projetos de edifícios de saúde e pesquisadores da área. Com base nos resultados das avaliações, o modelo foi aprimorado para sua versão final. / Characterized by high complexity, the design of a healthcare building must ensure functionality and operational efficiency to the building through spaces that support healthcare activities. This is even more prominent in countries as Brazil, where healthcare services are deficient, especially in the public sphere. Therefore, a broad knowledge on users and service flows and activities, which architects seldom have, is required. Given the complexity of healthcare buildings, the effective involvement of users in the design process - co-design - can contribute to the redesign of healthcare activities and enable architects to align the design of physical space with that of services, which increases the supply and quality of services to the population. However, co-design requires great efforts, related to coordination and design language, among other challenges, from architects. This thesis addresses the lack of support and difficulties regarding the effective engagement of users in the design process of the healthcare buildings, as a perspective to provide knowledge on the use of the building to the design and increase the adequacy of building and use. It proposes an innovative solution through the Design Science Research (DSR), based on the proposal of solutions to problems faced in the real world. The research included the stages of understanding of the theme, through a literature review, survey and case studies in two healthcare buildings designed with co-design, development of a solution and its evaluation. A conceptual model of the design process with co-design is presented to assist architects in promoting this practice in healthcare buildings. The selection process of users´ representatives is described for the co-design workshops and indicates the issues to be considered by the coordination. The study also addresses the preparation of users, a framework to guide the workshops and phase reviews, stating the inputs, methods and tools and the outputs for the workshops, the deliverables for analysis, criteria for judgment and content of revision reports, in the case of phase revisions. The model was evaluated by four professionals, who are architects and researchers skilled in healthcare building design. According to the evaluation results, the model has been enhanced to its final version.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre des télécommunications optiques à haut-débit sur courtes distances. L'ère numérique dans laquelle nous vivons pousse les architectures actuelles à évoluer aussi rapidement que le besoin en débit. Les réseaux d'accès et data-centers doivent d'ores et déjà évoluer, notamment au niveau des composants et sous-systèmes chargés de détecter les signaux optiques après leur transmission : les photorécepteurs. La montée en débit à 40 Gb/s et au-delà est limitée par l'architecture actuelle des photorécepteurs dont l'interfaçage entre ses deux fonctions primaires (photodétection[PD]/amplification[TIA]) limite la bande passante. Les solutions présentées, visant à limiter la parallélisation multi-longueurs d'onde des composants et ainsi les coût de déploiement, proposent d'augmenter la rapidité des modules photorécepteurs en optimisant leur architecture. Deux axes d'optimisation sont alors proposés au niveau du photorécepteur : Une approche co-packaging ayant pour objectif de considérer les deux fonctions clés du photorécepteur comme des boîtes noires auxquelles il convient d'ajouter un circuit externe permettant d'augmenter la bande passante, et une approche co-design visant à concevoir un nouveau circuit amplificateur transimpédance (TIA) intégrant directement une fonction de pré-égalisation adaptée à la photodiode permettant de repousser la fréquence de coupure du récepteur. / This thesis falls within the scope of high-speed short-reach optical communication where the growing need in data transfer forces the current architectures to evolve as quickly. Acces network and data-center components and subsystems must follow this growth, especially on the photoreceiver side. 40 Gb{s and beyond high-speed communications are limited by the current photoreceiver architecture, which, due to the integration of both of its main functions (photodetection[PD]/amplification[TIA]), limits the maximum achievable bandwitdh. In order to reduce the amount of components and price caused by multi-architectures, photoreceivers bandwidth must be increased. Two solutions are proposed so that the photoreceiver performances can be optimized : A co-packaging approach in which both main functions of the photoreceiver are considered as black boxes to which must be added an external circuit allowing to increase the bandwidth, and a co-design approach in which a new transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is designed, integrating a pre-equalizing function based on the photodiode characteristics, allowing an enhancement of the photoreceiver bandwitdh.

