<p>This report consists of a discussion about suitable methods for studying complex sociotechnical systems that are still being developed. There are large economical advantages with studying new systems before they are completely developed since problems can be discovered early and thereby avoided. It is, however, difficult to study developing systems, there are methodological limitations. These limitations are discussed and recommendations for studying non-existing complex sociotechnical systems are presented.</p><p>The report is based on experiences from a study of the introduction of a shipboard helicopter on the corvettes that the Swedish Armed Forces are developing. A shipboard helicopter implies high requirements on the hosting ship. Three different types of requirements were studied: technical, educational and crew requirements. Focus was on the crew requirements, especially on the demands for the operators in the command and control centre onboard the ship. Their workload was studied to decide whether or not they can handle new tasks and assignments. The planned interaction with the helicopter was studied in order to estimate the operators’ workload during helicopter activity. The results are presented in Hansson (2005).</p><p>This report also presents a discussion about the need for system support for the operators interacting with the helicopter. The command and control system of the ship has most of the required functionality. A system support for helicopter start and landing does not exist even though such a support could increase the safety of these activities and reduce the operator workload.</p> / <p>Följande rapport består av en diskussion kring vilka metoder som är lämpliga att använda vid studier av komplexa sociotekniska system som fortfarande är under utveckling. Det finns stora ekonomiska fördelar med att studera system innan de är färdigutvecklade, då kan eventuella problem upptäckas tidigt och därmed undvikas. Det är dock problematiskt att undersöka system som är under utveckling, det finns stora metodologiska begränsningar. Dessa begränsningar diskuteras och leder fram till rekommendationer för hur studier av sociotekniska system som fortfarande är under utveckling bör genomföras.</p><p>Det konkreta fall som är arbetets utgångspunkt är ett projekt vars syfte var att studera införandet av ombordbaserad helikopter på de nya korvetter av Visbyklass som Försvarsmakten utvecklar. En ombordbaserad helikopter ställer stora krav på fartyget. Tre typer av krav studerades: tekniska, utbildningsmässiga och bemanningsmässiga. De bemanningsmässiga kraven var i fokus, och speciellt kraven som ställs på operatörerna i stridsledningscentralen på fartyget. Deras arbetsbelastning studerades för att kunna bedöma huruvida de kan hantera ytterligare arbetsuppgifter. Den planerade interaktionen med helikoptern studerades för att avgöra vilka krav denna interaktion ställer på operatörerna. Resultaten presenteras i Hansson (2005).</p><p>I denna rapport diskuteras förutom metodologiska riktlinjer även behovet av systemstöd för operatörerna som leder och samverkar med helikoptern. Fartygets ledningssystem är välutvecklat och har merparten av den funktionalitet som krävs. Ett systemstöd för helikopterstart och -landning finns dock inte, trots att det skulle kunna ge fördelar i form av ökad säkerhet och minskad arbetsbelastning för operatörerna.</p>

<p>Navigation systems are today options provided by car manufacturers’ world wide and market predictions suggest that 25 percent of all cars produced by 2009 will have navigation systems installed. However, there are many human-interface issues concerning the use of these navigation systems. This thesis describes a study which evaluates and tests the safety and usability of the Volvo P1 navigation system and also contains suggestions on how the system and its controls should be designed to be safer and easier to use. This is done through heuristic evaluations and a Lane Change Test (LCT). The LCT is used to compare the level of driver distraction between the steering wheel control and remote control and also between common and advanced exercises in the system. Results from the study shows that there are no significant differences in distraction between using the steering wheel control or the remote control. The results also show that there are no significant differences in distraction between the common and advanced exercises. The results of the study are presented as a collection of design proposals that can be used to improve the system’s safety and usability.</p>

