Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

abstract: While incarceration can be detrimental for inmates, the children of prisoners can suffer from behavioral issues, poor school performance, and a higher risk of crime and delinquency across the life-course. Separation from one's family is part of what makes incarceration a punishment, but what can be done to ensure that this punishment has the least harmful effect on children? Prison visitation presents an intriguing opportunity to lessen the potential harms of parental incarceration. Using data from the Arizona Prison Visitation Project (APVP), the current study focuses on inmates who were parents to minor children and seeks to determine: 1) do different types and different amounts of prison contact (in-person, phone, and mail) correlate with changes in the quality of parent-child relationships and 2) does a change in parent-child relationship quality correlate with a change in child behavior. The results from the analysis suggest that visitation and mail contact are associated with positive increases in parent-child relationship quality. Also, positive changes in parent-child relationship quality were associated with a decrease in the odds of children having behavioral problems during incarceration. This study provides some support for the ability that prison contact can have to increase relationship quality, which in turn, may decrease the presence of behavioral issues in the children of incarcerated parents. Future directions in policy should consider measures to subsidize or refund contact costs, encourage contact between parents and their children, and involve children in in-prison programming designed to improve contact and relationships between parents and their children. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2017

La Multidrug resistance Protein 1 (MRP1) est impliquée dans le phénotype de résistance multiple aux médicaments (MDR) des cellules cancéreuses. Les substrats physiologiques de MRP1 comprennent notamment le glutathion (GSH). Certains médicaments anti-cancéreux tels que la doxorubicine sont co-transportés avec le glutathion. Pour contourner le phénotype MDR induit par MRP1, nous proposons une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique basée sur la sensibilité collatérale (SC) des cellules résistantes surexprimant MRP1. Certains composés, comme le vérapamil, provoquent la mort sélective des cellules résistantes (les cellules témoins ne sont pas affectées) en stimulant l'efflux du glutathion médié par MRP1. La déplétion intracellulaire très rapide et très forte du glutathion induit probablement un stress oxydatif déclenchant la mort cellulaire. Nous avons identifié de nouveaux agents de sensibilité collatérale puissants in vitro et nous avons montré l'effet du meilleur composé sur la réduction de la croissance des tumeurs chimiorésistantes chez la souris. Nous avons étudié le mécanisme moléculaire d'action des agents de SC et identifié un résidu, localisé dans une région inattendue, impliqué dans la stimulation de l'efflux de glutathion induit par ces molécules / Multidrug resistance Protein 1 (MRP1) is involved in the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype of cancer cells. Physiological substrates of MRP1 include glutathione (GSH) and drugs such as doxorubicin are co-transported with glutathione. To circumvent the MDR phenotype induced by MRP1, we propose a new therapeutic strategy based on collateral sensitivity (CS) of resistant cell expressing MRP1, its overexpression becoming the Achilles heel of the cell. Some compounds, like verapamil, act as MRP1 modulators. They trigger selective death of resistant cells (control cells are not affected) by stimulating MRP1-mediated glutathione efflux. The fast and huge intracellular depletion of glutathione probably induces an oxidative stress triggering cell death. We identified new potent collateral sensitivity agents in vitro and we checked the effect of the strongest compound on reducing resistant tumor growth in nude mice. We studied the molecular mechanism of action of CS agents and identified an unexpected residue involved in the stimulation of glutathione efflux induced by these molecules

Embora o mercado de crédito imobiliário no Brasil tenha se expandido nos últimos anos, sua participação no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) está muito abaixo do percentual encontrado em outros países em desenvolvimento. Com isso, o país continua apresentando déficits habitacionais significativos, problema este que tem maior impacto nas famílias de menor renda. Este estudo pretende analisar o impacto da Lei no 10.931, de agosto de 2004, que incluiu a figura jurídica de alienação fiduciária do bem imóvel no ordenamento jurídico nos contratos de financiamento habitacional do Brasil, avaliando a evolução destes para diferentes grupos de mutuários. É consenso na literatura que o mercado de crédito apresenta certas particularidades, como os problemas de informação e comprometimento limitado, especificidades estas que podem gerar racionamento de crédito. Avanços institucionais que alterem os parâmetros dos contratos, e que aumentem a segurança jurídica dos credores podem ajudar no desenvolvimento do mercado de crédito, amenizando estes problemas, e tornando o crédito mais acessível para todos os tipos de mutuários, / Although the real estate market in Brazil has been expanding in recent years, its share in Gross Domestic Product (GPD) is significantly below the percentage found in other developing countries. Because of this, the country continues to present significant housing deficits. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Law no 10.931, from august 2004, which included the legal concept of fiduciary property in the legal system in contracts for the real estate market, comparing the evolution of these contracts for different groups of borrowers. There is a consensus that the credit market has certain peculiarities, such as information problems and limited commitment, which can generate credit rationing. Institutional improvements that alter the parameters of the contracts, and increase legal certainty for creditors may help in the development of the credit market, mitigating these problems, and making credit more accessible for all kinds of borrowers,

No description available.