Caracterizado por grande complexidade, o projeto de edifícios de assistência à saúde precisa garantir funcionalidade e eficiência operacional à edificação, através de espaços que facilitem a realização das atividades de atenção à saúde. Isto é ainda mais proeminente em países como o Brasil, onde os serviços de atenção à saúde são deficitários, principalmente na esfera pública. Para tanto, é necessário um amplo conhecimento acerca dos usuários e dos fluxos e atividades que compõem os serviços prestados, que geralmente os arquitetos não possuem. Neste contexto, e dada a complexidade dos edifícios de assistência à saúde, o envolvimento efetivo dos usuários no processo de projeto - co-design - pode contribuir para o redesenho das atividades de atenção à saúde e assim possibilitar que os arquitetos alinhem o projeto do espaço físico com o projeto dos serviços, aumentando a oferta e a qualidade do atendimento à população. No entanto, o co-design exige grandes esforços do arquiteto, relativos à coordenação e à linguagem utilizada, entre outros desafios. O problema desta pesquisa reside, portanto, na falta de amparo e dificuldades de envolver efetivamente os usuários no processo de projeto destes edifícios, como perspectiva para trazer os conhecimentos relativos à utilização da edificação ao projeto, e assim aumentar a adequação entre edifício e uso. A pesquisa aqui proposta busca, neste sentido, uma proposição inovadora de solução através da abordagem da Design Science Research (DSR) que tem como fundamento a proposta de soluções para problemas enfrentados no mundo real. A pesquisa incluiu as etapas de entendimento do tema, com revisão bibliográfica, estudo exploratório e estudos de caso em dois projetos de edifícios de saúde com co-design; proposta de uma solução e avaliação da solução. Como solução, apresenta-se um modelo conceitual de processo de projeto com co-design para auxiliar os arquitetos na promoção desta prática em edifícios de assistência à saúde. Descreve-se ainda o processo de seleção dos representantes dos usuários para as oficinas de co-design, com as questões que devem ser consideradas pela coordenação, a preparação dos usuários, a estrutura para orientar as oficinas e as revisões de fases, indicando as entradas, os métodos e instrumentos e as saídas das oficinas, e os subprodutos para análise, os critérios de passagem e o conteúdo dos relatórios de revisão, no caso das revisões de fase. O modelo foi avaliado por quatro profissionais, que são arquitetos com experiência em projetos de edifícios de saúde e pesquisadores da área. Com base nos resultados das avaliações, o modelo foi aprimorado para sua versão final. / Characterized by high complexity, the design of a healthcare building must ensure functionality and operational efficiency to the building through spaces that support healthcare activities. This is even more prominent in countries as Brazil, where healthcare services are deficient, especially in the public sphere. Therefore, a broad knowledge on users and service flows and activities, which architects seldom have, is required. Given the complexity of healthcare buildings, the effective involvement of users in the design process - co-design - can contribute to the redesign of healthcare activities and enable architects to align the design of physical space with that of services, which increases the supply and quality of services to the population. However, co-design requires great efforts, related to coordination and design language, among other challenges, from architects. This thesis addresses the lack of support and difficulties regarding the effective engagement of users in the design process of the healthcare buildings, as a perspective to provide knowledge on the use of the building to the design and increase the adequacy of building and use. It proposes an innovative solution through the Design Science Research (DSR), based on the proposal of solutions to problems faced in the real world. The research included the stages of understanding of the theme, through a literature review, survey and case studies in two healthcare buildings designed with co-design, development of a solution and its evaluation. A conceptual model of the design process with co-design is presented to assist architects in promoting this practice in healthcare buildings. The selection process of users´ representatives is described for the co-design workshops and indicates the issues to be considered by the coordination. The study also addresses the preparation of users, a framework to guide the workshops and phase reviews, stating the inputs, methods and tools and the outputs for the workshops, the deliverables for analysis, criteria for judgment and content of revision reports, in the case of phase revisions. The model was evaluated by four professionals, who are architects and researchers skilled in healthcare building design. According to the evaluation results, the model has been enhanced to its final version.