Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2013-12-09T17:13:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Barbosa, Viviane-Tese-2013.pdf: 1572639 bytes, checksum: c030c1300255e63d2e1326b7cf4473c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-09T17:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Barbosa, Viviane-Tese-2013.pdf: 1572639 bytes, checksum: c030c1300255e63d2e1326b7cf4473c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O presente trabalho trata de histórias de mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu no Maranhão, no que se referem a representações sociais, relações de trabalho, gênero e maternalismo, construção de identidades, problemas agrários e ambientais, modelos e mecanismos de organização e constituição de movimento social. Este trabalho estrutura-se em alguns eixos básicos e complementares de investigação. Destaca a importância de uma economia doméstica do babaçu amparada no trabalho feminino, analisando as representações sociais desse recurso natural e evidenciando a invisibilidade dos extrativistas diante dos setores dominantes. Analisa as relações de gênero e trabalho e os usos do tempo entre camponeses maranhenses envolvidos com a agricultura e a quebra do coco, apontando para sinais de maternalismo nos discursos e nas práticas das quebradeiras de coco. Aborda também experiências de quebradeiras de cocoque, com ou sem a participação de outros agentes e grupos, construíram identidades coletivas e desenvolveram estratégias de mobilização e formas de resistência num contexto de conflitos e lutas pela terra e pelo acesso e preservação dos babaçuais. E percorre, ainda, o processo de construção da identidade de quebradeira de coco e outras identidades a ela relacionadas (“mulher”, “negra” “quilombola”, “indígena” etc.), analisando conquistas e mudanças na trajetória de mulheres extrativistas depois de sua inserção no MIQCB, inclusive no tocante à ampliação de sua autonomia e na construção de ideais de igualdade de gênero. / This work analyzes stories of babassu coconut breaker’s women in Maranhão, in referring to social representations, labor relations, gender and maternalism, identity construction, agricultural and environmental problems, models and mechanisms of organization and formation and social movement. This work is divided into basic and supplementary axes of research. It highlights the importance of a domestic economy of babassu supported in female work, analyzing the social representations of this natural resource and highlighting the invisibility of peasants in face of a dominant sectors. It analyses gender relations and work, and the uses of time between peasants involved with agriculture and the breaking of coconut in Maranhão, pointing to signs of maternalism in the discourses and practices of coconut breakers. It also discusses the experiences of coconut breakers that with or without the participation of other agents and groups, constructed collective identities and developed mobilization strategies and forms and resistance in the context of conflicts and strugless over land and access and preservation to babassu palm. And, it observes also the process of construction of coconut breaker’s identity and other identities related to it (“woman”, “black”, “maroon”, “indigenous”, etc.) , analyzing changes and achievements in the trajectory of women after their insertion in MIQCB, including the expansion of their autonomy and the construction of ideals of gender equality.

Orientador: Arnaldo Yoshiteru Kuaye / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walter_EduardoHenriqueMiranda_M.pdf: 405083 bytes, checksum: 97a1adce701599372e089ad7a9d73789 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A composição química da água de coco, com altos teores de açúcares e sais minerais, pode propiciar condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento microbiano, principalmente das bactérias. O processamento industrial da água de coco virtualmente elimina todos os microrganismos que possam causar algum tipo de doença humana. Entretanto, as características sensoriais da água de coco in natura ou envasada a fresco são consideradas superiores à da bebida pasteurizada ou comercialmente estéril. Além disso, a bebida fresca é mais barata que a industrializada. A segurança dos produtos frescos depende fundamentalmente da prevenção de sua contaminação, associada a uma refrigeração adequada durante o transporte e armazenamento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram os seguintes: i) avaliar a eficácia da imersão em água e a sanitização com hipoclorito de sódio, ácido peracético e vapor superaquecido, na descontaminação da superfície do coco verde, utilizando-se Listeria monocytogenes como microrganismo-teste; ii) desenvolver a flambagem como tratamento de descontaminação da superfície do coco verde; e iii) estudar o comportamento de L. monocytogenes inoculado experimentalmente em água de coco fresca mantida sob diferentes condições de temperatura. Os tratamentos químicos consistiram na imersão dos frutos em água destilada estéril, solução de hipoclorito de sódio (200 mg/L e pH 6,5) e solução de ácido peracético (80 mg/L) por 2 min. Todos os tratamentos químicos diferiram significativamente (a=0,05) entre si, ressaltando-se que a imersão em água, solução de hipoclorito de sódio e solução de ácido