Microfinance Performance and Social Capital: A Cross-country AnalysisThis paper investigates the relationship between the extent to which social capital formation is facilitated within different societies, and the financial and social performance of MFIs. We carry out a cross-country analysis on a dataset containing 100 countries. We identify different social dimensions that we use as proxies for how easy social capital can be developed in different countries, and we hypothesize that microfinance is more successful, both in terms of their financial and social aims, in societies that are more conducive to the development of social capital. Our empirical results support our hypothesis. / Defining Social Collateral in Microfinance Group Lending: Microfinance group lending with joint liability allows asset-poor individuals to replace physical collateral by social collateral. This paper provides a theoretical framework to evaluate the impact of social collateral pledged by group borrowers on group lending repayment. We take into account the external ties of group borrowers, i.e. the social ties linking borrowers to non-borrowers from their community, whereas previous work in this field has looked solely at internal ties (i.e. ties between group members). Our model stresses the impact of network configuration on the amount of social capital pledged as collateral. It shows why the group lending methodology works better in rural areas than in urban areas, namely because rural social networks are typically denser than urban ones, which results in higher social collateral. / The Economic Value of Social Capital:Empirical studies on the importance of social capital for poor households show divergent outcomes. This divergence may stem from the lack of a conceptual framework for capturing the social capital dimensions that deliver economic value to individuals. This paper defines individual social capital from an economic perspective and proposes a measurement based on the two dimensions of individual social capital that bring economic value to individuals: (1) informal risk insurance arrangements and (2) information advantages that arise from personal social networks. Using this measurement, I present a numerical application to argue that differing network configurations drive asymmetry of social interactions among individuals. / Social Capital and the Repayment of Microfinance Group Lending: A Case Study of Pro Mujer Mexico:In this paper, we investigate how social networks of group borrowers come into play in joint liability group lending. We use a large, original dataset with 802 mapped social networks of borrowers from Pro Mujer Mexico. We are the first to examine external ties, that is, social ties with individuals outside the borrowing group. We have two main findings. First, borrowers with stronger informal risk insurance arrangements are in better economic shape and have a higher capacity to pay than borrowers with weaker informal risk insurance arrangements. Second, borrowers who pledge valuable ties as social collateral have fewer repayment problems. We postulate that borrowers receive effective help from their ties in cases of need. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctor Educationis / This study looks at the effect of a cross-cultural instructional approach on the learners’ conceptions of lightning and attitude towards science. It explored Basotho conceptions of lightning and thunder under the following themes: nature of lightning, protection against lightning, animalistic/humanistic behaviour of lighting and nature of wounds inflicted by lightning.

