Submitted by Andréia Brandão Daltro Sodré (andreia.bdsodre@gmail.com) on 2014-11-12T19:16:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Andreia Upload.pdf: 1696600 bytes, checksum: a36857c678f55a7f75214bfa5d34414f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-11-14T13:49:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Andreia Upload.pdf: 1696600 bytes, checksum: a36857c678f55a7f75214bfa5d34414f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-11-17T11:30:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Andreia Upload.pdf: 1696600 bytes, checksum: a36857c678f55a7f75214bfa5d34414f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-17T11:35:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Andreia Upload.pdf: 1696600 bytes, checksum: a36857c678f55a7f75214bfa5d34414f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-09 / Cognition is a core subject to understand how humans think and behave. In that sense, it is clear that Cognition is a great ally to Management, as the later deals with people and is very interested in how they behave, think, and make decisions. However, even though Cognition shows great promise as a field, there are still many topics to be explored and learned in this fairly new area. Kemp & Tenembaum (2008) tried to a model graph-structure problem in which, given a dataset, the best underlying structure and form would emerge from said dataset by using bayesian probabilistic inferences. This work is very interesting because it addresses a key cognition problem: learning. According to the authors, analogous insights and discoveries, understanding the relationships of elements and how they are organized, play a very important part in cognitive development. That is, this are very basic phenomena that allow learning. Human beings minds do not function as computer that uses bayesian probabilistic inferences. People seem to think differently. Thus, we present a cognitively inspired method, KittyCat, based on FARG computer models (like Copycat and Numbo), to solve the proposed problem of discovery the underlying structural-form of a dataset.

Als Ergebnis der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein nützliches Hilfsmittel auf der Basis der kognitiven Herangehensweise zur Verbesserung der Effizienz der Managemententscheidungen für die Gussausschussverringerung und Qualitätsverbesserung in den Gießereien entwickelt. Das Werkzeug hilft dem Technologen, den Mechanismus des Gussfehlerentstehungsprozesses aufzudecken, die Logik der Gussfehlerentstehung zu verstehen und die präventiven Maßnahmen zu testen. Man kann das Werkzeug täglich im Betrieb benutzen, um die strategischen und operativen Entscheidungen rasch und ohne Durchführung der kostspieligen und komplizierten Versuche zu treffen. Auf diese Weise können Kosten und Zeit eingespart werden.

The ability to solve problems creatively has been crucial for the adaptation and survival of humans throughout history. In many real–life situations, cognitive processes are not isolated. Humans are social, they communicate and form groups to solve daily problems and make decisions. Therefore, the final output of cognitive processes can come from multi–brains in groups rather than an individual one. This multi–brain output can be largely different from the output that an individual person produces in isolation. As a result, it is essential to include team–level processes in cognitive models to make a more accurate description of real– world cognitive processes in general and problem solving in particular. This research aims to answer the general question of how working in a team affects creative problem solving. For doing that, first, we propose a computational model for multi-agent creative problem solving. Then, we show how the model can be used to study the factors that are involved in creativity in teams and potentially will suggest answers to questions such as, ‘how team size is related to creativity’.

No description available.

No description available.

