Abstract This thesis studied the choices of different operation models of CPC (Chunghwa Post Co. Ltd): Privatization, Public Corporatization, or Enterprise? As the society becomes more diversified and globalized, people are becoming dissatisfied about the inactive and low efficient executive departments. The government property is becoming poor while the power of enterprises grows. In consideration of the limited resources, privatization has become the main trend of the Government restructure motion in many countries from the 1980s. Following this trend, the Government works hard to draw up the policy, and depend on the private departments, carries out the policy to provide the public service. Meanwhile, the need for communication securities and privacy concerns seem to be more important to the general public. Because it develops very rapidly and possibly leads to social class clashes, people wish to know about how the postal service has evolved. People want the postal service to be more efficient to bring their functions to full potential. As a result, many more Postal service systems of different kinds have come into existence. The same scenario applies to Taiwan. The Government wants to reorganize the administrative organizations such as the CPC. Their operation model has supposedly been ¡§outsourcing¡¨, ¡§corporatization¡¨, ¡§deregulation¡¨ or ¡§decentralization¡¨, if they are less connected with the public power. The Government hopes to improve the efficiency of the CPC, because these choices could remove its constraints. On the other hand, many believe that, if the Post decides to contract out, the Government would elude her responsibilities about the public service. Therefore it is very crucial that CPC chooses the appropriate operation model. This thesis first gathered related documents and introduced theories of Privatization, Enterprising, and Public corporatization and their experiences worldwide. In addition, the background of CPC and a synopsis of its organizational structure, mission, and current operation status are included. After researching the related industry and compared with the other competitors, the table of globalism analysis showed that CPC has innovative power and a wonderful staff who combine their work with a mission in mind. But they should be released from rigid constraints of the public system to work more smartly. Furthermore, the facilities could be located in Taiwan, but they still have some logistic issues needed for further study. Therefore, joining the public with a privately-owned enterprise to operate CPC would be the best choice.

The government of Taiwan tries to promote privatization of some public sectors. Through the cooperation between public and private sector, win-win-win outcome¡Xa triangular formula for winning¡Xwill be created. Nowadays, many social educational institutes are trapped in some difficulties in budget and human resources. That is why the public sector should reflect on what they have done in order to achieve the sustained management. This case study is based on qualitative analysis. Literatures are reviewed, mainly focused on the theoretical basis of privatization of some public sectors. In addition, the data is collected about how the social institutes comply with the policy of government reform, especially using the mechanisms of elimination of routine government work, deregulation, corporatization, outsourcing, and localization. Under this circumstances, the purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility of privatizing Kaohsiung Chungcheng Cultural Center. Through the analyses of internal and external environmental factors, the findings are as follows. Kaohsiung Chungcheng Cultural Center has the problem of redefining the business scope. However, there is no need for organization reform through administrative incorporation for total privatization, in order to turn into an international urban resort. This study presents itself as reference in policy making.

Mental illness affects one in five Canadians and this number is higher among post-secondary students (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2012). Over the last three decades, studies have sought to determine how many students have mental health concerns in hope of substantiating the need for more support and funding for mental health services on campus. Knowledge gained from these studies is often seeped in a bio-medical perspective of mental health and illness, where the students’ mental health concerns are problematized and the target of psy interventions. What is lacking is an understanding of the university students’ lived experience, a person-centered understanding that sheds light on what supports or threatens students’ mental well-being while illuminating the socio, political and economic realities that may be at play in the lived experience of students with mental health concerns. This research project has addressed this gap by using interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore the lived experience of baccalaureate nursing students in the university and critically appraise their understanding of their lived experience. This research concludes that the rising rates of mental health concerns are the distillate of the psy complex and the by-product of student stress within the university and not merely a problem inherent to a student as the psy complex purports. This new knowledge may serve as a foundation for, meaningful mental health services on campus and, the development of nursing curricula that is sensitive to the lived experience of nursing students with mental health concerns, one that fosters mental well-being and recovery.

