Com o surgimento da WEB 2.0 surge um novo conceito de criação de conteúdo digital. A edição colaborativa de textos é uma prática consolidada que está se tornando cada vez mais comum em toda a internet. Com páginas totalmente dinâmicas e ferramentas específicas, surgem recursos capazes de facilitar o desenvolvimento de textos e conteúdos dos mais diversos assuntos. Apesar desta evolução na forma da criação de textos diversos na internet, o conteúdo de artigos científicos ainda é produzido da forma tradicional na maior parte dos eventos e periódicos. Com revisões ocorrendo no processo blind review o autor muitas vezes não conhece o revisor de seu trabalho. Além disso, o artigo muitas vezes é limitado a uma única versão submetida ao evento, pois não ocorre um processo de evolução, como verificado em enciclopédias online, por exemplo. Um sistema web, aberto à comunidade, que permita criar, editar, indexar e buscar artigos pode contribuir positivamente no contexto das revisões, tornando o processo mais transparente e democrático. Se este sistema permitisse também que os artigos fossem discutidos e revisados, utilizando uma abordagem aberta, seria criado um novo canal para contribuições científicas, ajudando a aumentar a qualidade das publicações. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar a utilização da técnica de edição colaborativa de textos, aplicada em contextos científicos, verificando se esta abordagem auxilia na produção de artigos de qualidade. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um protótipo que estende as características do MediaWiki, o software utilizado pela Wikipedia. Com o auxílio desta ferramenta foi realizado dois experimentos onde foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios. Baseado no resultado dos experimentos é apresentado uma seção de análise do processo que demonstra as etapas necessárias para que o processo ocorra com o propósito de que, ao final, obtenham-se artigos científicos com conteúdo qualificado. / The consolidation of Web 2.0 brings more attention to a new concept of digital content edition. The Collaborative Writing is a practice that is becoming increasingly common on the internet. With dynamic pages and specific tools, there are resources that can facilitate text writing. Despite such evolution in the conception of texts on the Internet the scientific articles’ content is still produced in the traditional individual and sequential way in most conferences and journals. The author often does not know the reviewer of his work due to a blind review process. Moreover, the article is often limited to a single version submitted to a conference, because there is not a process of text evolution, as seen in online encyclopedias, for example. A web system that allows creating, editing, indexing and searching articles can contribute to the quality of the reviewing process, making it more transparent and with better quality. If such a system could also allow items to be discussed and reviewed, in a transparent fashion, it will create a new model for scientific contributions, increasing the quality of publications. Hence, the main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of collaborative writing applied to scientific contexts, and to analyze whether such an approach would help in the production of quality articles. This research was developed in an environment that extends features of MediaWiki software employed by Wikipedia. With this tool, it was conducted two experiments. Based on the results of these experiments, it is presented a process analysis that demonstrates the steps necessary to ensure the quality of papers produced.

The method of peer response has become an important part in process oriented writing classes and is often used at universities, but not in upper secondary school. The aim of this paper is to investigate how students in upper secondary school react when introduced to peer response, and whether or not they find it a beneficial way of working when trying to improve their writing. The aim is also to find out if the students’ texts improve as a result of a peer response session. The results of my investigation show that the majority of the students who participated had positive reactions when introduced to peer response. All students agreed that the method was beneficial to improving their texts. Furthermore, according to the teacher, who read both the first and final versions of the texts, many of the students improved their texts enough after peer response to raise their grades. This confirms that peer response is, in fact, a good method to use when trying to improve students’ writing. However, even though the majority of the participants were positive to the idea of using peer response again, there were some students who prefer that only the teacher reads their assignments. This could be due to a lack of confidence concerning their own abilities or the fact that some texts are perceived as too personal and private. There will often be students who do not like to share their writing but the method could be modified and adapted to the situation of each class. Peer response can be combined with teacher response, or the groups can be reduced to pairs of two persons.