To be able to make accurate predictions and adapt, we sometimes need to adjust our understanding of the world, yet what incentivizes expansion of our mental world models remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate what motivates people to update their world models – here referred to as the ontological model structure, and how updating is related to uncertainty. The study is of experimental design and uses a digital game divided into two conditions (ambiguous and unambiguous) that vary the expectations for the game’s causal structure. The goal of the game was to gain points by accurately predicting on what food item a fly will land. To make accurate predictions, the participant should adjust their cognitive model when encountering new information. Data from 84 participants was collected online, using Prolific.co. It was hypothesized that initial ambiguity would affect the likelihood of information seeking by increasing the frequency of prediction errors and would result in a faster switch to an optimal cognitive model. The study found that participants in the more ambiguous condition sought information earlier, gained more prediction errors and changed to an optimal model faster than participants in the less ambiguous condition. However, both participant groups seemed equally as equipped to change models as a result of prediction errors. This might indicate that despite similar support for an initial model, it is the prediction errors and our recent history that affects our tendency to adjust our cognitive models. / För att kunna göra korrekta prediktioner och anpassa oss behöver vi ibland justera vår förståelse av världen, vad som motiverar en revidering av våra mentala modeller är dock fortfarande oklart. Studiens syfte var att undersöka vad som motiverar människor att uppdatera sina modeller – benämnd här som den ontologiska modellstrukturen, och hur uppdateringen är relaterad till osäkerhet. Studien är av experimentell design och använder ett digitalt spel uppdelat i två betingelser (tvetydig och entydig), som varierar förväntningarna på spelets ontologiska struktur. Spelets mål var att samla poäng genom att korrekt predicera på vilken matvara en fluga kommer att landa. För att kunna göra korrekta prediktioner bör deltagaren justera sin kognitiva modell när ny information fås. Data från 84 deltagare samlades in online, med hjälp av Prolific.co. Det antogs att den initiala tvetydigheten skulle påverka sannolikheten för informationssökning genom att öka frekvensen av prediktionsfel och att det skulle resultera i en snabbare övergång till en optimal kognitiv modell. Studien fann att deltagare i den mer tvetydiga betingelsen sökte information tidigare, fick fler prediktionsfel och ändrade till en optimal modell snabbare än deltagare i den mindre tvetydiga betingelsen. Däremot verkade båda deltagargrupperna lika väl utrustade att byta modell till följd av prediktionsfel. Det kan tyda på att trots liknande stöd för en initialmodell är det prediktionsfel och vår närhistoria som påverkar vår tendens att justera våra kognitiva modeller.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, le modèle cognitif basé sur les interprétations (Groupe de recherche sur la cognition dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif [OCCWG], 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005) représente le modèle psychologique de l’étiologie et du maintien du TOC le plus étudié au plan empirique. Cependant, peu de recherches ont porté sur les deux postulats importants du modèle touchant respectivement le développement des croyances liées à l’obsessionnalité et la contribution des états affectifs au maintien des interprétations et des croyances (réactivité cognitive). L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la validation empirique de ces postulats. Fondé sur un devis corrélationnel dans un échantillon de participants mixte (participants troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs et participants non cliniques), le premier article étudie les liens entre les expériences de l’enfance et la présence de croyances obsessionnelles chez l’adulte. Deux modèles alternatifs sont comparés qui représentent d’une part un lien spécifique, et d’autre part un lien non spécifique entre les expériences de l’enfance et les croyances obsessionnelles adultes. Les résultats suggèrent la présence à la fois de relations spécifiques et non spécifiques entre les expériences de l’enfance et les croyances adultes. Les expériences de l’enfance et les domaines de croyance obsessionnels qui montrent des liens spécifiques sont ceux relatifs à la responsabilité, à la perception du danger, et au perfectionnisme. En contrepartie, les expériences de l’enfance relatives à la perception de danger et dans une moindre mesure la sociotropie, apparaissent étroitement liés à la plupart des domaines de croyances adultes (intolérance à l’incertitude, surestimation du danger, importance et contrôle des pensées). Dans la seconde étude, nous nous intéressons à la mesure et l’analyse longitudinales de la réactivité cognitive telle qu’elle s’exprime dans l’environnement naturel de huit participants troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs de type ruminateur. Par le biais de huit protocoles à cas uniques intensifs, l’analyse de contingence entre les scores quotidiens d’humeur (4 états émotionnels cotés par participant) et d’interprétations (une interprétation idiographique des intrusions par participant) permet d’établir une mesure de l’importance de la réactivité cognitive chez chaque participant. Ces résultats sont ensuite analysés du point de vue des postulats principaux de deux modèles spécifiques de la réactivité cognitive (modèle de l’Infusion de l’affect [Forgas, 2008] et modèle de l’Humeur comme intrant [Meeten & Davey, 2011]. Ainsi, les analyses intra-individuelles répétées trans-comportements) et interindividuelles (trans-participants) permettent d’illustrer le rôle proximal déterminant des stratégies de traitement de l’information (traitement systématique; traitement superficiel; traitement altéré) employées par les participants. En résumé, les résultats obtenus dans ces deux études fournissent des données utiles à la poursuite de la validation du modèle des interprétations du TOC. Dans la première étude, l’identification de liens spécifiques entre les EE et les croyances obsessionnelles soutient la séquence étiologique postulée, alors que l’identification de liens non spécifiques suggère que d’autres trajectoires étiologiques peuvent être pertinentes. Dans la seconde étude, l’analyse longitudinale et naturaliste des covariations humeur – interprétations se révèle d’abord féconde à identifier les phénomènes de réactivité cognitive postulés dans le modèle des interprétations. Ensuite, en conformité aux modèles intégrés de la réactivité cognitive, l’analyse des liens entre cette réactivité et les stratégies privilégiées de neutralisation des participants permet d’identifier le rôle clé des différentes stratégies de traitement de l’information dans la réactivité cognitive. / Over the past twenty years, the «appraisal model» of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Obsessive Compulsive Cognition Working Group, 1997, 2001, 2003, and 2005) has drawn most of the empirical research on the psychological etiology and maintenance of the disorder. Nevertheless, only a few studies addressed two important postulates of the model, which is the development of beliefs associated with OCD, and the contribution of affective states to the maintenance of appraisals and beliefs (p. ex., cognitive reactivity). The current thesis aims to contribute to the empirical validation of these postulates. Based on a retrospective correlational design in a mixed (OCD and normal) sample, the first article aims to explore the links between childhood experiences (CEs) and adult OCD related beliefs. Two alternative etiological models are compared emphasizing either a rather specific association between different CEs and beliefs; or conversely, a broad non-specific association between CEs and different OCD related beliefs. Results support both the existence of specific and non-specific associations between CEs and beliefs. CEs and OCD related beliefs that showed specific links were those CEs that showed specific links to OCD related beliefs were those related to the concepts of Responsibility (R-E and OBQ-R), Threat perception (TP-E et OBQ-T), and Perfectionism (SO-E et OBQ-P). On the other hand, CEs emphasizing Threat perception (TP-E) and Sociotropy (SOC-E) related experiences also showed significant links with most OCD related beliefs (Intolerance of uncertainty [OBQ-U], Overestimation of threat [OBQ-T], Importance and Control of thoughts [OBQ-I et OBQ-C]). The aim of the second article is to assess and analyze cognitive reactivity in an OCD sample (rumination subtype) through a longitudinal naturalistic design (eight intensive single-case designs). In a first step, the contingency analysis between daily mood-states scores (4 mood-states in each participant) and daily thought appraisals (one idiosyncratically defined thought appraisal in each participant) allows for the assessment of the magnitude and rate of cognitive reactivity in each participant. On the basis of integrative models of cognitive reactivity (Affect Infusion Model, and Mood as input Hypothesis) further repeated intra-individual analyses (across subjects) and inter-individual analyses (between subjects) illustrate the critical proximal role of different processing strategies used by the participants. In summary, both studies provide results that contribute to further the validation of the appraisal model of OCD. In the first study, the identification of specific links between CEs and OCD related beliefs in adults supports the postulated etiological sequence; while the identification of non-specific links suggest that other etiological paths may be relevant In the second study, the longitudinal investigation of covariations between mood-states and appraisals of thoughts allows to reveal the expected cognitive reactivity processes. Such processes are further supported with reference to integrated models of cognitive reactivity that emphasize the critical role of different processing strategies in their expression.