<p>Taste, or gustation, has long been considered a primitive, and even non-rational, perceptual sense. Taste, as a subject of academic research, has been given very little attention; especially, when contrasted to other human perceptual senses. The knowledge of how people express and discuss their perceptions and sensations of tastes, and, specifically, the descriptions of tastes of chocolate, is very limited.</p><p>Furthermore, the terminological inconsistency in the vocabulary of chocolate tasting, with the risk of misunderstanding or miscommunication, suggests that a basic method for representing tastes is needed.</p><p>This thesis presents a study of how people actually express the perception or sensation of tasting, and specifically when tasting chocolate. This study also explores the possibility of crafting a method for use when describing the tastes of chocolate.</p><p>The study was carried out by holding two tasting workshops. The first one was concerned with recording conversations about tasting chocolate. Participants were asked to taste different kinds of chocolates and, freely, discuss what they perceived and sensed. In the second workshop the participants were asked to describe the tastes of chocolate using predetermined vocabulary and formatted questionnaires.</p><p>The results of this study are linguistic semantic analyses of the different words that were used, and also a proposal for a prototypical method to use when tasting chocolate.</p>

<p>The purpose of the study is to explore the context, from the users’ perspective, in order to find relevant context parameters that can be useful in the development of the future context-aware technology. The goal is to find some of the context parameters relevant to the situated activity and investigate to what extent and in which way they influence the user in everyday planning activities.</p><p>The method used in the study was based on scenario descriptions. A total of 41 participants reported how they would have acted in the different situations and they also rated how important they believed the different context factors were in the situations. Analyses were made to reveal relationships between context factors and service properties used by the participants in the scenarios.</p><p>In the study several interesting relationships between context factors and the use of services were discovered. The level of urgency was in several situations considered to be important, and it was also found to have an impact on how the participants chose to communicate. The cost was introduced by the participants during the study. It seemed to be important; however, in situations with high urgency it became less important. The study revealed a potential relationship between the risk of disturbing the people in the vicinity and the effort to communicate quietly. Another interesting finding was the relationship between privacy and the choice of modality when communicating: voice-based services were avoided. Further, the importance of privacy and disturbance also appeared to have greater influence in non-anonymous situations than in anonymous.</p> / <p>Syftet med studien är att undersöka kontexten, utifrån användarens perspektiv, för att kunna hitta relevanta kontextfaktorer som kan vara användbara i utvecklingen av kontextmedveten teknologi. Målet är att finna kontextfaktorer som är relevanta för den pågående aktiviteten och undersöka i vilken utsträckning och på vilka sätt dessa faktorer påverkar användaren i de dagliga planeringsaktiviteterna.</p><p>Metoden som användes i studien baserades på scenariobeskrivningar. 41 stycken försöksdeltagare fick beskriva hur de skulle ha handlat i de olika situationerna och de fick också skatta hur viktiga de olika kontextfaktorerena var i situationerna. Analyser genomfördes för att finna samband mellan kontextfaktorer och egenskaper hos de tjänster som försöksdeltagarna använde sig av i scenarierna.</p><p>I studien upptäcktes en rad intressanta relationer mellan kontextfaktorer och användningen av tjänster. Exempelvis ansågs nivån av brådska vara betydelsefull i flera situationer och den verkade också ha inverkan på hur försöksdeltagarna valde att kommunicera. Försöksdeltagarna introducerade under studien kontextfaktorn kostnad. Kostnaden påverkade valet av tjänster men blev mindre betydande i situationer med stor brådska. Studien visade också på potentiella samband mellan risken att störa människor i sin omgivning och viljan att kommunicera tyst. En annan intressant upptäckt var sambandet mellan avskildhet och kommunikationssätt: röstbaserade tjänster undveks när andra människor fanns i närheten. Dessutom verkade det som om det var viktigare att värna om sin avskildhet och att inte störa andra i ickeanonyma situationer än i situationer där man var helt anonym.</p>