The Western has been an important and iconic part of American culture since the opening of the frontier. However, very few scholars have looked closely at the way the genre constructs the past through public and private spaces like frontier towns and settlements. The 1971 films, The Hired Hand and McCabe & Mrs. Miller are two texts that revitalized, and in the process revised, the Western genre in the early 1970s. My paper examines the ways in which conflicts between public and private spaces in the films reflect the social and cultural conflicts in America at the time. Both films feature lead male characters that strive to, but ultimately fail to resurrect an older idea of public space as they attempt to reclaim their place in it. The men attempt to navigate changing ideas of public space by retreating in to domestic or feminine space and resisting the corporatization of public space. This paper uses the works of Nancy Fraser and Richard Sennett to explore the different approaches to the nature of public space in post World War II America and sheds new light on the ways in which men adapted or, in some cases, refused to adapt to the changing social conditions of the second half of the 20th century.

論文名稱：資訊社會電信事業自由化、電信公司民營化之研究校（院）所組別：國立政治大學社會學研究所 畢業時間及提要別：八十六學年度第一學期碩士學位論文提要 研究生：葉義輝 指導教授：陳小紅 提要內容： 由於現在資訊科技的發達，人們對通訊的需求日殷，加以國家在政治、經濟上的需求，在全球電信自由化、國際化、民營化的帶動下，電信的改革變變有著勢不可檔的趨勢，本論文即是著眼於此一潮流，而特別針對「電信事業自由化」、「電信公司民營化」兩大課題所作之研究。從問題主軸出發，試圖從理論的分析、現況的研討，輔以對相關人員的深度訪談內容，希冀尋得問題的癥結，找出相對應的策略。 在「電信事業自由化」的課題上，本論文先界定其定義，再研究其形成之原因與背景，加以世界各國（主要是先進國家與亞洲鄰國）的經驗啟示，再回顧我國目前電信自由化的現況，探討我們所要面對的問題，及未來政策規劃的遠景；而在「電信公司民營化」的課題上，亦是先界定民營化的定義，再透過國營事業的弊病，尋出民營化的原因，探討民營化的優點及配合措施，從電信公司民營化的進程開始，分別探討當前中華電信組織的改革及其員工「產業民主」之訴求，再探討當前政府推動民營化不力之原因，針對當前民營化之問題提出檢討，與展望未來「全民釋股」的政策走向；再針對民代、官員、業者（中華電信與其他民營業者）、員工與學者的訪談，尋出當前電信自由化、電信民營化之問題對策。 最後再綜合文獻的探討與訪談的結果，本論文提出了結論，並做出了具體的建議：我國的電信改革實需要有完備的制度設計與法令規範，也必須配合政府的魄力與決心，才能真正建立出電信市場公平競爭的環境。而政府必須強化電信監督管理之功能；中華電信若先分割解體，再進行民營化，將電信人才重組整合，才可能會是民營化成功的關鍵；而中華電信也必須重新釐清其所應扮演角色，與民營業者共創未來電信自由化的前景；政府也應當審慎考慮當前電信民營化的作法，讓全民共享電信所創造的利益成果。

ABSTRACT BENEFITS OR HARMS OF NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND by Judy Block The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 reauthorizes and extensively amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and establishes control over the majority of federal programs and spending that affect public education. Embedded in the Act are various requirements that states and schools must adhere to as a condition of receiving federal education funds as well as harsh sanctions for failing to meet the requirements. No Child Left Behind notably shifts federal education policy by expanding its role into the areas of standards and assessment, accountability, curricula, discipline and administration, and providership. The Act also exacerbates tensions and blurs the line between competing ideologies of the role and nature of public education. NCLB's dominant reliance on proven research methods and statistical data, and its provisions regarding student assessment, failing schools, and parental choice open the schoolhouse door to commercial marketteers, further transforming public education into a consumer good, classrooms into marketplaces, and students and teachers into immaterial byproducts. No Child Left Behind's requirements often have more than one result, with some results doing more harm than the Act's stated good. The principle of double effect (PDE) provides a lens to evaluate instances where there are two effects of a single act; that is,PDE can explain the permissibility of an action that causes an undesired or harmful effect secondary to promoting some good end. By using philosophical analysis generally, and the principle of double effect specifically, this dissertation examines No Child Left Behind’s implementation requirements, specific programs, and their effects to determine the Act's benefits or harms. The dissertation proceeds with a review of NCLB's historical context and key features, an introduction to the principle of double effect, and a discussion of democratic and market ideologies and their relationship with education. This dissertation recognizes the various populations affected by the Act, but focuses specifically on students with disabilities and the relationship of the principle of double effect to the implications of NCLB. Chapter Four extends the principle of double effect to NCLB's implementation requirements and specific programs to identify their consequences or effects. The dissertation concludes with a synthesis of the questions and problems presented by NCLB and the implications for students, teachers, public education, and our communities.

Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African (SA) government is experiencing problems with regard to its service delivery mandate in public institutions. These problems have resulted from a number of factors, such as SA’s history of unequal distribution of resources; the introduction of remedial legislations and programmes when the new government took office in 1994; incorrect implementation of these legislations and programmes with the accompanying departure of skilled managers accompanied by the influx of new and inexperienced managers. Deliberate interventions were introduced to address this service delivery problem however, many public institutions remain unsuccessful in fulfilling their mandate to service delivery. In this study, the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) is used as a case study to learn more about the effect of corporate governance in addressing service delivery problems in public institutions. As a government entity, the GEPF experienced some service delivery problems with regard to its mandate. Like any other public entity in SA, the GEPF is governed by all legislative provisions governing public entities and is equally affected by challenges such as scarcity of resources (financial; equipment and skills). The objectives of the study is to identify major principles and techniques related to corporatisation as an approach to management practice; to identify major challenges encountered by GEPF prior to corporatisation; and to analyse the deployment of corporate arrangements in the conduct of the GEPF in relation to these techniques and principles. The basis of this research is a thorough literature study and interviews with managers of the GEPF. The major finding of this study is that the GEPF has entrusted basic duties and responsibilities affecting its mandate to employer institutions (EIs). These basic yet sensitive functions have been left arbitrarily to EIs, hence the GEPF is unable to execute its duties in its benefits administration in line with its vision. Other findings include internal processes are incorrectly applied, thus hampering effective and efficient benefits administration; there is lack of, or limited use of a performance management system; there is an inability to deal with predictable problems; and the organisation of resources does not support the vision of the GEPF. Achievements in terms of the corporatisation process to improve performance were noted. The enrolment of the services of consultants to assist the GEPF to improve its performance led to the following: approval of the organisational structure that supports the GEPF’s vision; empowerment of managers in terms of skills capacity; conversion of contract workers to permanent; and taking an aggressive approach to performance and risk management. It is therefore concluded that although challenges still exist, the GEPF has embarked on a systematic process to rid itself of the challenges it faces. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Owerheidsektor ervaar tans probleme ten opsigte van sy diensleweringsmandaat. Die probleme met swak dienslewering kan toegeskryf word aan faktore soos Suid-Afrika se geskiedenis van wat betref die onbillike verdeling van hulpbronne, die daarstel van ʼn nuwe regering in 1994 wat gelei het tot regstellende wetgewing en programme, die onoordeelkundige implementering van hierdie nuwe wetgewing en programme, en die gepaardgaande verlies van bekwame bestuurders en die aanstelling van nuwe en onervare bestuurders. Ten spyte van doelbewuste ingrypings om die diensleweringprobleem aan te spreek, bly owerheidsinstellings steeds in gebreke om aan hul diensleweringsmandaat te voldoen. Die Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) is as ʼn gevallestudie gebruik om die effek van korporatiewe bestuur op die hantering van diensleweringsprobleme in owerheidsinstellings te bepaal. Die GEPF as ʼn owerheidsinstelling ervaar ook probleme wat sy mandaat van dienslewering betref. In vergelyking met ander owerheidsinstellings ervaar die GEPF soortgelyke