LOPAP, proteína isolada da toxina de lagartas Lonomia obliqua, possui ação ativadora de protrombina, efeito pró-coagulante e ação citoprotetora em células do endotélio humano, em cultura. Tem cadeia única com 181 resíduos de aminoácidos e 21 kDa. Sua estrutura terciária é formada por oito folhas-b fechadas em uma extremidade, mantidas juntas por pontes de hidrogênio, em formato de barril. Está classificada como pertencente ao grupo das Lipocalinas (proteínas de transporte). Neste trabalho estudou-se o LOPAP, que foi produzido recombinante em cultivo de Pichia pastoris em biorreator e purificado. Avaliou-se sua estabilidade quanto às atividades enzimática e citoprotetora, e sua estrutura secundária. Não foi detectada ativação de protrombina para o r-LOPAP obtido, mas foi observada ação citoprotetora. Considerando estes resultados e a análise de sua estrutura secundária por dicroísmo circular, concluiu-se que a proteína foi expressa com tamanho e sequência corretos, mas sem uma estrutura terciária correta, o que é determinante para a atividade enzimática. / LOPAP, a protein isolated from the toxin of Lonomia obliqua caterpillars, has prothrombin activation action, procoagulant effect and cytoprotection action in human endothelium cells culture. It has only chain with 181 amino acid residues and 21 kDa of size. Its tertiary structure is made by eight b-sheets closed at one end, hold together by hydrogen bonds, barrel-shaped. It is classified as belonging to the Lipocalin group (proteins of transport). This work studied the LOPAP, which was produced recombinant in Pichia pastoris culture in bioreactor, was purified, and it was evaluated its stability related to enzymatic and cytoprotection activities, and its secondary structure. It was not detected prothrombin activation for the r-LOPAP obtained, but it was observed a cytoprotective effect. Regarding these results and the analysis of its secondary structure, by circular dichroism, it was concluded that the protein was expressed with correct size and sequence, but without a correct tertiary structure, which is determinant for the enzymatic activity.

Over the past decade, the objectives for coagulation based drinking water treatment processes have changed significantly. These changes are a result of stringent goals related to natural organic matter (NOM) removal to mitigate the formation of subsequent harmful and health-related disinfection by-products (DBPs) and the need to achieve adequate filtration performance to ensure sufficient particle removal for pathogen control. Another concern associated with coagulation optimization is the potential unintended consequences of a coagulant change on the distribution system, specifically related to lead release from lead pipe and solder materials. Optimizing these multi-objectives in a direct filtration treatment process presents significant challenges for source waters characterized by low levels of turbidity, alkalinity and organic matter content. Bench and pilot-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of ferric sulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) against aluminum sulfate (alum) using variable coagulation dosage and pH conditions for a direct filtration facility. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to optimize NOM removal during coagulation using traditional organic matter surrogates coupled with molecular size characterization techniques. Pilot-scale studies provided a snapshot of feasibility in terms of filtration performance for favourable bench-scale conditions and also identified optimal conditions for filtration performance. Results from pilot testing demonstrated that favourable conditions identified for increased potential NOM removals during bench-scale testing were significantly different than optimal filtration conditions identified during pilot studies; and, in fact, severely compromised direct filtration performance due to increased solids loading to the filters. Bench-scale experiments evaluated lead leaching from lead and lead:tin solder galvanically connected to copper under stagnant conditions using variable chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) conditions for alum, ferric sulfate and PACl. Although recent research identifies high CSMRs (>0.5) as the main mechanism of attack in distribution systems following coagulant changeovers, CSMR was not the primary catalyst for lead leaching following the coagulant changeover conditions evaluated in this study. Residual concentrations of iron and aluminum remaining following coagulation were the principal contributors. Positive correlations were revealed between particulate iron and particulate lead concentrations following stagnation demonstrating that the adsorption of lead to iron oxides is a viable hypothesis for lead release.