<p>Many information technology artefacts can be found in today’s cars. The interaction with these artefacts is the driver’s secondary task while driving the car in a safe way is the primary task. When designing interfaces for in-vehicle usage, measures have to be taken in order to make the interaction with the artefact suit the in-vehicle environment. One of these measures is to have the appropriate screen density level, which is the amount of information present on the screen.</p><p>This thesis compares the usability of two integrated in-vehicle display prototypes, one with low screen density and one with high screen density. The usability comparison considers both safety and user preferences. Safety was measured by a Lane Change Test (LCT) which measures distraction of a primary task while performing a secondary task, and user preferences was measured with a questionnaire. Before the comparison was made, controls and a graphical user interface were designed.</p><p>Results showed no significant difference in driver distraction between performing tasks on the high screen density display and the low screen density display. However, a vast majority of the users preferred high screen density over low. Furthermore, the distraction levels for both the high and the low screen density displays were below the proposed 0.5 meter limit for allowed driver distraction. The results indicate that in-vehicle displays can have a high level of screen density without imposing a level of distraction on the driver that is unsuitable for driving.</p>

<p>For the purpose of this descriptive translation study, a translation corpus was built from roughly the first 20,000 words of each of the first four Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, and their respective translations into Swedish. I*Link, a new type of word alignment tool, was used to align the samples on a word level and to investigate and analyse the aligned corpus. The purpose of the study was threefold: to investigate manifestations of translation universals, to search for evidence of translator development and to study the efficiency of different strategies for using the alignment tools.</p><p>The results show that all three translation universals were manifested in the corpus, both on a general pattern level and on a more specific lexical level. Additionally, a clear pattern of translator development was discovered, showing that there are differences between the four different samples. The tendency is that the translations become further removed from the original texts, and this difference occurs homogeneously and sequentially. In the word alignment, four different ways of using the tools were tested, and one strategy was found to be more efficient than the others. This strategy uses dynamic resources from previous alignment sessions as input to I*Trix, an automatic alignment tool, and the output file is manually post-edited in I*Link.</p><p>In conclusion, the study shows how new tools and methods can be used in descriptive translation studies to extract information that is not readily obtainable with traditional tools and methods.</p>

<p>In healthcare settings, administrative routines have been made more efficientthrough digitalization of information and the introduction of stationary computers.This situation is especially true when it comes to radiology, where pictures,referrals and patient information now is completely managed by advanced stationarycomputer systems. However, studies have shown that these rationalizationsdo not support flexible and mobile work routines.PocketRIS is a prototype illustrating a mobile terminal for radiology that hasbeen designed to simplify workflow and reduce the cognitive workload of healthcarepersonnel. PocketRIS includes a visualization of the clinicians work situationincluding a personal referral list that can make the user attentive of importantevents.Contextual Design has been used to elicit the basic system requirements for thesystem; 19 contextual inquires was conducted with physicians, nurses and assistantnurses at two different radiology clinics in Sweden during six days. The purposeof the study was also to identify the groups that have the greatest need for amobile terminal. The study was concerned with design and evaluation of differentsolutions with healthcare personnel.The result shows that physicians and assistant nurses have the greatest need ofa mobile terminal. Especially important for a mobile system is that it supportsevent-based work and provides a good overview over patients and the work situation.PocketRIS is an example of how these requirements this can be met at theradiology unit.</p> / <p>Genom effektiviseringar har en stor del av sjukvårdens administrativa rutiner digitaliseratsoch stationära arbetstationer införts på våra kliniker. Speciellt på röntgenavdelningarhanteras numera bilder, remisser och annan patientinformationmed hjälp av avancerade stationära datorsystem. Studier har dock visat att dessarationaliseringar ofta inte stödjer sjukvårdspersonalens flexibla och rörliga arbetsrutiner.PocketRIS är en prototyp för en mobil arbetsterminal som utvecklats specielltför att effektivisera arbetsflödet på röntgenavdelningar samt minska den kognitivabelastningen på sjukvårdspersonalen. PocketRIS innehåller en visualisering avklinikerns arbetssituation samt en personlig remisslista som kan göra denne uppmärksampå viktiga händelser.Contextual Design användes för att ta fram grundkraven på systemet; 19 styckencontextual inquirys genomfördes med läkare, sjuksköterskor och undersköterskorpå två olika röntgenkliniker i Sverige under totalt sex dagar. Arbetsplatsstudiensyftade även till att identifiera vilka grupper som har störst behov av en mobilarbetsterminal. Den senare delen av studien bestod av design och utvärdering avolika lösningsförslag tillsammans med sjukvårdspersonal.Resultatet av studien visar att det är läkare och undersköterskor som har störst behovav en mobil terminal. Speciellt viktigt för ett mobilt system är att det stödjerhändelsedrivet arbete och ger god överblick över patienterna och arbetssituationen.PocketRIS är ett exempel på hur detta kan uppfyllas för röntgenavdelningar.</p>

