abstract: This action research, mixed methods, case study examined middle school student perceptions of the effectiveness of Club Aspire. Club Aspire is an after-school program created to support the lowest achieving seventh and eighth graders in an Arizona K-8 school. The framework of this study comes from the theory of self-regulation, social learning theory and co-regulation. The primary focus of Club Aspire is to teach low achieving middle school students, self-regulation skills and learning strategies through goal setting, self-regulation learning strategy lessons and co-regulation activities. The study took place over 13 weeks and included 11 participants and answered the following research questions. How do middle school Elevate students perceive the impact of Club Aspire on their self-regulation and themselves as a learner? How does Club Aspire affect middle school Elevate students’ academic success? What do middle school Elevate students perceive as the most influential elements of Club Aspire? Data collection tools consisted of interviews, class work, referral data, pre- and post-questionnaire and benchmark assessment data. The study revealed that students made gains in self-regulation learning strategy usage, however, their academic achievement was not influenced. Students identified goal setting, learning self-regulation strategies and co-regulation activities with their peer partner as the most beneficial elements of Club Aspire. The study also revealed that student self-efficacy was increased throughout the semester. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2017

Collaboration is a sought-after competency in the 21st-century knowledge economy in which the value of collective ideas and innovations are emphasized. Educational institutions have a role to play in preparing graduates to work well in collaborative teams. However, collaborating with peers is often received with mixed feelings. Students raise concerns about group members’ motivation and engagement, in anticipation of unsatisfactory social and learning outcomes. Facing motivation challenges in collaboration is a common occurrence, but limited research examines how students working in groups manage motivation challenges in that context. The purpose of this multi-paper dissertation was to examine undergraduate students’ regulatory responses to motivation challenges during online collaborations. Three empirical studies comprising this dissertation examined: the interrelated process involved in groups’ regulation of the socio-emotional aspect of collaboration (Bakhtiar, Webster, & Hadwin), the tactics and strategies students enacted in response to salient motivation challenges (Bakhtiar, Hadwin, & Järvenoja, 2019), and the dynamic interplay between individual- and group-level regulation during motivationally challenging situations (Bakhtiar & Hadwin, 2019). The first study was a comparative case analysis between two groups with contrasting socio-emotional climates. Groups’ self-report and observational data (collected before, during, and after a 90-minute collaboration) were examined in relation to the COPES-model of regulation to identify the similarities and differences between groups’ prevailing conditions, operations, products, evaluations, and standards in regulation. In Study 2, group members’ perceptions of motivation challenges that emerged during planning, early, and towards the end of a semester-long collaborative project were explored. Students’ open descriptions of strategies adopted in response to their salient motivation challenges were qualitatively coded. Study 3 was another comparative case analysis between two groups, who experienced high levels of motivation challenges during collaboration but achieved contrasting group perceptions of team learning productivity. The groups’ use of self-, co-, and socially shared-regulation of motivation in three collaborative sessions were examined and contextualized using group members’ self-reports and log data. Findings across the three studies were discussed in terms of their contributions to the COPES scripts of regulating motivation in collaboration, to develop a catalogue of individual and social strategies for regulating motivation, and to identify adaptive forms of motivation regulation in collaboration. Overall, groups that experienced a more positive outcome regarding motivation regulation had group members who (a) were more prepared going into the task, (b) engaged in proactive forms of regulation, (c) more metacognitively attuned to individuals’ and groups’ diverse needs and challenges, (d) used diverse types of strategies, and (e) regulated each other in a positive and encouraging way. Future directions are discussed in terms of examining the metacognitive information students base on when regulating motivation individually, for others, and as a team, as well as designing tools and instructions to support motivation in collaboration. / Graduate