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BeatrizCS_DISSERT.pdf: 918722 bytes, checksum: b2749f09237c0c83efd7b3cc8847eed2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / The current environmental crisis demands transformations in the relations among society, nature and development, considering sustainability. In this context, an important theme is replacing fossil fuels with biofuels, such as biodiesel. Moringa oleifera Lam. is a species that can be used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. Besides, it is a multiple purposes plant, which can be used also in water treatment. Thus, the aims of this work were to analyze the anatomical adaptations found in the stem and in the leaf and the seed s oil stores of M. oleifera., to investigate chemical characteristics of M. oleifera s seed oil, considering biodiesel production, and to evaluate the coagulation activity of these seeds in water treatment. Semipermanent histological laminas were made and it follows that the stem has thick cuticle, stomata whose cells guard are below the epidermis line, hollow medulla, druses and tector trichomes as adaptations to climate and soil conditions in which the species is found and the leaf is dorsiventral and it has thick cuticle, tector trichomes and druses. The seed has great reserves of oil. These features favor the use of Moringa oleifera Lam. as a raw material to produce biodiesel in Brazil s Northeast semiarid region. Chemical analysis were made through oil solvent extraction using mechanic stirrer. The oil was analyzed in UV spectrophotometer. A transesterification was made and biodiesel was analyzed in gas chromatography. Oil yield was high and good quality biodiesel was obtained. To evaluate seeds coagulantion activity, coagulation and flocculation essays in jartest were made, using seed extract to treat raw water. Seeds were efficient in cogulation process to treat water. So, they can be used in rudimentary systems or as a raw material to coagulant proteins extraction, as an alternative to traditional coagulants. M. oleifera has characteristics that favor its use to biodiesel production and water treatment / A crise ambiental que vivenciamos hoje exige que transformemos as rela??es entre sociedade, natureza e desenvolvimento, considerando a sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, um dos principais temas ? a substitui??o de combust?veis f?sseis por biocombust?veis, como o biodiesel. Uma potencial oleaginosa a ser utilizada como matriz para produ??o de biodiesel ? Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa), um vegetal de m?ltiplos usos que tamb?m pode ser utilizado para tratamento de ?gua. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: analisar as adapta??es anat?micas de caule e folha e as reservas ole?feras da semente de moringa, investigar caracter?sticas qu?micas do ?leo da semente de moringa, considerando a produ??o de biodiesel, e avaliar a fun??o coagulante dessas sementes no tratamento de ?gua. Foram confeccionadas l?minas histol?gicas semipermanentes, nas quais observou-se que o caule apresenta cut?cula espessa, est?matos abaixo da linha da epiderme, medula oca, drusas e tricomas tectores como adapta??es ?s condi??es edafoclim?ticas em que a esp?cie est? inserida, enquanto a folha ? dorsivental e possui cut?cula espessa, tricomas tectores e drusas. A semente, por sua vez, possui reservas ole?feras abundantes. Essas caracter?sticas favorecem o cultivo da moringa como matriz para produ??o de biodiesel no semi?rido nordestino. A avalia??o qu?mica foi realizada por meio de extra??o do ?leo com solvente via agita??o mec?nica e an?lise do ?leo em espectrofot?metro UV-Vis?vel. Foi feita a transesterifica??o do ?leo, com an?lise do biodiesel gerado por cromatografia gasosa. Obteve-se bom rendimento de ?leo e biodiesel de boa qualidade. Para avalia??o da atividade coagulante das sementes, foram realizados ensaios de coagula??o e flocula??o em jarteste, nos quais foi aplicado um extrato de sementes de moringa na ?gua a ser tratada. As sementes se mostraram eficientes no processo de coagula??o para tratamento de ?gua, podendo ser utilizadas diretamente em sistemas rudimentares de tratamento ou servindo como mat?ria-prima para a extra??o de prote?nas coagulantes a serem utilizadas em larga escala, como alternativas aos coagulantes tradicionais. Conclui-se que M. oleifera possui caracter?sticas que favorecem sua utiliza??o para as fun??es associadas de produ??o de biodiesel e tratamento de ?gua

