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Showing 11 to 20 of 20 (0.024 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"cognates"" "subject:"soignates""
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Exploring the effect of stimulus list composition on the Cognate Facilitation Effect in bilingual lexical decision : A study of Danish-Swedish bilingualsAnagnostopoulou, Revekka Christina January 2022 (has links)
Cognate words have a shared orthographic and semantic representation across languages: kniv (‘knife’) in Danish means the same as kniv in Swedish. Their shared form and meaning give cognates a special status in the bilingual mental lexicon and there is robust evidence that because of this special status they are processed faster than non-cognate words. This effect is called the Cognate Facilitation Effect and represents strong evidence that bilinguals do not have two separate mental lexicons, but rather one integrated lexicon for both of their languages with nonselective access. The present study is a replication of Vanlangendonck et al. (2020) with a different language constellation. For the aims of this project, early and late Danish-Swedish bilinguals were recruited to examine the effect of stimulus list composition on the Cognate Facilitation Effect by means of two experiments: one language-specific visual lexical decision task that contained control words from the participants’ L2 (Swedish), a set of cognates, interlingual homographs and pseudowords, and a second task in which half of the pseudowords were replaced by Danish (L2) words that had to evoke a “no” response. This change from a pure to a mixed list was expected to increase response competition and turn cognate facilitation into inhibition. However, the results showed a null Cognate Facilitation Effect both for early and for late bilinguals. These findings are discussed in terms of the assumptions of the BIA+ model of bilingual lexical processing and it is suggested that the presence of language-specific diacritics in the stimulus list has hindered the emergence of the Cognate Facilitation Effect.
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Stylistic techniques in the short stories of D.B.Z. NtuliMabuza, James Khuthala Ntele 06 1900 (has links)
This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli.
The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories.
The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section
after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to
his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the
scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated.
The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion.
Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of
language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles.
Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types
of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The
ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage.
Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections:
idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and
qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax.
Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories:
metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter
seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic;
negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the
demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters.
Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special
emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the
author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is
part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed.
Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have
been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require
further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
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Role mateřského jazyka ve výuce angličtiny / The role of the mother tongue in EFL classesMénová, Martina January 2015 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the use of the mother tongue in foreign language teaching and learning. Recently there has been a notable shift towards promoting the use of the mother tongue. The theoretical part of the thesis maps the attitudes to the mother tongue in current literature as well as the suggested ways of its use in the classroom. The practical part attempts to analyse the students' attitudes towards the incorporation of Czech into English learning and teaching and their experience with its use from their secondary schools. To obtain the data, an online questionnaire was employed. The respondents are first- and second-year students of English and American studies who are expected to be able to analyse both the advantages and disadvantages of using Czech. The practical part focuses on the efficiency of Czech in comparison with English, ways of presenting grammar and vocabulary, the relation between the mother tongue use and the proficiency of students, and learning strategies of the respondents. Based on the analysis, suggestions regarding the mother tongue use are presented in the conclusion.
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Bilingual Lexical Access in Reading : Analyzing the Effect of Semantic Context on Non-Selective Access in Bilingual MemoryKurnik, Mattias January 2016 (has links)
Recent empirical studies about the neurological executive nature of reading in bilinguals differ in their evaluations of the degree of selective manifestation in lexical access as implicated by data from early and late reading measures in the eye-tracking paradigm. Currently two scenarios are plausible: (1) Lexical access in reading is fundamentally language non-selective and top-down effects from semantic context can influence the degree of selectivity in lexical access; (2) Cross-lingual lexical activation is actuated via bottom-up processes without being affected by top-down effects from sentence context. In an attempt to test these hypotheses empirically, this study analyzed reader-text events arising when cognate facilitation and semantic constraint interact in a 22 factorially designed experiment tracking the eye movements of 26 Swedish-English bilinguals reading in their L2. Stimulus conditions consisted of high- and low-constraint sentences embedded with either a cognate or a non-cognate control word. The results showed clear signs of cognate facilitation in both early and late reading measures and in either sentence conditions. This evidence in favour of the non-selective hypothesis indicates that the manifestation of non-selective lexical access in reading is not constrained by top-down effects from semantic context. / Dagens eye-trackingstudier över de neurologiska processer som styr läsning i tvåspråkiga är oeniga om graden av icke-selektiv aktivation som infinner sig inuti den tvåspråkiges mentala lexikon enligt kvantitativa data på tidiga och sena åtkomstsstadier. Två olika förhållningssätt till frågan finns: (1) Lexikal åtkomst är fundamentalt sett icke-selektiv, men top-down effekter från semantisk kontext kan influera den grad av selektiv åtkomst som påträffas i mentala lexikon; eller (2) Parallell aktivation av olika språkplan sker via bottom-up processer utan någon inverkan ifrån top-down effekter ifrån meningskontext. För att testa dessa hypoteser undersöktes läsprover framtagna genom att kontrollera kognatförenklingseffekten och kontextskapad ordförutsägbarhet i en 22 faktorial stimulusdesign. 26 tvåspråkiga (svenska L1, engelska L2) läste meningsstimuli på engelska. Stimulus bestod av meningar med hög eller låg grad av semantisk och lexikal priming som innehöll antingen ett kognat- eller ett ickekognatkontrollord. Resultaten visade klara tecken på kognatförenkling i tidiga såsom sena åtkomstsstadier för båda typers meningsstimuli. Dessa resultat förespråkar att icke-selektiv åtkomst i läsning inte påverkas av top-down effekter ifrån meningskontext. / <p>Författaren heter numer Mattias Bystedt.</p>