Pour la première fois dans l’histoire de l’écriture, plusieurs personnes peuvent modifier au même moment et à distance le même document. Cette nouvelle pratique d’écriture rendue possible par la technologie numérique est l’écriture numérique collaborative synchrone. La question que pose cette recherche est celle de savoir comment des textes cohérents et lisibles peuvent émerger de tels dispositifs. De plus, les textes qui résultent de ces pratiques semblent difficilement pouvoir être réduits à des intentions de communication qui préexisteraient « dans la tête » des participants. Le texte émerge au sein même des situations et cela soulève la question méthodologique de savoir comment rendre compte de ces émergences. Cette thèse propose par conséquent d’explorer une manière de l’aborder : une enquête de type pragmatiste, et plus spécifiquement, une approche transactionnelle. Elle se caractérise par l’exigence de penser la relation dans sa dimension constitutive en ne présupposant rien des entités avant leur mise en situation. Elle implique en outre de toujours tenir pour provisoires et révisables toutes les descriptions que l’on peut donner d’une situation. Il s’agit d’une approche philosophique dont une opérationnalisation en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication est ici proposée. Elle est mise en œuvre pour deux catégories de terrains : des situations de production d’argumentation en contexte pédagogique et des situations de production de comptes-rendus collaboratifs présentiels. Cette mise à l’épreuve permet de conclure à l’intérêt de poursuivre cette enquête selon une approche transactionnelle et d’esquisser un modèle d’analyse destiné à faciliter sa poursuite. / For the first time in the history of writing, several people can edit the same document at the same time and from a distance. This new writing practice, made possible by digital technology, is called synchronous collaborative digital writing. The question posed by this research is how a consistent and readable text can emerge from such systems. In addition, the texts that result from these practices can hardly be reduced to communication intentions that pre-exist "in the head" of the participants. The text emerges within the situations. This raises the methodological question of how to account for this emergence. This thesis therefore offers to explore a way to tackle it: a pragmatist type of investigation, and more specifically, a transactional approach. It is characterized by the need to think the relationship in its constitutive dimension without presupposing any of the entities prior to their entry in situation. It also implies that all of the descriptions of a given situation always have to be considered as provisional and subject to revision. Here, an operationalization of this philosophical approach is proposed in the field of Information and Communication Sciences. It is implemented for two categories of case studies: situations of production of argumentation in an educational context and situations of collaborative production of meeting reports. This experimentation makes it possible to conclude that it would be interesting to continue this investigation in a transactional approach and it outlines an analysis model to facilitate this pursuit.

abstract: This dissertation explores the nature of collaborative writing in an interdisciplinary research context beyond classrooms. Most of the current studies in collaborative writing in second language contexts are based on collaborative writing in classroom-based contexts such as English as a Second Language courses with undergraduate students. Collaborative writing tasks are getting its popularity both in classrooms and beyond classrooms with various purposes and objectives. Thus, it is more likely that multilingual writers encounter some kinds of collaborative writing tasks in various contexts. For writing instructors and writing curriculum developers, it is important to understand various types of collaborative writing tasks and their writing practices. The current study investigates the nature of collaborative writing in an interdisciplinary collaborative research project. The study examines the processes of a multilingual writer’s literacy development in collaborative writing tasks. Based on a qualitative case study, the study focuses on identifying what literate activities were involved in, what effects from the writing collaboration were observed, and what factors influenced this multilingual writer’s writing development. I analyzed various sources of data such as writing samples, writing journal notes, observation fieldnotes, project documents, and the interviews from the focal participant, the graduate student, and two other co-authors as informants in the study. Based on a multilingual writer’s perspective, the findings show what the collaborative writing practices look like in an interdisciplinary research setting. The findings indicate that a multilingual writer’s writing skills were constantly evolving while interacting with collaborators through various phases of collaborative writing. Particularly tasks in collaborative revision process such as mediating the gaps between co-authors and responding to research members were crucial in developing awareness for audience and content organization. Drawing on a naturalistic qualitative study, this dissertation discusses that studies of collaborative writing in second language learning contexts needs to provide broader perspective and aspects of collaborative writing in various settings that multilingual writers engage in. The research concludes with a discussion of pedagogical implications, limitations of the study and future research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2019