LOPAP, proteína isolada da toxina de lagartas Lonomia obliqua, possui ação ativadora de protrombina, efeito pró-coagulante e ação citoprotetora em células do endotélio humano, em cultura. Tem cadeia única com 181 resíduos de aminoácidos e 21 kDa. Sua estrutura terciária é formada por oito folhas-b fechadas em uma extremidade, mantidas juntas por pontes de hidrogênio, em formato de barril. Está classificada como pertencente ao grupo das Lipocalinas (proteínas de transporte). Neste trabalho estudou-se o LOPAP, que foi produzido recombinante em cultivo de Pichia pastoris em biorreator e purificado. Avaliou-se sua estabilidade quanto às atividades enzimática e citoprotetora, e sua estrutura secundária. Não foi detectada ativação de protrombina para o r-LOPAP obtido, mas foi observada ação citoprotetora. Considerando estes resultados e a análise de sua estrutura secundária por dicroísmo circular, concluiu-se que a proteína foi expressa com tamanho e sequência corretos, mas sem uma estrutura terciária correta, o que é determinante para a atividade enzimática. / LOPAP, a protein isolated from the toxin of Lonomia obliqua caterpillars, has prothrombin activation action, procoagulant effect and cytoprotection action in human endothelium cells culture. It has only chain with 181 amino acid residues and 21 kDa of size. Its tertiary structure is made by eight b-sheets closed at one end, hold together by hydrogen bonds, barrel-shaped. It is classified as belonging to the Lipocalin group (proteins of transport). This work studied the LOPAP, which was produced recombinant in Pichia pastoris culture in bioreactor, was purified, and it was evaluated its stability related to enzymatic and cytoprotection activities, and its secondary structure. It was not detected prothrombin activation for the r-LOPAP obtained, but it was observed a cytoprotective effect. Regarding these results and the analysis of its secondary structure, by circular dichroism, it was concluded that the protein was expressed with correct size and sequence, but without a correct tertiary structure, which is determinant for the enzymatic activity.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-10T00:06:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila_Schmitt_2018.pdf: 2548931 bytes, checksum: 5ee22f914bbdcce603c158d7a45f4786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T00:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila_Schmitt_2018.pdf: 2548931 bytes, checksum: 5ee22f914bbdcce603c158d7a45f4786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The whey industrialization process generates effluents that need a special attention regarding treatment and final disposal. Currently, many advanced treatment techniques have been studied in order to provide a treated water with high quality for reuse purposes. In this context, this work aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a hybrid system based on coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) and nanofiltration (NF) for industrial reuse purposes. In the C/F/S process, the use of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringa) seeds as a natural coagulant was evaluated. Different methods and saline solutions (KCl, MgCl2.6H2O, and CaCl2.2H2O) were studied when extracting the active components from the seeds. Nanofiltration was performed with polyamide membranes based on the tangential flow filtration principle. The extraction method that utilized the whole Moringa, ground directly with the saline solution, was highlighted among the evaluated ones, by using a smaller number of steps. The extraction with calcium chloride dehydrated demonstrated the best efficiency, compared to the magnesium chloride hexahydrate and potassium chloride. The C/F/S step was optimized through serial factorial designs, in which the turbidity removal was the response variable. It was obtained a turbidity removal of 91.52% when using 300 mg L-1 of the Moringa coagulant (MC), extracted with a saline CaCl2.2H2O solution (0.9 mol L-1) and a pH value of 10.0. The empirical quadratic model obtained, validated by the ANOVA and F-test, in conjunction with the desirability function, demonstrated the possibility to obtain turbidity removals of 92.04 % ( 9.13%) with the following conditions: MC = 300 mg L-1, CCaCl2 = 0.9 mol L-1 e pH = 11.0. The sedimentation time was reduced from 40 to 25 minutes. The MC performance concerning the turbidity removal proved to be dependent on the alkaline pH (8.0 to 11.0). In the nanofiltration process, it was evaluated the influence of the C/F/S optimized as a pre-treatment, comparing the hybrid C/F/S/NF and the direct NF at 4 bar. High removals of apparent color (99.7%), turbidity (99.1%), COD (88.9%), total hardness (66.3%), and calcium (63.7%) were obtained using the hybrid treatment system, providing a removal of 81.2% in the membrane fouling, compared to the raw NF treatment. The proposed hybrid system allows the reuse of this wastewater in the industry. / O processo de industrialização do soro de leite gera águas residuárias que necessitam de atenção especial, quanto ao seu tratamento e disposição final. Atualmente, muitas técnicas de tratamento avançadas são estudadas com o objetivo de produzir águas tratadas de elevada qualidade, para fins de reuso. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento híbrido, composto por coagulação/floculação/sedimentação (C/F/S) e nanofiltração (NF), para fins de reuso industrial. No processo de C/F/S, foi avaliado o uso das sementes de Moringa oleífera Lam (Moringa) como coagulante natural. Foram avaliados diferentes métodos e soluções salinas (KCl, MgCl2.6H2O e CaCl2.2H2O) na extração dos componentes ativos das sementes. A nanofiltração foi realizada com membranas planas de poliamida pelo princípio de filtração tangencial. O método de extração no qual a Moringa integral foi triturada diretamente com a solução salina destacou-se dentre os avaliados, por utilizar um número menor de etapas. A extração com o cloreto de cálcio dihidratado, demonstrou ser mais eficiente, em comparação aos sais cloreto de magnésio hexahidratado e cloreto de potássio. A etapa de C/F/S foi otimizada através de planejamentos fatoriais em série, nos quais, utilizou-se a remoção de turbidez como variável resposta. Foi obtida uma remoção de turbidez de 91,52 %, ao utilizar 300 mg L-1 de coagulante de Moringa (CM), extraído com solução salina de CaCl2.2H2O (0,9 mol L-1) e pH 10,0. O modelo quadrático empírico obtido, validado pela ANOVA e teste “F”, juntamente com a função desejabilidade, demonstraram ser possível obter remoção de turbidez de 92,04 % ( 9,13 %), nas seguintes condições: CM = 300 mg L-1; CCaCl2= 0,9 mol L-1 e pH = 11,0. O tempo de sedimentação foi reduzido de 40 para 25 minutos. O desempenho de CM para remoção de turbidez demonstrou ser dependente do pH alcalino (8,0 a 11,0). No processo de nanofiltração avaliou-se a influência de C/F/S otimizado como pré-tratamento, compondo o tratamento híbrido C/F/S/NF, em comparação ao tratamento por NF direto (Bruto-NF), na pressão de 4 bar. Elevadas remoções de cor aparente (99,7 %), turbidez (99,1 %), DQO (88,9%), dureza total (66,3 %) e cálcio (63,7 %) foram obtidas utilizando o sistema de tratamento híbrido, que proporcionou redução de 81,2% no fouling da membrana, em comparação ao tratamento Bruto-NF. O sistema híbrido proposto possibilita o reuso desta água dentro da indústria.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a avaliação da eficiência de remoção de carga orgânica, fósforo e sólidos em suspensão de sistema de flotação tratando esgoto sanitário pré-tratado em reatores UASB, da ETE Monjolinho da cidade de São Carlos/SP, e coagulado com tanino associado ou não a polímeros sintéticos. Os ensaios com variação de dosagem de coagulante Tanino e polímeros (polímero catiônico, polímero não-iônico e polímero aniônico) foram realizados em escala de laboratório, com o uso do equipamento flotateste. Em todos os ensaios foram fixados os valores de gradiente de velocidade na mistura rápida (800/s) e na floculação (90/s), ao tempos de detenção na mistura rápida (20 s) e na floculação (15 min) e, a pressão de saturação 5 Bar e a razão de recirculação (17%). Durante os ensaios com unidade de flotação em escala de bancada foram avaliados três valores de velocidades de flotação: 12,0 cm/min, 16,0 cm/min e 20,0 cm/min. Os ensaios foram divididos em duas fases: a fase 1 teve como objetivo analisar a resposta do sistema de flotação com o emprego do coagulante Tanino no tratamento do efluente do reator UASB da ETE Monjolinho (fase 1A) e também determinar as duas dosagens do coagulante Tanino mais adequadas para o tratamento do efluente de UASB da ETE Monjolinho para cada polímero testado (fase 1B). As fases 1A e 1B foram realizadas com efluente coletado às 8:00 h e 14:00 h, respectivamente. A fase 2 teve