peracético reduziram a população inicial de L. monocytogenes em 1,55; 3,84; e 4,47 log UFC/superfície-teste do fruto, respectivamente. No tratamento com vapor superaquecido, a superfície-teste foi exposta ao vapor direto (117 oC) por 7 s, e no tratamento de flambagem à chama direta (1.150 oC), por 3 s. Ambos os tratamentos físicos reduziram mais de 5,69 log UFC de L. monocytogenes/superfície-teste do fruto. Os caldos de enriquecimento de amostras submetidas ao vapor superaquecido turvaram após 24 h de incubação a 35 oC. Nenhum microrganismo foi detectado dos caldos de enriquecimento provenientes das amostras submetidas à flambagem, e incubados por 48 h. Assim, a flambagem foi considerada o tratamento mais eficaz na descontaminação da superfície do coco verde. O desenvolvimento de L. monocytogenes em amostras de água de coco fresca (pH 4,9) submetida a diferentes temperaturas de incubação (4, 10 e 35 oC) também foi analisado. A população média de L. monocytogenes na água de coco experimentalmente inoculada foi de 2,95 log UFC/mL, e as populações máximas alcançadas na fase estacionária das amostras incubadas a 4, 10 e 35 oC foram de até 7,08; 7,72; e 8,32 log UFC/mL, respectivamente. As curvas de crescimento foram ajustadas utilizando-se a equação de Gompertz modificada. Em amostras de água de coco incubadas a 4, 10 e 35 oC, os menores tempos de latência (fase lag) foram de 12,7 dias, 4,2 dias e 3,8 h e os menores tempos de geração, de 2,7 dias, 10,7 h e 49,3 min, respectivamente. Assim, a água de coco é um substrato propício à sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de L. monocytogenes. A refrigeração pode prolongar o tempo de latência de L. monocytogenes em água de coco. Já o abuso de temperatura pode aumentar consideravelmente o nível desse perigo potencial. Os resultados deste trabalho poderão ser aplicados no estabelecimento de Boas Práticas de Fabricação ¿ BPF e de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle ¿ APPCC tanto da água de coco fresca quanto da bebida processada / Abstract: The chemical composition of coconut water, with high levels of sugars and minerals, may offer favorable conditions for the microbial development, mainly of bacteria. The industrial processing of coconut water virtually eliminates all microorganisms that may cause human illness. However, the sensorial characteristics of in natura or fresh coconut water are considered superior than the pasteurized one or the commercially sterile drink. Moreover, the fresh drink is cheaper than the industrialized one. The fresh produce safety depends primarily on the prevention of its contamination, associated to a strict refrigeration control during transport and storage. The objectives of these study were the following: i) to evaluate the effectiveness of immersion in water and sanitation treatments with sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid and overheated steam for decontamination of tender coconut surface, using Listeria monocytogenes as a test microorganism; ii) to develop a procedure of fire flame as a decontamination treatment of tender coconut surface; iii) to study the behavior of L. monocytogenes experimentally inoculated in fresh coconut water incubated under different conditions. The chemical treatments consisted in the immersion of the fruits in sterile distilled water, solution of sodium hypochlorite (200 mg/L and pH 6.5) and solution of peroxyacetic acid (80 mg/L) for 2 min. The chemical treatments differed significantly (a=0,05) between itself, and the immersion in water, solution of sodium hypochlorite and solution of peroxyacetic acid caused a reduction of the initial population of L. monocytogenes of 1.55, 3.84, and 4.47 log CFU/test surface of the fruit, respectively. In the fire flame treatment the test surface was exposed to direct flame (1,150 oC) for 3 s and in the overheated steam treatment to direct steam (117 oC) for 7 s. The physical treatments caused a reduction of > 5.69 log CFU/test surface of the fruit. The enrichment broths with samples from overheated steam treatment became turbid after 24h of incubation at 35 oC. No microorganism was detected in the enrichment broths with samples from fire flame treatment, and incubated for 48 h. Thus, the fire flame treatment was considered the most efficient in the decontamination of tender coconut surface. The development of L. monocytogenes in samples of fresh coconut water (pH 4.9) incubated under / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Cocos nucifera belong to the family Aracaceae (palm Family). The English name is coconut and it is used extensively as medicinal remedies against infections such as urinary tract infections, gastro intestinal infections, skin and wound infections. The in vitro antibacterial (including anti-listerial and anti-vibrio) properties as well as the evaluation of the combination potentials of the plant extract with six front-line antibiotics were evaluated in this study using standard procedures. The in vitro anti-listerial properties of the crude aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera were carried out against 37 Listeria isolates. Twenty-nine of the test organisms were susceptible to the aqueous extract while thirty were susceptible to the n-Hexane extract both at the screening concentration of 25 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.6 - 5.0 mg/ml. For the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count ranged between 0.32 Log10 and 4.8 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 2.4 Log10 and 6.