En nous inspirant du modèle cognitif de production humaine d'Anderson, nous considérons, dans cette thèse, comme des processus universels intégrant le système de production humaine, une grande partie des stratégies d'apprentissage présentées dans différents classements. Dans cette perspective, nous avons examiné la différence stratégique entre les apprenants, comme le soutiennent d'aucuns, ainsi que la modification que pourrait produire une formation à l'emploi des stratégies d'apprentissage dans le répertoire des stratégies des apprenants. Nous montrons que le développement des compétences en langues implique inévitablement la mise en place de procédures générales de résolution de problèmes régies par des stratégies universelles. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la nature universelle des stratégies d'apprentissage. Dans cette perspective nous avons effectué une étude empirique visant à analyser les stratégies d'apprentissage de deux groupes d'apprenants adultes iraniens du français -dont l'un a reçu une formation à l'emploi des stratégies d'apprentissage. Les résultats de nos analyses de leurs productions orales et écrites confirment le fondement théorique de notre recherche. En effet, l'enseignement des stratégies d'apprentissage que proposent certains ne modifie pas l'utilisation des stratégies d'apprentissage ayant trait aux processus mentaux régissant les productions humaines chez l'apprenant adulte et ce sont les savoirs déclaratifs des apprenants qui différencient leurs productions langagières. / Based on the cognitive model of human production of Anderson, we considered in this thesis, a large part of the learning strategies presented in the various classifications as universal human process system production. In this context we examined the strategic difference of learners, as some argue, and the modification that could produce training in the use of learning strategies in the repertoire of strategies learners.We have shown that the development of language skills is based on the activation of general procedures for solving problems governed by universal strategies.We are particularly interested in this thesis, in the universal nature of learning strategies. In this perspective we conducted an empirical study which aims at analyzing learning strategies of two groups of Iranian adult learners, one of which received training in the use of learning strategies learning. The results of our analysis of their oral and written productions have confirmed the theoretical basis of our research. Indeed, the teaching of learning strategies, that offer some, do not change the use of learning strategies and their language productions depend on their declarative knowledge. .Keywords: cognitive model of human production, learning strategies, training in the use of learning strategies, declarative knowledge, Iranian adult learners.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T14:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 3 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento do HRCSystem (Sistema de Consulta a Recursos Humanos), desde concepção até os experimentos de validação. Intrínseco ao desenvolvimento do sistema estão os conceitos de áreas como Gestão de Projetos, Gestão por Competências e Engenharia de Software Orientada a Agentes. O principal objetivo do HRCSystem é auxiliar gerentes de projetos na escolha de um profissional que seja mais adequado à realização de uma atividade, considerando características de qualificação e disponibilidade deste profissional. Para isso, o HRCSystem implementa um modelo cognitivo para representar conceitos de competência humana e processos de gestão de competência de natureza psicológica. Este modelo cognitivo de competências também é proposto na dissertação, sendo outro importante resultado deste trabalho. Metodologias como TROPOS, Prometheus e Métodos Derivados de ITS (Intelligent Tutoring System) dão suporte às fases de análise e projeto do sistema. A fase de implementação é executada com aux / This work presents the development of the HRCSystem (System to Query Human Resources) from conception up to the experiments for validation. Intrinsic to the development of the application are the concepts of research areas as Project Management, Competencies Management and Agent-Oriented Software Engineering. HRCSystem goal is to assist project managers in choosing a professional that is more appropriate for some activity, considering the competencies and availability of the professional. To do so, HRCSystem implements a cognitive model aimed to represent human competency concepts and competence management processes of psychological nature. This cognitive model of competencies is also proposed in this work, being another important result of it. Methodologies like TROPOS, Prometheus and Methods Derived from ITS ( Intelligent Tutoring System) support analysis and design phases of the system. The implementation phase is executed with the help of AgentSpeak(L) language and JASON tool. Finally, both model and s