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Stylistic techniques in the short stories of D.B.Z. NtuliMabuza, James Khuthala Ntele 06 1900 (has links)
This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli.
The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories.
The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section
after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to
his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the
scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated.
The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion.
Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of
language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles.
Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types
of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The
ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage.
Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections:
idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and
qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax.
Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories:
metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter
seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic;
negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the
demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters.
Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special
emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the
author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is
part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed.
Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have
been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require
further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
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The Perception of Lexical Similarities Between L2 English and L3 SwedishUtgof, Darja January 2008 (has links)
<p>The present study investigates lexical similarity perceptions by students of Swedish as a foreign language (L3) with a good yet non-native proficiency in English (L2). The general theoretical framework is provided by studies in transfer of learning and its specific instance, transfer in language acquisition.</p><p>It is accepted as true that all previous linguistic knowledge is facilitative in developing proficiency in a new language. However, a frequently reported phenomenon is that students see similarities between two systems in a different way than linguists and theoreticians of education do. As a consequence, the full facilitative potential of transfer remains unused.</p><p>The present research seeks to shed light on the similarity perceptions with the focus on the comprehension of a written text. In order to elucidate students’ views, a form involving similarity judgements and multiple choice questions for formally similar items has been designed, drawing on real language use as provided by corpora. 123 forms have been distributed in 6 groups of international students, 4 of them studying Swedish at Level I and 2 studying at Level II. </p><p>The test items in the form vary in the degree of formal, semantic and functional similarity from very close cognates, to similar words belonging to different word classes, to items exhibiting category membership and/or being in subordinate/superordinate relation to each other, to deceptive cognates. The author proposes expected similarity ratings and compares them to the results obtained. The objective measure of formal similarity is provided by a string matching algorithm, Levenshtein distance.</p><p>The similarity judgements point at the fact that intermediate similarity values can be considered problematic. Similarity ratings between somewhat similar items are usually lower than could be expected. Besides, difference in grammatical meaning lowers similarity values significantly even if lexical meaning nearly coincides. Thus, the obtained results indicate that in order to utilize similarities to facilitate language learning, more attention should be paid to underlying similarities.</p>
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The Perception of Lexical Similarities Between L2 English and L3 SwedishUtgof, Darja January 2008 (has links)
The present study investigates lexical similarity perceptions by students of Swedish as a foreign language (L3) with a good yet non-native proficiency in English (L2). The general theoretical framework is provided by studies in transfer of learning and its specific instance, transfer in language acquisition. It is accepted as true that all previous linguistic knowledge is facilitative in developing proficiency in a new language. However, a frequently reported phenomenon is that students see similarities between two systems in a different way than linguists and theoreticians of education do. As a consequence, the full facilitative potential of transfer remains unused. The present research seeks to shed light on the similarity perceptions with the focus on the comprehension of a written text. In order to elucidate students’ views, a form involving similarity judgements and multiple choice questions for formally similar items has been designed, drawing on real language use as provided by corpora. 123 forms have been distributed in 6 groups of international students, 4 of them studying Swedish at Level I and 2 studying at Level II. The test items in the form vary in the degree of formal, semantic and functional similarity from very close cognates, to similar words belonging to different word classes, to items exhibiting category membership and/or being in subordinate/superordinate relation to each other, to deceptive cognates. The author proposes expected similarity ratings and compares them to the results obtained. The objective measure of formal similarity is provided by a string matching algorithm, Levenshtein distance. The similarity judgements point at the fact that intermediate similarity values can be considered problematic. Similarity ratings between somewhat similar items are usually lower than could be expected. Besides, difference in grammatical meaning lowers similarity values significantly even if lexical meaning nearly coincides. Thus, the obtained results indicate that in order to utilize similarities to facilitate language learning, more attention should be paid to underlying similarities.