<p>In this thesis work, we compare the results obtained from two kinds of teams forming a hierarchical organization participating in a fire fighting simulation environment called as C3Fire. First kind of teams used paper-based maps for spatial reasoning of the command tool while the other kind of teams has GIS based maps with full access to positioning data of the fire fighting units as well as sensor information about fire break.</p><p>The collected data was from 11 teams of each kind having 6 members in each team making a total of 132 participants belonging to different parts of the world.</p><p>We made a statistical analysis on the data with help of T-Test statistical medhod and a tool is designed by using Java as programming language and PostgreSQL database for importing data from log files and then applying statistical T-Test method on the fetching data from log files.The results are stored in database as well as excel files. Then a comparison is done to analyze the unit performance, communication and efficiency of both kinds of teams.</p>

<p>Although the term maritime safety is widely used in the maritime domain, there is no exact definition of what is included in it. This thesis is an explorative study with focus on the Vessel Traffic Service domain. VTS operators were interviewed and observed to gain insights in how maritime safety is constructed from the perspective of an operator. Further, definitions of maritime safety by central organizations in the maritime domain have been studied through a literature study and several interviews.</p><p>The results of the study indicate that there is no common definition of the term maritime safety. The organizations generally identify maritime safety as an overall goal or an umbrella term for measures such as traffic separation schemes or fairway design etc. In contrast to this, the analysis of the data obtained indicates that VTS operators define maritime safety as a context-dependent condition which is shaped by their own action.</p><p>It is concluded that there is a gap between the central actors’ and the VTS operators’ understanding and definition of maritime safety. To increase the overall safety in the maritime domain, there is the need to overcome this gap through constructing common values, norms and identities. Instead of having several definitions of maritime safety, there should be one definition which can capture the fact of safety being a dynamic condition which is shaped by the enactment of reliability through, in this case, the VTS operators.</p><p>Finally, the VTS as service to the maritime community should be seen as the subject in the construction and promotion of maritime safety, not as just an object.</p>

<p>In high-risk environments of seafaring, simulators constitute a widely used tool in preparing nauticalstudents for the challenges to be met in real-life working situations. While the technical developmentof ship bridge simulators continues at a breathtaking pace, little is known on how developments fulfiltheir intended safety critical purpose during actual simulator training exercises.In order to investigate this, a mixed-methods quasi-experimental field study (N =6) was conductedaiming at discerning the systemic causes behind committed human errors and to what extent thesecauses can be related to the technical layout of the simulator in general and a decision supportingdisplay in particular. The nautical students’ performance in terms of committed errors was analysedwhen the decision supporting display was either inactive or active during two different exercisebatches. Drawing upon eye tracking evaluation, interviews and simulator video recordings, systemiccauses leading to human errors were identified. Results indicate that all errors occur under the samekind of (stressful) interaction. Based on this design requirements aiming at promoting resilient crewbehaviour were proposed</p>