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Lymfödem är en kronisk symtomdiagnos som kräver livslång behandling där egenvård är en viktig del. Bristande egenvård leder till försämrat lymfödem och större benägenhet för erysipelasinfektioner. Problemet är att patienterna känner sig osäkra på egenvård av lymfödem och tvivlar på dess effekt. Syfte: Förbättringsarbetets syfte var att skapa förutsättningar och bättre följsamhet till patienters egenvårdsbehandling för att bidra till bibehållet eller förbättrat stadie av lymfödem och uppleva en god hälso-relaterad livskvalitet. Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att leva med lymfödem, erfarenhet av den lymfterapeutiska vårdtjänsten och redogöra för patienters förbättringsförslag för att förbättra egenvård. Metod: Förbättringsarbetet genomförs med inspiration från tjänstedesign och förbättringsmodellerna 5P, Nolans förbättringsmodell och PGSA.Studien utförs med tematisk analys och beskrevs utifrån delar av Kanomodellen av Noriaki Kano; bas-, uttalade- och omedvetna behov. Resultat: Patienter blir säkrare på att göra egenvård om de har en egenvårdsplan och lymfterapeuterna blir tydligare i sin kommunikation med checklistan och i samskapande med patienten. Resultat från studien visar att lymfterapeuterna behöver bättre kommunicera egenvård och anpassa informationen individuellt. Slutsatser: Genom att patienterna delar med sig av sina erfarenheter och förbättringsförslag kan vi skapa ett lärande och öppna upp för mer patientinvolvering i utvecklingsarbetet. / Summary Background: Lymphedema is a chronic diagnosis that requires lifelong treatment where self-care is an important part. Lack of self-care leads to impaired lymphedema and greater tendency for erysipelas infections. The problem is that patients feel insecure about self-care of lymphedema and doubt its effect.  Purpose: The purpose of the improvement work was to create better compliance to the patients self-care treatment. The purpose of the study was to describe patients 'experiences of the lymphatic care service and living with lymphedema and also the patients' improvement suggestions for improving self-care. Method: With inspiration from service design and the improvement models 5P, Nolan's improvement model and PGSA. The study with thematic analysis method was described from parts of the Kano model by Noriaki Kano; basic-, expected- and  unexpected needs. Results: Patients become more confident in self-care if they have a self-care plan and the Lymphatic Therapists become clearer in their communication by a checklist and in collaboration with the patient. Results from the study show that the lymphatic therapists need to better communicate self-care and adapt the information individually.  Conclusions: By sharing patients' experiences and suggestions for improvement, we can create learning and more patient involvement in development work.

A pragmatic model, AIR (Activities; Internal world; Relationships), is presented for co-design of technologies and products to support well-being of people living with dementia. This model, co-developed with people with lived experience, is aimed at including psychosocial aspects in the prototype development process. The model is then related to a form of mindful evaluation framework that can be employed during the prototype testing of co-designed solutions. The components of this evaluation framework and associated instruments are described.

The ongoing trend to more heterogeneous systems forces us to rethink the design of systems. In this work, I study a new system design that considers heterogeneous compute units (general-purpose cores with different instruction sets, DSPs, FPGAs, fixed-function accelerators, etc.) from the beginning instead of as an afterthought. The goal is to treat all compute units (CUs) as first-class citizens, enabling (1) isolation and secure communication between all types of CUs, (2) a direct interaction of all CUs, removing the conventional CPU from the critical path, and (3) access to operating system (OS) services such as file systems and network stacks for all CUs. To study this system design, I am using a hardware/software co-design based on two key ideas: 1) introduce a new hardware component next to each CU used by the OS as the CUs' common interface and 2) let the OS kernel control applications remotely from a different CU. The hardware component is called data transfer unit (DTU) and offers the minimal set of features to reach the stated goals: secure message passing and memory access. The OS is called M³ and runs its kernel on a dedicated CU and runs the OS services and applications on the remaining CUs. The kernel is responsible for establishing DTU-based communication channels between services and applications. After a channel has been set up, services and applications communicate directly without involving the kernel. This approach allows to support arbitrary CUs as aforementioned first-class citizens, ranging from fixed-function accelerators to complex general-purpose cores.