This study explores to what extent frequent language-related episodes aid language acquisition through collaborative writing tasks for L2 learners. Recent research drawingupon established theories such as Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, including the concepts of the zone of proximal development, the more knowledgeable other, and negotiation of meaning indicates that collaborative writing is beneficial for L2 learners (Watanabe & Swain, 2007; Storch, 2011; Swain & Watanabe, 2012). According to The Swedish National Agency of Education, Skolverket (2018), the teacher is responsible for developing the students’ all- round communicative competence in English. Collaborative writing is one approach that may help the students acquire that competence. However, there is some degree of debate regarding the pairing together of interlocutors who are at varying proficiency levels. That is, some scholars argue that a more knowledgeable other may scaffold the less proficient peer, while others argue that the teacher should not pair together learners who are at different proficiency levels. Furthermore, there are a limited number of studies that focus particularly on secondary school L2 learners. As a result, we investigate what implications the results of L2 learners in control and experimental groups in higher education have for secondary school learners as well.

This study investigates whether course books as well as English teachers at Swedish uppersecondary schools give students opportunities to learn and work together during writtengroup assignments. Six course books for Swedish upper secondary are investigated. Thesebooks are evenly distributed between the courses English 5 and 6. Additionally, five Englishteachers were interviewed. Method wise, a content analysis is applied for both thecoursebooks as well as the transcripts from the interviews. Furthermore, the data isanalysed through the usage of phenomenography where the study aims to summarize theteachers’ perspectives on written group assignments. The results show that three of theexamined course books included group writing assignments. In addition, the results showthat two of the five participating teachers regularly use group writing assignments.Furthermore, all the participating teachers mentioned that they value the importance ofletting their students learn from one another and being equally invested during group work.

abstract: This project emphasizes a complex, holistic, and additive view of content knowledge in the Discipline of Writing, advocating for balanced and affirming scholarship and pedagogy rather than a competitive approach that leads to an epistemology of erasure. As a composite project, the introduction contextualizes three articles linked by their articulation of holistically and additively thinking for students and scholars in the discipline of writing, preparing the reader to see the rhetorical steps that I attempt to take in each article along these lines. Article 1, “The Collaborative Work of Composition,” uses Marxian language of production to highlight the complexities of collaborative writing in a social microcosm drawing focus to the difficulties some students have collaborating, particularly those of linguistic and cultural minority groups, because they or their collaborators struggle to adopt an additive valuing system to position themselves and one another as part of a team with varying strengths. In Article 2, “An Integrative Translingual Pedagogy of Affirmation,” I build on this valuing of writers by advocating for an affirming pedagogy that allows teachers to help students see the complexity and value of their shared languages and their individual (L)anguage as well as the identity connected to these. Article 3, “Familia Académica: Translingual History and the Epistemology of Erasure,” draws on a deep and overlooked history that provides a more complex holistic lens for the current socio-politics of the discipline of Writing’s interaction with the translingual approach, re-orienting to a more additive blend of the extreme perspectives that key scholars have taken between second language writing and translingual writing. Finally, the last section of the dissertation acts as a metaconstruction of the discipline of Writing, pointing to moments within the previous three articles that indicate a sustained effort to complicate binaries and then provide an alternate symbiosis of scholarly perspectives for disciplinary discourse and identity in Writing. Most importantly though, the final section of the dissertation synthesizes the partial approaches introduced in the previous three articles which inform my understanding of disciplinarity. Further, this final section attempts to find equity in the variety of partial approaches developed in the previous articles and which I have since matured into what I call the 8 Aspects of Writing. The 8 aspects and their components move beyond individual issues presented in each article and synthesize a more holistic, additive, and systematic model of defining the content knowledge for the discipline of Writing. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2019

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