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. The time-kill characteristics of the two extracts suggest that at higher concentration (2 × MIC) and longer duration of interaction (8 hr), more bacteria were killed. In vitro anti-vibrio and antibacterial properties experiment revealed that of all the 45 vibrio and 25 bacteria strains that was tested, 37 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 38 to the n-Hexane extract, while 17 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 21 to the n-Hexane extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.3 - 5.0 mg/ml. viii The time kill studies revealed that for the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count in time kill assay ranged between 0.12 Log10 and 4.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 0.56 Log10 and 6.4 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. In the test for the combination interactions, the checkerboard method revealed synergy of 67% and indifferent of 33%, while the time kill assay detected synergy in 72% and indifferent in 28% of the combinations tested. The synergy detected was not specific to any of the antibiotics or the Gram reaction of the bacteria, and no antagonism was detected. We conclude that the aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of C. nucifera contains potential broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modulating compounds that could be relevant in the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. In addition, the husk which is being discarded as agro waste will opens up a vista of opportunities for utilization for therapeutic purposes

This thesis inquires marketing strategy of a new beverage brand in the Czech market. By reviewing a relevant literature and reports it helps to understand theoretical concept of creating a marketing plan and its steps. The core of the theoretical part is external and internal situational analysis of the market, customers and a marketing mix. This theory is later applied at the specific case of KOH Coconut brand and its potential launch in the Czech Republic. KOH Coconut is a Taiwanese coconut brand featuring coconut water beverages and other coconut products.

MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / In order to realize many of the potential advantages of AI, storage of semen is necessary. Semen storage is only possible using a system that decreases and/or halts the metabolic processes of the spermatozoa, allowing no significant loss of fertility. Numerous factors affect the success of spermatozoa storage. This study was designed to compare the effects of egg yolk, soybean milk and coconut water in Tris extender using different storage methods for Nguni bull spermatozoa storage. Bull semen was collected from two adult Nguni bulls approximately four years old and kept under similar managerial conditions. Using electro-ejaculator, semen was collected from each bull into a graduated semen collection tube. Macroscopically evaluation of the sample was performed immediately after collection. Only the semen free from contamination was processed. The kinetic properties namely: total spermatozoa motility, and progressive spermatozoa motility were analysed using CASA. Semen sample was stained and spermatozoa morphology and vitality also analysed using CASA. The extended semen was then split into three groups. The first group was stored at room temperature (25 °C). The second group was cooled to 4 °C and stored in the refrigerator. The third group was also cooled to 4 °C for 2 h in the refrigerator, then held in LN2 vapour 5 cm above the surface of LN2 at ~ -80 °C for 10 min and then plunged into LN2 for storage at -196 °C. Different colours of straws and plugging powder were used for identifying each extender. After 3 days of storage at room temperature, in the refrigerator and in LN2, the extended semen was split into three portions and assayed for kinetic properties using the first portion. The second portion was assayed for spermatozoa morphology and the third portion for spermatozoa vitality. The results from the fresh semen extended with all three extenders (TEYE, SBME and COWE), and analysed immediately after dilution at room temperature (25 ºC), showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean values of the kinetic and morphologic properties and viability, on spermatozoa TM, PM, AR, AT, CT; BT and LS. After three days of storage, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the kinetic morphologic properties and viability of semen stored at room and refrigeration temperature regardless of the extender in use. There were, however, significant differences (P < 0.05) in the TM, PM, AR and DL of the frozen semen samples. For the short storage period of semen used for AI, from this study, it is recommended that semen should be kept at room or refrigeration temperature regardless of the three extenders used. However, for long storage of frozen semen TEYE is recommended. The egg yolk-based extender provided greater preservation of motility and bull spermatozoa integrity during the freezing process than did SBME and COWE.

No description available.

No description available.