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語境限制與第二語言能力對雙語詞彙觸接的影響：日中雙語者的眼動研究證據 / The influence of contextual constraint and L2 proficiency on bilingual lexical access: evidence from eye movements of Japanese-Chinese bilinguals翁翊倫, Weng, Yi Lun Unknown Date (has links)
過去學者們對於雙語詞彙觸接歷程持有兩種相異的觀點：選擇性觸接假設（selective access hypothesis）認為雙語者在進行詞彙觸接時，只有符合語境的目標語言才會被激發；非選擇性觸接假設（non-selective access hypothesis）則認為雙語者的兩種語言表徵會同時被激發而產生競爭或促進效果。至今已有眾多研究結果支持雙語詞彙觸接歷程為非選擇性，然而，這些研究大多採用促發典範（priming paradigm）忽略語境在雙語詞彙觸接歷程所扮演的角色，且多數實驗中的受試者二語能力皆相當流利，對於二語能力個別差異對詞彙觸接歷程的影響也尚未清楚。此外，以非拼音文字系統為研究對象的相關雙語研究也不多。因此，本研究旨在從非拼音文字的角度探討語境限制及中文能力在雙語詞彙觸接中所扮演的角色，實驗操弄語境限制程度（高限制、低限制）及詞彙類型（同形同義詞、同形異義詞、中文單義詞），以日中雙語者為研究對象，控制句子語境呈現中立或偏向目標詞中文語意，使用眼動實驗來即時記錄受試者在進行詞彙觸接的過程，檢視中文能力對跨語言同形詞效果在高、低限制語境下的影響性。此外，本研究也分別以高低分組與眼動表現兩種方法當作中文能力指標進行分析，並將結果進行比較，以瞭解何種中文能力指標能夠較準確反映出受試者在閱讀中文篇章的能力。
實驗結果顯示，雙語詞彙觸接歷程為非選擇性，中文能力和語境限制能夠對詞彙觸接歷程造成影響，使得跨語言同形詞效果產生消長。首先，在高低分組結果方面，中文能力指標和各效果主要在晚期詞彙處理階段產生交互作用，高程度組在高限制語境下觀察到形同異義效果，低限制語境則沒有看到任何效果；低程度組在高、低限制語境下皆觀察到顯著的形同義同效果。另一方面，以眼動表現作為中文能力指標的分析結果中，則清楚中文能力在早期詞彙觸接階段就已經和語境限制、跨語言同形詞效果產生影響性，顯示眼動表現能夠視為測量中文能力的指標之一。總而言之，不同的分析結果皆反映雙語詞彙觸接歷程為非選擇性，語境與中文能力在語意提取歷程中扮演重要角色，中文能力較好的雙語者在早期詞彙觸接階段就會受到語境限制影響，而中文能力較低者則是在晚期階段受到語境影響。 / For decades, psycholinguists have disputes on the organization of the two language systems of bilinguals’ brain and how they retrieve lexical representations. The selective access hypothesis predicts that two languages are independent in the brain and bilinguals activate only one lexicon at a time while reading or speaking. Alternatively, non-selective access hypothesis predicts that two languages share an integrated conception representation, so representations from both languages are accessed simultaneously during comprehension. So far, many bilingual studies have demonstrated that bilingual lexical access is non-selective. However, these studies usually used priming paradigm such as lexical decision task which words are presented in isolation, ignoring the role of context in the bilingual lexical access processing. According to the monolingual literature, it is clear that lexical ambiguity resolution is influenced by the surrounding sentence context. While most of the previous studies investigated highly proficient bilinguals, the same question about non-selective access could also be asked of less proficient bilinguals. Moreover, most of results are based on alphabetic writing systems such as English-French or Dutch; only few of them examined the non-alphabetic systems. Besides, since bilingual experience is dynamic and poses a challenge for researchers to develop instruments that capture its relevant dimensions. The present study also examined the result of language proficiency from class level and eye movement indexs to confirm which one is more accurate.The present study aimed to examine whether Japanese-Chinese bilingual lexical access is non-selective and whether the context and L2 proficiency modulate the word recognition processing. Experiment manipulated contextual constraint (high or low constraint) and target word types (cognates, interlingual homographs, or Chinese words), using eye movement recordings to investigate the effects of contextual constraint for bilingual lexical access when reading Chinese sentences by Japanese-Chinese bilinguals, L1 and L2 proficiency were measured.