como objetivo a busca da dosagem ótima de tanino dentro de uma faixa mais estreita de valores, assim como a verificação do melhor tipo e dosagem de polímero sintético (não-iônico, aniônico e catiônico) para ser associado ao coagulante tanino. Na fase 1A, verificou-se que a flotação foi efetiva para remoção de cor aparente mesmo para dosagem nula de coagulante Tanino. Quanto à turbidez, verificou-se efeito marcante da adição de dosagem crescente de coagulante no aumento da eficiência de remoção desse parâmetro. Após a obtenção dos resultados da fase 1B, foram escolhidas para a fase 2 as duas menores dosagens de coagulante capazes de promover redução da turbidez em pelo menos 85%. Além destas duas dosagens, foram avaliados na fase 2 outras 3 dosagens compreendidas entre elas. Sendo assim, na fase 2 foram estudadas as doses de 65, 75, 85, 95 e 105 mg/L de coagulante, cada qual associada a seis dosagens de cada um dos polímeros estudados. Entre os tratamentos empregados, pôde-se verificar maior eficácia do polímero não-iônico e do polímero catiônico para o tratamento por flotação, associado ao coagulante tanino. O conjunto de dosagem de coagulante tanino e polímero mais vantajoso, ou seja, menor dosagem de tanino que, associada a polímero, apresentou remoção satisfatória dos parâmetros estudados, foi 65 mg/L de Tanino e 2,0 mg/L de polímero catiônico, atingindo remoções de 95,2% de turbidez (Residual de 3,65 NTU), 82,1% de cor aparente (Residual de 98 mgPT/L), 49,2% de fósforo total (Residual de 3,2 mg/L), 80,7% de DQO (Residual de 25 mg/L) e 87,9 % de SST (Residual de 13 mg/L) nas condições encontradas na época dos ensaios, para o pós-tratamento por flotação de efluente de reator UASB da ETE Monjolinho, São Carlos/SP. / The main objective of this work is the evaluation of the efficiency of removal of organic load, phosphorus and suspended solids in the flotation system treating domestic wastewater pretreated in UASB reactors, of the Monjolinho Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Sao Carlos, SP and clotted with tannin alone or combined with synthetic polymers. Tests varying tannin dosage of coagulant and polymer (cationic polymer, nonionic polymer and anionic polymer) were performed on a batch scale, using flotatest. In all the tests were fixed the values of rapid mix (800/s) and flocculation (90/s) velocity gradients, the rapid mix (20 s) and flocculation (15 min) times, saturation pressure (5 Bar) and recycle rate (17%). During the test in the flotation bench scale unity three values of flotation velocities were evaluated: 12.0 cm/min, 16.0 cm/min and 20.0 cm/min. The tests were divided in two phases: the objective of phase 1 was to examine the response of the flotation system with the use of tannin coagulant in the treatment of Monjolinho WWTP UASB effluent (Phase 1A) and also determine the two most suitable dosages of tannin coagulant for the treatment of wastewater from the Monjolinho WWTP UASB tested for each polymer (phase 1B). Phases 1A and 1B were performed with wastewater collected at 8:00 h and 14:00 h, respectively. The objective of phase 2 was to find the optimum dosage of tannin within a narrower range of values, as well as verification of the optimal type and dosage of synthetic polymer (non-ionic, anionic and cationic) to be associated with the tannin coagulant. In phase 1A, it was found that flotation was effective for apparent color removal even to zero coagulant dosage tannin. As for turbidity, there is a marked effect when increasing the coagulant dose, which increased the removal efficiency of this parameter. After obtaining the results of Phase 1B, were chosen for phase 2 two low coagulant dosages which can promote reduction of turbidity by 85%. Besides the two dosages obtained in phase 1B, in phase 2 were evaluated other three between them. Thus, in phase 2 were studied coagulant doses of 65, 75, 85, 95 and 105 mg/L, each one associated with six doses of each one of the studied polymers. Among the treatments employed, it could be seen that the non-ionic polymer and the cationic polymer were the most efficient for treatment by coagulation associated with tannin in flotation. The set of tannin coagulant dosage and polymer which showed satisfactory removal of parameters was 65 mg/L of Tannin with 2.0 mg/L of cationic polymer, reaching 95.2% removal of turbidity, 83% of color apparent, 49.2% of total phosphorus, COD 80.7% and 87.9% of TSS under the conditions found at the time of testing, for post-treatment of Monjolinho WWTP UASB effluent by flotation.