uitdagings ten opsigte van hulpbronverdeling (op finansiële vlak, en wat toerusting en vaardighede betref). Die doelwit van die studie is om die hoofbeginsels en -tegnieke verbonde aan korporatisering as ʼn bestuursbeleid te identifiseer, om die hoofuitdagings vir die GEPF voor intervensie op ʼn objektiewe en onbetrokke wyse te identifiseer, en om die tegnieke en beginsels aangewend sedert die implementering van die intervensie te analiseer. Hierdie studie is op ʼn deeglike literatuurstudie en die voer van onderhoude met bestuurslede van die GEPF geskoei. Die vernaamste bevinding van die studie is dat die GEPF sy basiese verpligtinge en verantwoordelikhede rakende sy mandaat aan die werkgewersinstellings toevertrou. Die basiese, dog sensitiewe funksies wat arbitrêr aan die werkgewer oorgelaat word, kniehalter die GEPF om sy administratiewe pligte volgens sy visie uit te voer. Ander bevindings sluit in dat interne prosesse op ʼn ondoeltreffende manier toegepas word, wat dan doeltreffende administrasie kortwiek. Dit sluit in die gebrek of beperkte gebruik van ʼn prestasiebestuurstelsel, die onbevoegdheid om ooglopende probleme te identifiseer en beperkte hulpbronne, wat nie die visie ondersteun nie. Die aanwending van korporatiewe prosesse om dienslewering te verbeter blyk suksesvol te wees. Die aanstelling van konsultante om behulpsaam te wees met dienslewering het gelei tot die goedkeuring van ʼn organisatoriese struktuur wat die visie van die GEPF ondersteun, die bemagtiging van bestuurders omdat hul vaardigheid verbeter is, die aanstelling van kontrakwerkers in permanente poste en ʼn aggressiewe benadering tot prestasie- en risikobestuur. Die gevolgtrekking is dat alhoewel daar nog uitdagings bestaan, die GEPF ʼn sistematiese proses onderneem het om die uitdagings te oorkom.

本論文研究軸心，首先探討鐵路事業公司化政策執行過程，並在相關文獻中，歸納公司化政策面臨資產閒置與組織僵化等問題，導致債務與虧損問題日趨嚴重。其中，資產閒置問題，除了受到相關法令限制而無法提升效益之外，對於政府投資鐵路立體化建設而衍生組織龐大與交易成本問題，目前尚未從預算執行面進行檢討與分析。此外，對於行政部門之間及鐵路局內部，因組織僵化而產生公共事務代理問題，依舊阻礙公司化政策執行腳步。故本研究藉由以上問題之歸納，進一步從資產面建構兼顧運輸本業及債務處理之政策架構。 / 國營事業改革的方法之一，即採用公司化方式完成民營化的階段性目標。在法學上觀點，公司化後國家仍擔負各種不同的監督與管理義務，尤其在行政任務完全私化的過程之中，國家仍具各項主管法令之執行角色。因此「國家保留」之各項責任，不管是在公司化的任何過程之中，國家均具有憲法位階所賦予之「影響義務」。然而國家如何決定公營事業公司化的基本政策？而公司化之後的國家管制行為，如何在法律規範與擔保義務之間，建立適度的決策方法？依循代理理論與自償評估方法，可發現「臺鐵公司化基本方案」窒礙難行的主要關鍵為政策不確定性與道德危險問題之應如何妥善解決；而經重新檢討補貼負擔之基本對策後，對鐵路事業民營化之條件提升及相關權利義務之界定確有助益。 / 其次，對於為人詬病的資產閒置與無力更新等問題，政府積極投入鐵路設備更新計畫，以鐵路地下化建設為例，單一建設計畫就預算規劃角度分析，因涉預算制度差異與政治協商等問題，在預算執行中不僅惡化資金缺口並已危及鐵路事業財務體質。本文依據交易成本理論之基礎，分析臺北都會區鐵路地下化建設因涉及公務與事業預算所造成的實施成本擴大問題；並就資金缺口之弭平，提出補貼策略的修正建議。惟資金缺口背後隱含資訊不對稱而產生錯誤決策的政治層面問題，致使實施成本逐年擴增。此觀察引發本文從交易成本政治學觀點進行分析的研究旨趣，並就預算規劃衍生的代理關係，分從資訊不對稱、代理問題、交易成本、認知差距、權益配置與誘因設計等方向進行課題之論述與回應，以探索經濟層面所無法釐清的關鍵決策因素。由此，本文論證了預算制度的差異預留了政治行動者的利益競逐與衝突空間，從而惡化了預算執行與配置的失能無效，也顯現了預算治理制度的重建與策略再造建議的提出，將有效減低鐵路地下化交易成本與政策失靈之風險。 / 最後，我國鐵路事業改革方法，係採用公司化方式完成民營化政策的階段性目標。在公司化之前，鐵路局除了負擔公共運輸責任及龐大現金債務，並管理為數眾多的各項資產，但卻受限鐵路法及國有公用土地不得處分收益等因素，遲遲未能有效開發利用。因此，本文首先探討公司化政策執行過程，在不同政策架構之下，將足以影響鐵路公司資產的持有狀況，續利用資產目標函數進而歸納資產全數移交政府接管將可有助於清理歷史債務並挹注補貼負擔等資金缺口問題。換言之，過去部分文獻雖然論證以「車路合一」模式推動公司化政策仍有累積盈餘之潛力，但本文利用自償率分析資產結構與法令規範之間關係，則推論認為「車路分離」模式更能客觀建構資產、債務、補貼負擔之財政架構，甚至創造較為豐厚的資產報酬，以避免鐵路事業公司化政策轉變成為政府永無止境的財政負擔。 / The axis of this thesis is about the corporatization policy of the railway business corporation. By collection of related literature, this thesis induces that the corporatization policy is facing the idle asset and ossified organization problems and aggravates the debt and loss situation. Among those, the idle asset problem, caused by restriction of related law to enhance efficiency and invest building construction, the mammoth organization and transaction cost problems have not yet been examined and analyzed from the viewpoint of budget implementation. In addition, the public affair agency problem engendered by the ossified organization inside the railways administration and related administrative administrations still hinders the process of the implementation of the corporatization policy. Hence, by summing up the questions above, this research constructs the policy structure considering both the transportation business and