The effects of maternal stress on child behavior, especially externalizing problems such as aggression, defiance, and lack of self-control, are well-established within psychological literature. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of maternal stress on child internalizing problems, such as loneliness, withdrawal, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Moreover, there is much research within developmental psychology to support the notion that parent-child co-regulation, sometimes called dyadic synchrony, can predict child behavioral outcomes. Currently, researchers lack an understanding of how this process can interact with maternal stress to predict child internalizing symptoms. The following thesis details a multi-method assessment which is designed to examine the mediating effect of co-regulation on the relationship between maternal stress and child internalizing symptoms. In this research project, mothers and their three-year-old children complete questionnaires and a challenging dyadic task to assess their current stress, internalizing symptoms, and co-regulation strategies. Co-regulation scores are assigned through a macro coding scheme developed by a behavioral observation coding team. Due to ongoing data collection, data from a comparable project were collected to test this hypothesis using similar self-report measures. This study may have significant implications for the effects of everyday parent-child interactions on future child health outcomes.

This longitudinal study examined the association between communication in the family on the development of empathy in young children. Co-regulation and family expressiveness measured communication in parent-child dyads at age 12 months (N = 186), 24 months (N = 100), and 36 months (N = 78). A follow-up was conducted at 60 months (N = 47) to measure empathy-related responding in children. Co-regulation styles change over time, generally increasing in the most engaged, two-way style of communication (symmetrical) and decreasing in one-sided and less engaged types. Greater family expressiveness predicted higher levels of empathy as observed in an empathy-eliciting experiment, but not as measured by mother interview, questionnaire, or child's response to facial expressions. In addition, empathy was not associated with the change in symmetrical co-regulation. The results of this study indicate that open, emotional family communication may be more important in the development of empathy than the style of dyadic communication.

This thesis explores the barriers to effective tenant involvement at an organisational level in housing associations by tracking, over a long period of time, the experience of tenants who get involved in the forums, panels and boards of housing associations. The focus of the research is the relationship between the tenants and the professional staff, in corporate environments where delivery of a user-focused service is purported to be the shared goal. The aim has been to explore with tenants and staff their experiences of trying to make tenant involvement work at a strategic level within the organisation. My research seeks (a) to unravel the methods used by the different actors to influence activities and outcomes, and (b) to examine their effects on the power balance in and between the groups of people in question. Clegg’s 1989 ‘Circuits of power’ theory is used to plot and analyse the processes involved in the transformation (or not) of power within the culture and practice of tenant involvement and the empowerment (or not) of the tenants who work with staff at the heart of these corporate cultures. In addition I use Somerville’s 1998 typology of empowerment to illustrate the potential for organisational change. I gather a wide range of material, using a detailed questionnaire, 17 case studies plus a further three of national level involvement initiatives, and an analysis of 112 Housing Corporation and Audit Commission inspection reports (from 2003 and 2008). To this I add my own experience as a participant observer in a range of settings over the period. This thesis is intended to shed some light on why the same barriers continue to exist and why so many involved tenants and their housing associations are still struggling to make involvement really make a difference at this level, despite a decade of intensive regulations and inspection of involvement activities.