This diploma thesis is focused on study of physico-chemical influences on model surface-water treatment which contain humic compounds. From those factors were monitored especially the dose of destabilizing reagent, pH value, temperature, velocity gradient of mixing and time of its duration. As destabilizing reagents were used Al2(SO4)3 .18H2O a Fe2(SO4)3 . 9H2O.

Norrvatten är den fjärde största dricksvattenproducenten i Sverige. De producerar och distribuerar dricksvatten till 14 kommuner norr om Stockholm. Norrvatten har under en tid studerat alternativa processer för att optimera och öka produktionskapaciteten och effektiviteten i deras dricksvattenreningsverk vid Görvälnverket.  I detta projekt har en pilotanläggning använts för att studera och optimera ett hybridprocessteg bestående av ett koagulerings- och ultrafiltreringssteg med syfte att avlägsna humusämnen från ytvatten. Effekten av pH, reaktionstid och olika matarvattenkvaliteter (Görväln, Fyrisån och sandfiltrat) analyserades genom en serie experiment utförda med pilotanläggningen. Den mest optimala placeringen av ett eventuellt ultrafiltreringssteg i reningsprocessen studerades även.   Resultaten från experimenten påvisade att pH mellan 6.1 och 6.7 inte hade någon effekt på reningen av fDOM. Mer signifikanta skillnader i rening kunde observeras mellan de olika koaguleringsdoserna, vilket indikerar att denna parameter är viktigare än pH. Reaktionstiden hade ingen märkbar effekt på anläggningens reningseffektivitet. Däremot ökade transmembrantrycket tio gånger snabbare under experimenten med den kortare reaktionstiden. Dessa resultat antyder att de bildade flocken var mindre och därmed blev mer tätt packade i ultrafiltret vilket i sin tur lett till det snabbt ökande trycket i membranet. En avskiljning av minst 50 %, men inte mer än 60 %, av det ingående fDOM kunde uppnås med alla matarvatten utom sandfiltratet, som hade en reningseffektivitet på 18 %. Vattnet från Fyrisån visade sig vara en utmaning för anläggningen att hantera, då trycket snabbt byggdes upp i membranet vilket tyder på att anläggningen inte klarar för starkt förorenade vatten. Resultaten från sandfiltratexperimenten visade att ett ultrafiltreringssteg efter sandfiltren skulle kunna vara en möjlig placering av ultrafiltren. Ytterligare studier krävs dock för att med säkerhet kunna bestämma den mest optimala placeringen.   Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten från experimenten lovande tecken på att en ultrafiltreringsprocess är ett möjligt alternativ för att öka Norrvattens dricksvattenreningsverks effektivitet och kapacitet. / Norrvatten is the fourth largest drinking water producer in Sweden. They produce and distribute drinking water to 14 municipalities north of Stockholm. For some time, Norrvatten has studied alternative processes in order to optimise and increase the production capacity and efficiency of their drinking water treatment plant at Görvälnverket.   In this project, a small-scale pilot plant has been used to study and optimise a coagulation and ultrafiltration hybrid process step in order to remove humic substances from surface water. The effect of pH, reaction time, and different feed water qualities (Görväln, Fyrisån and Görväln full scale sand filtrate) were analysed through a series of experiments performed with the pilot plant. The most optimal placement of an eventual ultrafiltration step was also studied.  The results from the experiments suggested that pH in the range 6.1 to 6.7 had no large effect on the removal efficiency of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM). Instead, differences in removal efficiency could be observed between coagulant dosages which indicates that this parameter is of more importance than pH. At higher pH (> 7) removal was significantly lower. The reaction time had no effect on the removal efficiency of the plant. However, the transmembrane pressure increased ten times faster during the experiments with a shorter reaction time. These results suggested that the floc formed were smaller and thereby more tightly packed in the ultrafilter which in turn increased the pressure in the membrane. An fDOM removal of at least 50 %, though no more than 60 %, was achieved with all feed waters except for the sand filtrate which had a removal efficiency of 18 %. However, highly concentrated humic waters such as Fyrisån proved to be challenging for the plant to handle since the pressure built up rather quickly in the membrane. The sand filtrate feed water experiments indicated that an ultrafiltration step after a sand filtration process would be effective. However, further studies are required to be able to determine the most optimal placement of the ultrafiltration process.  In conclusion, the results achieved with the pilot plant show promising signs of an ultrafiltration process being a viable alternative for Norrvatten to increase their drinking water treatment plant’s efficiency and capacity.