resolution of debt problem from the asset perspective. / Corporatization is one of the ways toward privatization in restructuring state owned enterprises. From legal perspective, government should still supervise and monitor the privatized enterprises. Especially, government should carry out regulation regime to protect stakeholders’ benefits during the corporatizating process. In other words, it requires a total state commitment endowed by the Constitution with influence duties. How to manage restructuring processes strategically in ways that will further economic democracy, efficiency and social progress? What are the obstacles which hinder the establishment of a state commitment in corporatization? Drawing perspectives from agency theory and refining self-liquidating evaluation, the author underscores the uncertainties and moral hazards in Taiwan Railway Administration’s corporatization and suggests how government can implement successful strategies to meet goals required by the privatization laws and build up a well-organized subsidy system to reinforce her influential role and regulatory capacity. / The second, the government positively invests the railway equipment to renew the problem of asset idle which denounced regarding the manner. Inspired by the perspectives from transaction cost economics and politics, this paper demystifies the hierarchy and authority relationships between supervising and operating agencies in the budgetary process. We unbound the blanket category of transaction costs into empirically verifiable elements including incomplete and asymmetric information, agency problems, transaction costs, stakeholder redistribution, ideology, incentives, etc. We identify political hazards as crucial determinants of the choice of political governance in budget execution and the transactional attributes that give rise to such hazards. The agencies in our analysis incur costs of providing a comprehensive budget design and tax revenue allocation, and are faced with a trade?off between providing incentives and reducing ex post costly enforcement. Extending transaction cost politics into the budgetary domains suggests that transaction costs in current political market did not lead project’s political stakeholders to move toward more efficient outcomes and result in significant enforcement costs. Framing the issue as a budgetary administration and project delivery problem, this paper highlights the challenges in using separation of power panels when the goals of the panels are uncodifiable. This paper concludes offering ideas for institutional engineering and a special subsidy is proposed. However, reformulating self-liquidating analysis and carefully justifying the authority and obligation relationships between agencies should play important roles in reducing transaction costs, ensuring enforceability of agreements, and achieving more efficient budgeting outcomes. / The final, corporatization is one of the ways toward privatization in restructuring state owned enterprises. In form of Corporatization, even though railway administration authority shoulders public transportation responsibility and huge debt, multitudinous real estate had not been effectively developed because of the limitation from railway act and on the liquidation of public facilities and state-owned land. This article first discourses that different formats of corporation policy affect assets’ efficient utilization, and uses market structure theory to set up asset objective function and learn that hand over all assets to government could clean up historical debts and enhances social welfare and assets’ utilization. In other words, although some literatures maintained that “infrastructure model” have potential of earnings accumulation, based on the use of Self-liquidation ratio to identify the relationship between asset structure and government regulation, the induction of “road model” could restructure asset/debt and subsidy. It even creates a richer property return to avoid railway operation being government‘s unlimited financial burden.

