The value of this research hinges on the idea that exchanging illustrations for descriptive text can provide appropriate schemas for students with reading difficulties and thereby improve their comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. The research in this dissertation is based on theories and earlier research in the fields of psychology, education, reading, and narratology. A review of these fields offers a variety of perspectives on the processes involved in reading and comprehension. These processes range from the physical systems involved in reading (e.g., early childhood development, eye movement) to the psychological systems, which include cognitive load theory as well as image and text processing models. This study compares two reading methods by analyzing students' vocabulary and comprehension gains. Both groups read the same text and completed the same pre- and post-tests. The control group read the text from the book which was text only. The experimental group read from a modified text on the computer screen. The text was modified by replacing some sentences with images designed to transmit the same information (e.g., descriptions of the setting, vocabulary items) in a graphic format. The images were in-line with the text, and designed to be read as part of the story, not as additional illustrations. Final analysis shows that the experimental format performed as well as the control format for most students. However, students who have learning disabilities, particularly language learners who have learning disabilities, did not make gains in the text only control format. These same students did show statistically significant gains with the experimental format, particularly the section of reading where the vocabulary words were explicitly presented in the images. Disparate, non-homogenous groupings of students reflect the actual teaching and learning circumstances in the school, as required by the school system. This situation thus represents the actual status quo situation faced by teachers in our school. We leave it to future researchers to work with more homogenous groups of students in order to attain clearer, stronger and more plaintively useful results.

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Submitted by Silvar Ribeiro (silvarfribeiro@gmail.com) on 2015-07-31T02:49:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Revisão_Final.pdf: 6102234 bytes, checksum: ba33232b55704651aa8b704eb385cf82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2015-08-27T17:28:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Revisão_Final.pdf: 6102234 bytes, checksum: ba33232b55704651aa8b704eb385cf82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-27T17:28:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Revisão_Final.pdf: 6102234 bytes, checksum: ba33232b55704651aa8b704eb385cf82 (MD5) / Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior - PDSE - CAPES Proc N.º BEX 3517/13-6 / Esta pesquisa trata do mapeamento de Práticas inovadoras de gestão do conhecimento, observadas na Uneb, no âmbito do Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB). Realizou-se um estudo dos processos de gestão do conhecimento, que foram desenvolvidos em rede e praticados de forma colaborativa pelas universidades que fazem parte da UAB. Constatou-se que estes processos foram criados desde a concepção do projeto da UAB e implementados no período de consolidação da modalidade de educação a distância nas universidades públicas brasileiras, que teve início no ano de 2006 com sua a criação. Foram utilizadas técnicas de mapeamento cognitivo para desenvolver as análises, buscando-se a utilização desta experiência e a sua sistematização, para delinear o processo que recebeu o nome de Gestão Colaborativa do Conhecimento em Rede (GCCR), concebido no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa e que utiliza as tecnologias da informação na gestão do conhecimento na universidade. Após o Mapeamento dos processos, realizados a partir da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, considerando a sua participação na UAB e a sua interação com as demais instituições que o integram, foram realizadas reflexões com a utilização de modelos de análises, desenvolvidos para este fim, através das quais foram considerados os aspectos legais e as diretrizes criadas pelo Sistema UAB, desde a sua concepção e que motivaram a sua morfologia de rede colaborativa. Foram analisadas, ainda, as práticas interativas nos processos de gestão do conhecimento, os quais foram desenhados em forma de mapas, a partir dos referenciais teóricos assumidos neste estudo. Os referenciais para o estudo das competências e do exercício prático da competência colaboração pelos coordenadores UAB, representantes das instituições de ensino superior integrantes do Sistema, no seu dia a dia, foram o resultado do estágio de doutorado sanduíche, realizado na Open University, no Reino Unido em 2013, de onde vieram também as discussões sobre Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA) e o aprofundamento das técnicas da cartografia cognitiva, amplamente empregada. Os procedimentos de gestão decorrentes deste processo foram registrados e analisados para dar-lhes maior visibilidade, buscando maior consistência à sua compreensão como processo gerencial e visando a possibilitar o seu uso em prol da qualidade da gestão do conhecimento na educação superior a distância. Os resultados deixam evidente a existência de um processo inovador de gestão do conhecimento na universidade, que tem como base principal o exercício da competência colaboração e se concretiza através de uma rede de interações entre os componentes do sistema, utilizando-se comunidades virtuais na Internet, criadas para este fim e outras estruturas de encontros presenciais, sistematicamente realizados. / ABSTRACT This research focuses on the mapping of innovative practices of knowledge management, observed in UNEB under the Open University System of Brazil (UAB). It was conducted a study of knowledge management processes that have been developed and practiced collaboratively on network by universities that are part of UAB. It was found that these processes have been created since the conception of the UAB project and implemented in the period of consolidation of distance learning in Brazilian public universities, which began in 2006 with UAB‟s creation. The cognitive mapping techniques were used to develop the analysis, seeking to use this experience and their systematization, to outline the process that was named Collaborative Knowledge Management Network (CKMN), designed in the development of this research and uses information technology in knowledge management at the university. After mapping the processes performed from the University of the State of Bahia, considering its participation in the UAB and its interaction with other institutions that integrate, reflections were performed with the use of analyzes models, developed for this purpose, through the which were considered the legal aspects and guidelines created by the UAB System, from conception and giving rise to the morphology of collaborative network. Were also analyzed, interactive practices in knowledge management processes, which were designed in the form of maps, from the theoretical references made in this study. The reference for the study of the skills and practical exercise of jurisdiction by UAB collaboration coordinators, representatives of higher education institutions members of the System, in their day to day, were the result of sandwich doctoral stage, held at the Open University in the United Kingdom in 2013, from which also came the discussions on Open Educational Resources (OER) and the further development of techniques of cognitive mapping, widely used. Management procedures of this process were recorded and analyzed to give them greater visibility, seeking greater consistency to its understanding as a management process and in order to allow its use for the quality of knowledge management in distance higher education. The results show clearly the existence of an innovative process of knowledge management in the university, which is mainly based on the exercise of the competence of collaboration realized by a network of interactions between system components, using virtual communities on the Internet, created for this purpose and other face meetings structures, systematically performed.