Submitted by PPG Direito (ppgdir@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-11T14:04:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCIA_LUNARDI_FLORES.DIS.pdf: 1026997 bytes, checksum: d6fb473e6a26bbdb12d911f032ad81cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-15T13:07:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCIA_LUNARDI_FLORES.DIS.pdf: 1026997 bytes, checksum: d6fb473e6a26bbdb12d911f032ad81cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T13:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCIA_LUNARDI_FLORES.DIS.pdf: 1026997 bytes, checksum: d6fb473e6a26bbdb12d911f032ad81cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study aims to analyze the extent to which the Brazilian constitutional order allows the State to limit the freedom of commercial expression and free initiative in favor of the principle of the integral protection of the child. To this end, the relationship between children, consumption and advertising, within the context of a capitalist and hypermodern society, is verified. A possible form of regulation of children's advertising should therefore be considered, in light of the theory of the linking of individuals to fundamental rights as a means of guaranteeing the full protection of the child and the preservation of the right to freedom of commercial expression and free enterprise. The investigation of some regulatory models in force in the international scenario, such as the Quebec, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, France and Italy systems, was necessary to search for parameters suitable for harmonization between the interests of free enterprise and freedom of expression with the need to protect children. The starting point was the Quebec system because it is a more restrictive model for children's advertising. European elected models, on the other hand, present a greater dialogue between self-regulation, state legislation and civil society. The US system has a greater emphasis on self-regulation, but there is room for State action through regulatory agencies. The comparison of international models with the Brazilian system of self-regulation of advertising has shown that the Brazilian model lacks a greater dialogue with the State, as well as more efficient ways of protecting the child in relation to exposure to advertisements. The Brazilian constitutional order, while at the same time consecrating free initiative and free expression, adopted as a paradigm the integral protection of children, giving priority to their interests. It is possible, therefore, to have a greater state action in defense of the child's interests in relation to advertising. In order to equalize the advertising market and its right of free initiative and expression and child protection, co-regulation is a viable alternative, imposing limits that obey the criteria of reasonableness and proportionality. / O trabalho busca analisar em que medida a ordem constitucional brasileira permite ao Estado limitar a liberdade de express?o comercial e a livre iniciativa em favor do princ?pio da prote??o integral da crian?a. Verifica-se, para tanto, as rela??es entre crian?a, consumo e publicidade, dentro do contexto de uma sociedade capitalista e hipermoderna. Assim, cabe avaliar uma poss?vel forma de regulamenta??o ? publicidade infantil, ? luz a teoria da vincula??o dos particulares aos direitos fundamentais como meio de garantia ? prote??o integral da crian?a e a preserva??o do direito de liberdade de express?o comercial e de livre iniciativa. A investiga??o de alguns modelos regulat?rios vigentes no cen?rio internacional, dentre os quais, destacam-se os sistemas do Quebec, da Espanha, do Reino Unido, dos Estados Unidos, da Fran?a e da It?lia fez-se necess?ria para a busca de par?metros aptos ? harmoniza??o entre os interesses havidos na livre iniciativa e liberdade de express?o com a necessidade de prote??o da inf?ncia. O ponto de partida foi o sistema do Quebec em raz?o de ser um modelo mais restritivo ? publicidade infantil. J? os modelos europeus eleitos apresentam um di?logo maior entre a autorregulamenta??o, legisla??o estatal e sociedade civil. O sistema norte-americano tem maior ?nfase na autorregulamenta??o, contudo h? espa?o para a atua??o do Estado, por meio de ag?ncias reguladoras. A compara??o dos modelos internacionais com o sistema de autorregulamenta??o brasileiro da publicidade deram mostras de que falta, ao modelo brasileiro, um maior di?logo com o Estado, bem como formas mais eficientes de prote??o da crian?a com rela??o ? exposi??o aos an?ncios publicit?rios. A ordem constitucional brasileira, ao mesmo tempo em que consagrou a livre iniciativa e a livre express?o, adotou como paradigma a prote??o integral da inf?ncia, conferindo prioridade aos seus interesses. ? poss?vel, portanto, haver uma maior a??o estatal em defesa dos interesses da crian?a frente ? publicidade. A fim de equalizar o mercado publicit?rio e seu direito de livre inciativa e express?o e a prote??o da crian?a, a corregula??o se apresenta como uma alternativa vi?vel, impondo limites que obedecem aos crit?rios de razoabilidade e proporcionalidade.