Political liberalization and increased public costs have placed new demands on the Swedish public sector. Two ways of meeting these novel requirements have been to corporatize and privatize organizations. With these two organizational changes, however, comes a risk of increased insecurity and higher demands on employees; the ability to handle these changes is likely dependent on their social status within an organization. The general aim of the thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how corporatization and privatization might affect employees’ work climate, work attitudes and ill-health. Special importance is placed on whether outcomes may differ depending on the employees’ social status in the form of hierarchic level and gender. Questionnaire data from Swedish acute care hospitals were used in three empirical studies. Study I showed that physicians at corporatized and privatized hospitals reported more positive experiences of their work climate compared with physicians at a public administration hospital. Study II showed that privatization had more negative ramifications for a middle hierarchic level (i.e., registered nurses) who reported deterioration of work attitudes, while there were no major consequences for employees at high (physicians) or low (assistant nurses) hierarchic levels. Study III found that although the work situation for women and men physicians were somewhat comparable (i.e., the same occupation, the same organization), all of the differences that remained between the genders were to the detriment of women. The results of this thesis suggest that corporatizations and privatizations do not necessarily imply negative consequence for employees. However, the consequences appear to differ between groups with different social status. Employees whose immediate work situation is affected but who do not have sufficient resources to handle the requirements associated with an organizational change may perceive the most negative consequences. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.

Neoliberal ideologies have been adopted through most of the developed world. In North America, they dominate and provide the backdrop for the way decisions are made, organisations are governed, and policies are considered and implemented. Universities have not been exempt from the pressures of neoliberalism and increasingly are becoming what is being referred to as ‘corporatised’. Using a multi-institutional ethnographic case study, drawing on elements of institutional ethnography and using discourse analysis and interviews, this research focused on these topics with four research intensive universities in British Columbia: UBC, UNBC, UVic and SFU. This research sought to answer the question: In what ways is corporatisation visible in the practices and discourses related to university research in British Columbia, and, in turn, what impacts are being felt? The findings from the research indicated that there is, as might be expected, strong support for post-secondary education. The rhetoric in the documents from the universities and governments shows a ‘grand vision’ for education as the cornerstone of a successful society. The findings confirm that universities are viewed internally and externally as important and that, in turn, research and discovery is paramount. However, what the research also showed was that there are differing views among those in power regarding how that vision plays out. Those differences can be summarized as: citizen preparation versus job training; social innovation versus commercial innovation; targeted research (both in the type of research carried out and to what ends); and the level of autonomy of the university. These tensions can be considered through the theoretical frameworks that guided the research: commodification (i.e., of education and research); resource dependence theory; and institutional theory. Universities are increasingly being corporatised and this is visible in: increased oversight and control by governments with regard to the direction of the university, both from an educational and research perspective; an emphasis on the fiscal bottom line; increased accountability requirements (in complexity and frequency) related to funding for educational programs and research; increased demands for, and focus on, demonstrable impacts and quantifiable measures from research; a reduced amount of collegial governance; increased bureaucracy; and pressures to adopt business models, practices, and processes from the private sector. / Graduate