This dissertation adopts a fresh interdisciplinary perspective on reading the postwar urban poems of New York School poet Frank O’Hara. Through French Situationist philosophy, and particularly the writings of Guy Debord, the study explores the spatial and textual relations of O’Hara’s urban and cultural representations in postwar poetry. With the help of psychogeography and its “anti-techniques” of détournement and dérive, the research focuses on O’Hara’s uses of appropriation in constructing his urban assemblages. The dissertation considers postwar poems from The Collected Poems of Frank O’Hara and offers Situationist readings and understandings of O’Hara’s modernist (urban and cultural) space. The choice of specific poems highlights O’Hara’s unequivocal inspiration by French poetry and focuses on their urbane, experimental and erotic aspects. The first two chapters propose ways in decoding psychogeographical approaches in poetic (de)composition for reading O’Hara’s poems, while the third delves into O’Hara’s uses of camp in dialogue with Situationist politics that highlight not only the capitalist and the cultural, but also the erotic and the queer. / Cette thèse expose une nouvelle perspective interdisciplinaire quant à la lecture des poèmes d’après-guerre de le poète de New York School Frank O’Hara. Au travers de la philosophie de Situationiste Internationale, plus précisément des écrits de Guy Debord, cette étude explore les connections entre la poésie de Frank O’Hara et des propres représentation urbains et culturelles. Grace au notions de psychogeographie et ses « anti-technique » de détournement et dérive, cette recherche se concentre sur l’art d’appropriation qu’utilise O’Hara dans ses assemblages poétiques. L’emphase mise sur les poèmes d’après-guerre tirés de The Collected Poems of Frank O’Hara illustre la vision de l’environnement moderniste de O’Hara. Les aspects urbains, expérimentaux, et érotiques inspirés de la poésie française sout mis en valeur par les poèmes choisir d’O’Hara. Les deux premier chapitres proposent une approche psychogeographique pour décomposer les images des poèmes de O’Hara tandis que le troisième chapitre examine l’utilization du « camp » en rapport avec la politique Situationiste qui souligne non seulement la capitalisme et la culture, mais aussi l’érotique et l’homosexualité.

System dynamics modelling has been used for around 40 years to address complex, systemic, dynamic problems, those often described as wicked. But, system dynamics modelling is not an exact science and arguments about the most suitable techniques to use in which circumstances, continues. The nature of these wicked problems is investigated through a series of case studies where poor situational awareness among stakeholders was identified. This was found to be an underlying cause for management failure, suggesting need for better ways of recognising and managing wicked problem situations. Human cognition is considered both as a limitation and enabler to decision-making in wicked problem environments. Naturalistic and deliberate decision-making are reviewed. The thesis identifies the need for integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Case study results and a review of the literature led to identification of a set of principles of method to be applied in an integrated framework, the aim being to develop an improved way of addressing wicked problems. These principles were applied to a series of cases in an action research setting. However, organisational and political barriers were encountered. This limited the exploitation and investigation of cases to varying degrees. In response to a need identified in the literature review and the case studies, a tool is designed to facilitate analysis of multi-factorial, non-linear causality. This unique tool and its use to assist in problem conceptualisation, and as an aid to testing alternate strategies, are demonstrated. Further investigation is needed in relation to the veracity of combining causal influences using this tool and system dynamics, broadly. System dynamics modelling was found to have utility needed to support analysis of wicked problems. However, failure in a particular modelling project occurred when it was found necessary to rely on human judgement in estimating values to be input into the models. This was found to be problematic and unacceptably risky for sponsors of the modelling effort. Finally, this work has also identified that further study is required into: the use of human judgement in decision-making and the validity of system dynamics models that rely on the quantification of human judgement.

System dynamics modelling has been used for around 40 years to address complex, systemic, dynamic problems, those often described as wicked. But, system dynamics modelling is not an exact science and arguments about the most suitable techniques to use in which circumstances, continues. The nature of these wicked problems is investigated through a series of case studies where poor situational awareness among stakeholders was identified. This was found to be an underlying cause for management failure, suggesting need for better ways of recognising and managing wicked problem situations. Human cognition is considered both as a limitation and enabler to decision-making in wicked problem environments. Naturalistic and deliberate decision-making are reviewed. The thesis identifies the need for integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Case study results and a review of the literature led to identification of a set of principles of method to be applied in an integrated framework, the aim being to develop an improved way of addressing wicked problems. These principles were applied to a series of cases in an action research setting. However, organisational and political barriers were encountered. This limited the exploitation and investigation of cases to varying degrees. In response to a need identified in the literature review and the case studies, a tool is designed to facilitate analysis of multi-factorial, non-linear causality. This unique tool and its use to assist in problem conceptualisation, and as an aid to testing alternate strategies, are demonstrated. Further investigation is needed in relation to the veracity of combining causal influences using this tool and system dynamics, broadly. System dynamics modelling was found to have utility needed to support analysis of wicked problems. However, failure in a particular modelling project occurred when it was found necessary to rely on human judgement in estimating values to be input into the models. This was found to be problematic and unacceptably risky for sponsors of the modelling effort. Finally, this work has also identified that further study is required into: the use of human judgement in decision-making and the validity of system dynamics models that rely on the quantification of human judgement.