AFRIKAANS: Die doel van die proefskrif is ‘n ondersoek van die verskynsel van voordeel-toerekening en die ontwikkeling van ‘n betroubare voordeeltoerekeningsleer. Gevolglik word ‘n ondersoek na die bestaan, die klassifikasie en die grondslag van die toerekenbaarheid van voordele teenoor die skadevergoedingsaanspraak gedoen. Hiermee saam word ook ‘n ondersoek na sekere vergelykbare aspekte in die Engelse, Nederlandse en Australiese reg onderneem. Voordeeltoerekening verwys in die breë na daardie beoordelingsproses waarby gunstige newewerkings, as gevolg van die skadestigtende gebeurtenis, ten aansien van moontlike inagneming daarvan by die bepaling van skadevergoeding beoordeel word. ‘n Voordeel kan gesien word as ‘n gunstige newewerking as gevolg van ‘n skade- of voordeelstigtende gebeurtenis wat die benadeelde se vermoë vermeerder of meebring dat die vermoë nie verder verminder nie. Daar kan vandag geredelik aanvaar word dat daar geen enkele teorie is om voordeeltoerekening te verklaar nie. By bepaling van skadevergoeding behoort daar altyd vir die bestaan van verrekenbare voordele getoets te word. As vertrekpunt moet die voordeel 'n feitelike kousale verband met die skadestigtende gebeurtenis vertoon. Sou die voordeel nie in hierdie feitelike kousale verband staan nie, is die gevolg daarvan dat die voordeel as res inter alios acta of as kollateraal beskou kan word. Voordele wat wel aan die feitelike kousaliteitstoets voldoen, word nie summier verreken nie. Hierdie voordele word aan 'n verdere norm beoordeel. Die toerekeningsnorm word in die algemeen in beginsels van openbare beleid gevind. Openbare beleid is uiteraard 'n vae begrip waaraan ‘n meer konkrete inhoud en betekenis verleen moet word. Openbare beleid kan gesien word as verteenwoordigend van elemente soos redelikheid, billikheid en regverdigheid. Hierdie elemente moet teen die agtergrond van die bestaan van die behoeftes van die eiser, die verweerder, die bron van die voordeel en die gemeenskap se belange toegepas word. Hiervolgens kan voordele toegereken word, indien die vereistes van redelikheid, billikheid en regverdigheid dit dikteer. Dit is nodig om die voordeeltoerekeningsleer van 'n vaste teoretiese fondament te voorsien ten einde aan die voordeeltoerekeningsleer betekenis en praktiese werking te verleen. In die praktyk het die teoretiese onderbou en die aard van die verskillende voordele meegebring dat kasuïstiese voordeelklasse ontstaan het. Hierdie voordeelklasse kan volgens die aard en die kenmerke daarvan weer in voordeelgroepe toegedeel word. Elke voordeelgroep besit sy eiesoortige teoretiese kenmerke waaraan die voordeel getoets kan word vir kategorisering en die moontlike toerekening daarvan teenoor die skadevergoedingsaanspraak. Vyf voordeelgroeperings kan vir doeleindes van voordeeltoerekening onderskei word. Eerstens is daar pseudovoordele. Hierdie voordele is nie egte toerekenbare voordele nie maar is deel van die skadeberekeningsproses. Tweedens is daar kwantifiseringsvoordele wat ook nie egte voordeeltoerekeningsvoordele is nie maar algemene faktore of elemente behorende tot die skadevergoedingsreg ten einde skade meer akkuraat te bereken. As sodanig vorm hierdie faktore ook deel van die skadeberekeningsmaatstaf. Derdens word aanpassingsvoordele as egte voordeel-toerekeningsvoordele onderskei. Dit is voordele waarmee die voorlopige skade-vergoedingsbedrag aangepas word, ten einde die finale skadevergoedingsbedrag te kan bereken. Vierdens word skadebeperkingsvoordele geïdentifiseer. Dit is voordele wat na die skadestigtende gebeurtenis ontstaan en wat meebring dat die omvang van die skade beperk word. Hierdie voordele kan of aanpassingsvoordele of voordele behorende tot die korrekte skadeberekeningsmaatstaf wees. Vyfdens word kollaterale voordele onderskei. Dit is voordele wat na oorweging van 'n moontlike toerekening, nie tot die skadevergoeding toegereken word nie. Hierdie groepering is 'n blote resultaat van die nie-toerekening van die voordeel. Hierdie groeperings neem nie die plek van die reeds geïdentifiseerde voordeel-klasse in nie maar bestaan oorhoofs daartoe. Ten einde die hedendaagse diversiteit van voordele binne die raamwerk van 'n voordeeltoerekeningsleer te kan akkommodeer, is dit noodsaaklik om voordele te kategoriseer. ’n