Depuis maintenant plus de 30 ans, il est reconnu qu’au début de la maladie d’Alzheimer, le cerveau utilise moins bien le glucose, son principal carburant. Cependant, ce problème énergétique précoce dans la maladie semblerait limité au glucose et ne concernerait pas un autre carburant, celui-ci dérivé des gras, les cétones. Ces dernières sont produites par le corps après un exercice physique d’intensité modérée. Leur production est également stimulée avec la prise de suppléments alimentaires à base d’huile de noix de coco, un aliment riche en triglycérides de moyennes chaînes (MCT). La capture des cétones au cerveau augmente proportionnellement à leur concentration plasmatique. Ainsi, des conditions élevant la cétonémie augmentent aussi la capture cérébrale des cétones. Par conséquent, l’élévation de l’apport en cétones pourrait constituer une approche novatrice qui permettrait de potentiellement ralentir le développement de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Notre objectif général était d’optimiser le type de supplément MCT à utiliser afin d’élever la cétonémie de manière aigüe et, en second lieu, d’employer ce dernier en combinaison avec une seconde stratégie cétogène, l’exercice physique de type aérobie (EA). Lors de la première phase de ce projet, l’effet cétogène de différents produits alimentaires dérivant de l’huile de noix de coco (acide caprylique [C8], acide caproïque [C10], mélange de MCT typique [C8+C10]) était comparé chez 9 participants jeunes sains. Des échantillons sanguins étaient récoltés toutes les 30 min pendant 8 h. Lors de la seconde phase, le potentiel cétogène de la combinaison d’EA à une supplémentation MCT était évalué chez 10 femmes âgées saines pendant 5 jours. Les cétones plasmatiques sous ces différentes conditions étaient mesurées. Lors de cette étude, le C8 était le produit le plus cétogène testé suivi du supplément C8+C10. L’huile de noix de coco n’a pas induit une cétonémie plus élevée qu’un 8 h sans MCT. De plus, l’ajout de 5 jours d’EA a potentialisé la cétonémie observée suite à la prise de MCT C8+C10 seul. Ainsi, la combinaison de stratégies cétogènes, tant au niveau de la diversité des molécules utilisées ou des stratégies cétogènes employées, permet d’augmenter la présence de cétones dans le sang. / Abstract : Brain glucose consumption deteriorates with age, a situation that worsens with the onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, this early energy problem in the disease is limited to glucose and does not affect brain ketone uptake. Ketones are the main alternative fuel for the brain when glucose concentrations are decreased. They are produced endogenously after moderate aerobic exercise (AE) or with a medium chain triglyceride (MCT) exogenous supplement. Ketone brain uptake increases in proportion to their plasma concentration. Thus, providing a daily ketogenic fuel could help support brain energy needs during aging. Our aim was to optimize the type of MCT to use in a ketogenic supplementation and to combine this supplement with another ketogenic strategy, AE. In the first phase of this project, the acute ketogenic effect of products derived from coconut oil was compared. Nine healthy adults took various MCT supplements (coconut oil, caprylic acid [C8], capric acid [C10], classic MCT mix [C8+C10]). Blood was sampled every 30 min over 8 h. In the second phase, we evaluated the acute ketogenic potential of the combination of AE and MCT supplementation. Ten healthy older women took C8+C10 MCT supplement for 5 days combined with a 5-days AE program. Automated spectrophotometric assays where used to measure plasma ketones under these different conditions. Our results show that in this 8 h experimental design, C8 was the most ketogenic MCT followed by C8+C10. Coconut oil alone did not induce more net ketosis than an 8 h visit with no added MCT. Furthermore, the combination of AE and MCT supplementation enhanced the ketogenic response over 4 h compared to the control day. Thus, the combination of ketogenic strategies, both in terms of the diversity of the molecules or the ketogenic strategy employed, makes it possible to increase the presence of ketones in the blood.