Lead is a known toxin, with the ability to accumulate in the human body from as early as fetal development. Lead exposure is known to cause a myriad of health effects which are more prominent among children. Health effects upon exposure can range from renal and heart disease or potentially cancer in adults to neurotoxicity in children. The continued presence of old lead service lines and plumbing in distribution systems as well as lead-containing solders and brass fixtures in homes may contribute lead to drinking water. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of a predictor known as the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in controlling lead release. A ratio above 0.5 – 0.6 theoretically increases the aggressiveness of lead leaching in galvanic settings, while a lower ratio controls lead corrosion. A switch in coagulant type could significantly alter the ratio. However, a coagulant switch could also trigger changes in finished water turbidity and organics, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as well as impact sludge production. Anecdotal evidence from an Ontario water treatment utility suggested the potential applicability of a newly formulated polymer, cationic activated silica (CAS), in improving DBP precursor removal when used in concurrence with a primary coagulant. No previous scientific research had been dedicated to testing of the polymer. The present research had three primary objectives: The first was to investigate the effect of conventional coagulation with six different coagulants on the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio as it pertains to lead corrosion in two Ontario source waters of differing quality. Additionally, the effect of coagulant choice on pH, turbidity, and organics removal was investigated. The second objective was aimed at testing potential reductions in CSMR and organics that could be brought about by the use of two polymers, cationic and anionic activated silica (CAS and AAS, respectively), as flocculant aids. Finally, the performance of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process was simulated at bench-scale to gauge its performance in comparison with conventional coagulation simulation techniques. The first series of jar-tests investigated the effectiveness of CAS as a primary coagulant on Lake Ontario water. In comparison with the conventional coagulants aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, CAS did not offer any apparent advantage with respect to turbidity and organics removal. Testing of CAS and AAS as flocculant aids was also conducted. Results from a full factorial experiment focused on CAS testing on Lake Ontario water showed that coagulant dose is the most significant contributor to CSMR, turbidity, DOC removal, and THM control. Generally, improvements resulting from CAS addition were of small magnitude (<15%). Reductions in CSMR were attributed to the presence of the sulfate-containing chemicals alum and sulfuric acid in the CAS formulation. Testing of sulfuric acid-activated AAS on Grand River water showed that pairing of AAS with polyaluminum chloride provides better results than with alum with respect to DOC removal (39% and 27% respectively at 60 mg/L coagulant dose). Highest turbidity removals (>90%) with both coagulants were achieved at the tested coagulant and AAS doses of 10 mg/L and 4 mg/L respectively. CSMR reductions in the presence of AAS were also attributable to sulfate contribution from sulfuric acid. Bench-scale simulation of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process on Grand River water showed comparable removal efficiencies for turbidity (80 – 90% at 10 mg/L), and DOC (30 – 40% at 50 mg/L). Finally, six different coagulants were tested on the two source waters for potential applicability in CSMR adjustment in the context of lead corrosion. The two chloride-containing coagulants polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate increased CSMR in proportion to the coagulant dose added, as would be expected. Average chloride contribution per 10 mg/L coagulant dose was 2.7 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L for polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate, respectively. Sulfate-contributing coagulants aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate, and polyaluminum silicate sulfate reduced CSMR as coagulant dose increased, also as would be expected. The highest sulfate contributors per 10 mg/L dose were pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate (6.2 mg/L) and ferric sulfate (6.0 mg/L). The lowest CSMR achieved was 0.6 in Lake Ontario water at a 30 mg/L dose and 0.8 in Grand River water at a 60 mg/L dose. Highest DOC removals were achieved with the chloride-containing coagulants in both waters (35 – 50%) with aluminum chlorohydrate showing superiority in that respect. DOC removals with sulfate-containing coagulants were less, generally in the range of 22 – 41%. Specificity of critical CSMR values to source water needs to be investigated. Additionally, long term effects of sustained high or low CSMR values in distribution systems need to be further looked into. Finally, the effect of interventions to alter CSMR on other water quality parameters influencing lead corrosion such as pH and alkalinity still represent a research deficit.