就筆者所觀察，至今有關日語動轉名詞之研究大都僅止於語義分類或是分析其句法現象，複合詞語義擴張之結構與因詞彙複合所產生的選擇制約(selectional restriction)之原因尚未闡明。然而，透過認知語意學之基模、理想化認知模組等，我們可以正確掌握在論元結構或是詞彙概念結構所無法得知之信息，如以下三點。 1. 複合詞的多義現象 2. 複合詞的選擇限制 3. 複合詞的句法特徵 　　首先，複合詞的多義現象所指的是同一個形態帶有兩種或兩種以上語義之詞彙，如「歯磨き」。在以往的研究皆被視為是動詞語基轉為名詞時所發生之現象，筆者則主張本現象是起因於轉喻。 　　其次，選擇限制所指的是如「?洗剤を水割りで使う」、「?部屋で立ち読みする」、「??こんにゃくを輪切りにする」之類，未必不合語法但會令人感到不自然之用法。本論文將由「命名功能」來探討此現象。 　　最後，複合詞的句法特徵所指的是，詞彙結構雖同樣能夠分解為「內部論元＋動詞」或「附加語＋動詞」，卻未必能夠與「-する」結合來做為一個動詞使用之現象。 　　以上三點中特別是1和2在先前研究中幾乎未被提及。筆者認為此二點在動轉名詞中尚有待研究。因此，本論文將藉由認知語意學之方法來嘗試提出新的構詞模式。 / In this paper, I attempt to interpret some phenomena of deverbal nouns in Japanese as shown following, by the method of cognitive semantics. 1. The polysemy of deverbal nouns 2. The selectional restriction of deverbal nouns 3. The syntactic characteristics of deverbal nouns At first, I will explain the polysemy of deverbal nouns as the lexicon “Hamigaki”, which is considered as a phenomenon of conversion of the base verb, is due to metonymy. Second, I will make an explanation about the selectional restriction of deverbal nouns such as “? Senzaiwo mizuwaride tsukau”, “? Heyade tachiyomi suru”, “??Konnyakuwo wagirini suru”, which are easy to be regarded unnatural but not ungrammatical usage via “naming function”. Last, I will discuss the relation of the affix “-suru” and deverbal nouns which can be analyzed to “theme + verb” or “adjunct + verb”.