M. Tech (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Activated carbons have been produced from various carbonaceous source materials including nutshells, peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal and petroleum pitch and the produced carbons have been used for adsorption of inorganic and organic compounds from numerous matrices. Activated carbons are characterized by large surface area and high degree of microporosity. The ability of activated carbon to adsorb gold from solutions, which is present in very low concentrations while loading to fairly high concentrations, has made it an attractive material for the concentration of gold from dilute solutions. Consequently, the use of activated carbons for the recovery of gold from cyanide-leached liquors has gained wide acceptance in the mining industry. However, the price of commercially prepared carbons, the time taken for them to arrive, the breakage of the carbon during transportation and the interest in utilization of various local wastes for the generation of adsorbents has led to a search of more cost effective and time friendly source for the activated carbons. The focus of this research was to conduct a study in which a comparison was conducted between untreated coconut shell derived activated carbon (CAC) and Macadamia nutshell derived activated carbon (MAC) for the adsorption of gold. These activated carbons were modified with HNO3 and H3PO4 to increase their surface adsorption properties. This was done in order to explore if these activated carbons prepared from Macadamia shells could be an attractive alternative or a complementary supplement to the coconut shell based carbons that are currently being used in the gold extraction industry. The modification of the commercially prepared Macadamia activated carbons was done with 3 different concentrations for both nitric acid and phosphoric acid. The modified activated carbons were labelled MACP20%, MACP40% and MACP60%, to signify the materials prepared from 20% (v/v) H3PO4, 40% (v/v) H3PO4 and 60% (v/v) H3PO4 , respectively . Same labelling was used for 20% (v/v) HNO3, 40% (v/v) HNO3 and 55% (v/v) HNO3 modifications to correspond to MACN20%, MACN40% and MACN55%, respectively. Also, untreated coconut shell derived activated carbon (CAC) and Macadamia nutshell derived activated carbon (MAC) were investigated for gold adsorption for comparison purposes. All the activated carbons prepared in the iii | P a g e study were characterized with Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EL) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The physical properties of the activated carbons were done by determining attrition, ash content, volatile matter, and moisture content of all the activated carbons. Various parameters that affect selective adsorption such as the effect of initial concentration, time, agitation speed, interfering species, and dose of the adsorbent were investigated. Optimal parameters for gold ion adsorption were as follows: solution pH, 10; contact time, 6 h; agitation speed 150 rpm; sorbent amount 4 g and 5.5 ppm for initial concentration of gold. The observed selectivity order was not the same for all the adsorbents but the adsorption of gold was found to be mostly influenced by the presence of nickel and least influenced by copper. The MACP60% was found to be the most effective from the three concentrations investigated for the phosphoric acid modified activated carbons yet proved to have lower adsorption capabilities compared to CAC. The MACN55% was found to be the most efficient and displayed similar adsorption capabilities to those of CAC.

[pt] Este estudo apresenta o comportamento de um solo argiloso reforçado e não reforçado com fibras de coco verde (resíduo proveniente do consumo da água de coco), através da realização de ensaios de caracterização e ensaios mecânicos de compactação e de ensaios triaxiais isotropicamente drenados. A fibra de coco utilizada foi obtida por processo mecânico na empresa ECOFIBRA, que possui uma parceria com a Companhia de Limpeza Urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (COMLURB) em projeto piloto de coleta seletiva das cascas de coco verde. O material recebido foi estudado de duas maneiras, as fibras foram inseridas ao solo moídas e cortadas (no comprimento aproximado de 2cm). O solo argiloso, de origem coluvionar, foi retirado do campo experimental da PUC-Rio. Busca-se estabelecer padrões de comportamento que possam explicar a influência da adição da fibra de coco verde, relacionando-a com os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento do solo e dos compósitos. Os ensaios foram realizados em amostras compactadas na densidade máxima e umidade ótima, com teores de fibra moída de 0,5 por cento e 1 por cento e teores de fibra cortada de 0,5 por cento, 0,75 por cento, 1 por cento, 1,25 por cento e 1,5 por cento, em relação ao peso seco do solo. Observa-se um incremento na resistência ao cisalhamento das misturas solo-fibra, uma vez que se observa um discreto aumento do ângulo de atrito e em um expressivo aumento da coesão das misturas reforçadas, em comparação aos dados obtidos para o solo puro. Os resultados se mostraram satisfatórios para aplicação do solo reforçado com fibras de coco em camadas de aterros temporários submetidos a carregamentos estáticos, dando assim uma destinação mais sustentável a este resíduo, atendendo às questões ambientais e sócio-econômicas. / [en] This study presents the behavior of reinforced and unreinforced clay soil with green coconut fibers (waste from consumption of coconut water), by conducting tests for the characterization and mechanical compaction tests and isotropically drained triaxial tests. The coconut fiber used is obtained by a mechanical process in ECOFIBRA company, which has a partnership with the Urban Cleaning Company of the city of Rio de Janeiro (COMLURB) in a pilot project about separate collection of green coconut shells. The received material was studied in two ways; the fibers were inserted into the milled and cut (in the approximate length of 2 cm). The clay soil, with colluvium origin, was removed from the experimental field of PUC-Rio. Seeks to establish patterns of behavior that might explain the influence of the addition of green coconut fiber, relating it to the parameters of shear strength and deformation of soil and composites. The tests were performed on samples compressed at maximum density and optimum moisture content in the milled fiber of 0.5 percent and 1percent fiber content and the cut of 0.5 per cent, 0.75 per cent, 1 per cent, 1.25 per cent and 1.5 per cent on dry weight of the soil. Observed na increase in shear strength of the soil-fiber mixtures, since it was observed a modest increase in friction angle and a significant increase in the cohesion of reinforced mixtures, ompared to the data obtained for the pure soil. The results ere satisfactory for application of soil einforced with coconut fiber layers temporary landfills subjected to static loads, thus giving a more sustainable destination to this residue, given the environmental and socio-economic.