Abstract This dissertation focuses on young children’s emotion and behaviour regulation in educational settings. The purpose is to explore its emergence in socio-emotionally challenging academic and social activities in order to understand the contributing individual and interactional factors. The dissertation consists of three studies conducted in two contexts, a classroom and an open day-care. The results are reported in three empirical articles. Study I explored children’s strategic activities and success in regulating emotions in challenging classroom situations. Studies II and III were performed in a day-care context. Study II focused on teachers’ perspectives and investigated their use of co-regulation strategies in challenging situations and their awareness of their strategy use. Finally, Study III investigated children’s use of emotion and behaviour regulation strategies in these same situations and the composition of children’s strategic activities in interaction with teachers and peers. Data were collected using video observations, video-stimulated recall interviews and the questionnaire assessing children’s social competence. The results indicate that the children use various emotion and behaviour regulation strategies in socio-emotionally challenging situations. In the day-care context, their strategies were mostly focused on regulating the environment, whereas in the classroom context, their strategies, especially among the more socially skilled children, were focused on regulating themselves. As well, the teachers’ co-regulation strategies were focused more on children’s activities than their emotions. Moreover, the study indicates that children’s regulatory interactions are affected not only by their different skill levels but also by peer interactions and teachers’ involvement. The study results contribute to the understanding of young children’s processes and abilities to regulate emotions in everyday challenges in educational settings and, thus, increase awareness of how teachers can support these regulatory processes. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa tutkitaan päiväkoti- ja peruskouluikäisten lasten tunteiden ja käyttäytymisen säätelyä koulussa ja avoimessa päiväkodissa. Tavoitteena on selvittää erityisesti, miten lasten tunteiden ja käyttäytymisen säätely ilmenee oppimiseen tai sosiaalisiin tilanteisiin liittyvissä sosio-emotionaalisissa haasteissa ja ymmärtää lasten tunteiden ja käyttäytymisen säätelyyn vaikuttavia yksilöllisiä ja vuorovaikutuksellisia tekijöitä. Tutkimus toteutettiin kahdessa kontekstissa: peruskoulussa ja avoimessa päiväkodissa. Se koostuu kolmesta empiirisestä osatutkimuksesta, joiden tulokset on raportoitu kolmessa artikkelissa. Osatutkimuksessa I selvitettiin millaisia sosio-emotionaalisia haasteita lapset kokivat peruskoulun luokkahuonetilanteissa ja miten he käyttivät tunnesäätelystrategioita näissä tilanteissa. Osatutkimus II tutki, miten opettajat säätelivät lasten tunteita ja käyttäytymistä haasteellisissa tilanteissa avoimessa päiväkodissa ja miten tietoisia he olivat käyttämistään strategioista. Osatutkimus III selvitti puolestaan, millaisia säätelystrategioita lapset käyttivät samoissa sosio-emotionaalisesti haastavissa tilanteissa. Osatutkimus selvitti myös, miten lasten käyttämät strategiat olivat yhteydessä vuorovaikutukseen opettajan ja ikätoverien kanssa. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytettiin video-taltiointeja autenttisista koulu- ja päiväkotitilanteista, opettajille järjestettyjä videostimuloituja haastatteluja ja lasten sosiaalista kompetenssia arvioivaa kyselyä. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että lapset käyttävät monenlaisia tunne- ja käyttäytymisen säätelystrategioita haasteellisissa tilanteissa. Päiväkoti-ikäisten lasten säätelystrategiat pyrkivät enimmäkseen vaikuttamaan muiden toimintaan, kun taas kouluikäiset, erityisesti sosiaalisesti taitavat lapset, säätelevät haasteellisissa tilanteissa enemmän itseään kuin ympäristöä. Tulosten mukaan opettajat kohdistavat säätelystrategiansa haasteellisissa tilanteissa enemmän lasten toimintaan kuin heidän tunteisiinsa. Kaiken kaikkiaan tulokset osoittavat, että lasten säätelystrategioihin vaikuttavat sekä heidän omat taitonsa että opettajien aktiivinen puuttuminen ja vuorovaikutus ikätoverien kanssa. Tutkimus korostaa opettajan tuen merkitystä lasten tunteiden säätelyprosesseissa lasten koulun ja varhaiskasvatuksen arjessa.