Lead is a known toxin, with the ability to accumulate in the human body from as early as fetal development. Lead exposure is known to cause a myriad of health effects which are more prominent among children. Health effects upon exposure can range from renal and heart disease or potentially cancer in adults to neurotoxicity in children. The continued presence of old lead service lines and plumbing in distribution systems as well as lead-containing solders and brass fixtures in homes may contribute lead to drinking water. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of a predictor known as the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in controlling lead release. A ratio above 0.5 – 0.6 theoretically increases the aggressiveness of lead leaching in galvanic settings, while a lower ratio controls lead corrosion. A switch in coagulant type could significantly alter the ratio. However, a coagulant switch could also trigger changes in finished water turbidity and organics, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as well as impact sludge production. Anecdotal evidence from an Ontario water treatment utility suggested the potential applicability of a newly formulated polymer, cationic activated silica (CAS), in improving DBP precursor removal when used in concurrence with a primary coagulant. No previous scientific research had been dedicated to testing of the polymer. The present research had three primary objectives: The first was to investigate the effect of conventional coagulation with six different coagulants on the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio as it pertains to lead corrosion in two Ontario source waters of differing quality. Additionally, the effect of coagulant choice on pH, turbidity, and organics removal was investigated. The second objective was aimed at testing potential reductions in CSMR and organics that could be brought about by the use of two polymers, cationic and anionic activated silica (CAS and AAS, respectively), as flocculant aids. Finally, the performance of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process was simulated at bench-scale to gauge its performance in comparison with conventional coagulation simulation techniques. The first series of jar-tests investigated the effectiveness of CAS as a primary coagulant on Lake Ontario water. In comparison with the conventional coagulants aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, CAS did not offer any apparent advantage with respect to turbidity and organics removal. Testing of CAS and AAS as flocculant aids was also conducted. Results from a full factorial experiment focused on CAS testing on Lake Ontario water showed that coagulant dose is the most significant contributor to CSMR, turbidity, DOC removal, and THM control. Generally, improvements resulting from CAS addition were of small magnitude (<15%). Reductions in CSMR were attributed to the presence of the sulfate-containing chemicals alum and sulfuric acid in the CAS formulation. Testing of sulfuric acid-activated AAS on Grand River water showed that pairing of AAS with polyaluminum chloride provides better results than with alum with respect to DOC removal (39% and 27% respectively at 60 mg/L coagulant dose). Highest turbidity removals (>90%) with both coagulants were achieved at the tested coagulant and AAS doses of 10 mg/L and 4 mg/L respectively. CSMR reductions in the presence of AAS were also attributable to sulfate contribution from sulfuric acid. Bench-scale simulation of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process on Grand River water showed comparable removal efficiencies for turbidity (80 – 90% at 10 mg/L), and DOC (30 – 40% at 50 mg/L). Finally, six different coagulants were tested on the two source waters for potential applicability in CSMR adjustment in the context of lead corrosion. The two chloride-containing coagulants polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate increased CSMR in proportion to the coagulant dose added, as would be expected. Average chloride contribution per 10 mg/L coagulant dose was 2.7 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L for polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate, respectively. Sulfate-contributing coagulants aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate, and polyaluminum silicate sulfate reduced CSMR as coagulant dose increased, also as would be expected. The highest sulfate contributors per 10 mg/L dose were pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate (6.2 mg/L) and ferric sulfate (6.0 mg/L). The lowest CSMR achieved was 0.6 in Lake Ontario water at a 30 mg/L dose and 0.8 in Grand River water at a 60 mg/L dose. Highest DOC removals were achieved with the chloride-containing coagulants in both waters (35 – 50%) with aluminum chlorohydrate showing superiority in that respect. DOC removals with sulfate-containing coagulants were less, generally in the range of 22 – 41%. Specificity of critical CSMR values to source water needs to be investigated. Additionally, long term effects of sustained high or low CSMR values in distribution systems need to be further looked into. Finally, the effect of interventions to alter CSMR on other water quality parameters influencing lead corrosion such as pH and alkalinity still represent a research deficit.