The results support the non-selective hypothesis. Both sentence context and L2 proficiency could affect the bilingual lexical access. According to class level analysis, L2 proficiency has significant interaction with other effects in the late processing stage. The eye movement measures that reflects early processing of target words showed significant interlingual homograph interference and cognate facilitation in the higher proficient bilinguals. However, only cognate facilitation was observed for high-constraint sentences in the lower proficient bilinguals and no effect was founded in the low-constraint sentences. On the other hand, the eye movement index analysis showed L2 proficiency has significant interaction with other effects in the early processing stage, demonstrating the L2 reading proficiency can be measured by eye movement index. In summary, both sentence context and L2 proficiency can modulate bilingual lexical access. The early process is non-selective and bilinguals with more L2 proficiency could make use of sentence context in the early process than less L2 proficiency when reading L2 sentences.
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Jazykové chování slovenských rodilých mluvčích v Čechách / Language behaviour of native speakers of Slovak in BohemiaKříž, Adam January 2020 (has links)
The thesis covers sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of Czech and Slovak language relations. To both fields, it contributes in the form of own empirical research. At the centre of attention are native speakers of Slovak living long-term in Czechia and their language behaviour under this setting in relation to Czech and Slovak. Given that two languages in question are genetically very close and mutual intelligible, the actual language behaviour of the described population is not strictly predetermined by the social norms (Dickins, 2009). However, there are also conditions supporting the accommodation to Czech (Sloboda, 2005). The thesis focuses on the identification of factors influencing language choice and on the impacts of such factors on the psychlinguistic processing of Slovak and Czech words. The sociolinguistic part builds on questionnaire-based surveys, such as those conducted by Sloboda (2006). The own questionnaire survey was carried out via web. The data from 651 respondents were assessed, all from native speakers of Slovak having grown up in Slovakia and commencing their stay in Czechia after the age of 18. The data revealed that Slovak is used more than Czech, that Czech is more often perceived, that the use of Czech is more common in the communication with strangers or in...
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Investigating the Portuguese-English Bilingual Mental Lexicon: Crosslinguistic Orthographic and Phonological Overlap in Cognates and False FriendsAlves-Soares, Leonardo 01 October 2020 (has links)
This dissertation investigates how cognates are organized in the bilingual mental lexicon and examines whether orthography in one language, via phonological representations, influences the processing of cognates and false friends in the other language. In light of the framework of two well-known models of bilingual visual word recognition, the Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA) and the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+), the premise is that there is activation from orthography to phonology across a bilingual’s two languages and that this activation is modulated by the degree of orthographic and phonological code overlap. Two objective metrics were used to assess crosslinguistic similarity of Portuguese-English cognates and false friends that were selected for a cross-language lexical decision task with masked priming. Dynamic time warping (DTW), an algorithm that was originally conceived to compare different speech patterns in automatic speech recognition and to measure acoustic similarity between two time-dependent sequences, was used to compute crosslinguistic phonological similarity. The Normalized Levenshtein Distance (NLD), an algorithm that calculates the minimum number of single-character insertions, deletions or substitutions required to change one word into another and normalizes the result by their lengths, was used to compute crosslinguistic orthographic similarity. Portuguese-English bilinguals who acquired their second language after reaching puberty, and English functional monolinguals who grew up speaking primarily English were recruited to participate in the experimental task. Based on collected reaction time and accuracy data, mixed-effects models analyses are used to estimate the individual effects of crosslinguistic orthographic, phonological and semantic similarity and the role each of them, along with English proficiency, word frequency and length play in the organization of the Portuguese-English bilingual mental lexicon.
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