After the initial excitement about the Internet as a space outside of governmental control has evaporated and courts in several states have applied national laws to ‘Cyberspace’, there is now a consensus among scholars that regulators have in principle the authority and capacity to regulate the Internet. Nevertheless, the application of the established tools of regulation - legislation and adjudication - to the current challenges to copyright regulation posed by the Internet has proven to be ineffective and produced undesirable side effects. Although market self-regulation has been suggested as a more efficacious approach to regulating the Internet and has proven effective in content regulation and Internet governance, the market has so far been unsuccessful in providing an effective and efficient remedy to the challenges to copyright regulation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a novel approach to regulation and analyse its benefits and limitations. The novel approach defies the conceptualisation as co- and self-regulation, but introduces the solution from outside the regulated environment through entrepreneurship and innovation, and relies on the forces of the market to become effective. In this thesis, I analyse the regulatory systems implemented by two private organisations, Noank Media and Creative Commons, in China’s reportedly ineffective copyright law environment and find that their market-based and innovative approach to regulation can be understood as a form of social entrepreneurship. Social enterprises have been claimed to deliver social goods more effectively and efficiently than governmental intervention, because they are said to rely on local knowledge, to be driven by the demand of the stakeholders, and to be focused on social value creation. Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork with Noank Media’s and Creative Common’s stakeholders in China I analyse to what extent these two enterprises managed to successfully leverage the assets of social entrepreneurship. I conclude that while the novel approach has demonstrated the potential to produce more effective and more efficient regulation, it does not automatically result in Better Regulation. Further efforts are required to ensure participation, transparency, and public accountability, and to avoid regulatory fragmentation.

Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d’Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu’est-ce qu’une responsabilité collective? Plus encore, pour faire de la responsabilisation une technique politique de gouvernement, quels processus et instruments s’agit-il de mobiliser pour rendre des acteurs collectivement responsables?À travers le cas de la filière des DEEE, cette thèse propose des principes de la co-régulation. Nous nous appuyons sur la littérature sur les communs, où ont été discutées les conditions d’une gestion et d’une gouvernance collectives. La thèse repose sur une approche exploratoire, qualitative et longitudinale. Une analyse comparative au niveau européen permet une mise en perspective des propositions théoriques. / The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute “Urban Mines” that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level.

La technologie de la chaîne de blocs peut être résumée en un réseau décentralisé et distribué de registre de transactions numériques. Sa mise en oeuvre dans le marché des cryptomonnaies a été suivie par d’autres utilisations, comme les Organisations autonomes décentralisées (DAO) et les contrats intelligents. Ce mémoire s’attachera à examiner deux volets de la reconnaissance juridique des contrats intelligents : au regard des normes étatiques déjà existantes ou en cours d’élaboration au sein de différentes juridictions, y compris le Québec, et au regard du potentiel des normes alternatives. Le contexte de la globalisation, du pluralisme juridique et des mutations de la souveraineté étatique est pris en considération à cette fin. La première partie de cette étude se concentre sur les aspects technologiques, afin de présenter les fondements du fonctionnement des contrats intelligents. La seconde partie est consacrée à une analyse du panorama juridique. L’encadrement normatif du droit positif présente d’ores et déjà des normes applicables aux contrats intelligents, certaines générales et d’autres spécifiques. Il est également pris en considération que les normes alternatives peuvent être un moyen d’harmoniser un contexte globalisé. Une harmonisation dans cette direction serait importante visant à renforcer la réglementation des nouvelles relations issues de la démarche technologique. L’ensemble de ces faits rend l’utilisation des normes alternatives opportune, conjointement avec les normes étatiques, dans le cadre de la réglementation des nouvelles technologies afin, notamment, de surmonter l’incertitude juridique encore existante dans ce milieu. / The Blockchain technology is essentially a decentralized and distributed network of digital transactions records. Its implementation on the cryptocurrency market was followed by other applications, such as the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) and Smart Contracts. This thesis will focus precisely on the legal recognition of smart contracts in the light of the established positive law and the regulations currently being drafted in various jurisdictions, including Quebec, as well as in the light of the soft law. The context of globalization, legal pluralism and state sovereignty changes are taken into consideration. The first part of this study focuses on the technological aspects in order to present the foundations of the Smart Contracts operation. The second part is dedicated to analyzing the current juridical panorama. The normative framework of the positive law already provides applicable regulations to Smart Contracts, some general, others more specific. It is further understood that the soft law could be a way of harmonizing the current context. A harmonization in this direction would be relevant in order to enhance the essential regulatory framework of new relations coming from the technological development. Given all these facts, the soft law along with hard law seem to be appropriate to chart the legal framework for the new technologies, in order to overcome the many legal uncertainties existing in this field.