Voordeel kan dualisties gekategoriseer word na aanleiding van die individuele aard of karakter van die spesifieke voordeel en ook na die oorhoofse groepering daarvan. Hierdie kategorisering het tot gevolg dat voordeelklasse ontwikkel het na aanleiding van die soortgelyke aard van die voordele. Daar kan aan die voordeelklasse 'n eiesoortige identiteit gegee word wat 'n bepaalde klas van 'n ander klas kan onderskei. Uit die klassifikasie van voordele word riglyne aan die praktyk verskaf wat as beoordelingsmaatstaf kan dien, waaraan voordele ten opsigte van die toereken-baarheid daarvan in die sfeer van die skadevergoedingsaanspraak beoordeel kan word. So word erkenning aan die behoefte en die bestaan van 'n selfstandige voordeeltoerekeningsleer verleen. ENGLISH: The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is the examination of the phenomena of collateral benefits and the development of a reliable collateral benefit doctrine. Hence the inquiry into the existence, the classification and the basis for accounting of benefits against a claim for damages. Simultaneously an investigation is also undertaken regarding certain comparable issues in the English, Dutch and Australian legal systems. Collateral benefits in a wide sense refer to an evaluating process whereby the positive side-effects, caused by a damage-causing event, are being evaluated in respect of a possible deduction thereof against a claim for damages. A benefit can be seen as a positive side-effect as result of a damage or benefit-causing event which produces an increase of the injured person’s patrimony or is the cause that there is no further reduction in the value of the person’s patrimony. It can readily be accepted these days that there is no single norm or theory that adequately defines the doctrine of collateral benefits. It is therefore necessary, whenever damages are to be determined to test for the presence of accountable benefits. As point of departure the benefit must have a factual causal nexus between the benefit and the damage-causing event. The benefit can be regarded as being res inter alios acta or as collateral if it does not comply with the requirements of factual causation. Benefits which do comply with factual causation are not set off forthwith. These benefits must be evaluated against a further norm. The accounting norm is generally to be found in principles of public policy. Public policy is naturally a vague concept which requires a more concrete content and meaning. Public policy can be seen as comprising elements such as reasonableness, equity and justice. These elements must be applied against the backdrop of the needs of the plaintiff, the defendant, the source of the benefit and the interests of the community at large. Benefits can therefore be set off if the requirements of reasonableness, equity and justice are met. It is necessary to support the doctrine of collateral benefits with a sound theoretical basis with a view of giving the doctrine content and practical functionality. The theoretical basis and the nature of the various benefits resulted in practicable casuistic classes of benefits. These benefit classes can, according to their nature and characteristics, be divided in benefit groupings. Each benefit group has its own theoretical features whereby the benefit can be tested for categorizing and the possible set off against a claim for damages. Five groups of benefits can be distinguished for purposes of benefit accounting. The first are pseudo-benefits and are not real accountable benefits but are part of the process of establishing the actual damage. Secondly, there are quantifying benefits which are also not proper accounting benefits but general factors or elements which generally belong to the area of the law of damages and which are relevant in quantifying damage more accurately. These factors also form part of the measure of quantifying damage. Thirdly, it is possible to distinguish adjustment benefits as real accounting benefits. These are the benefits that adjust the provisional amount of damages with a view to calculating the final amount. Mitigating benefits can, fourthly, be distinguished. These benefits originate after the damage-causing event and limit the damage. These benefits can either be adjusting benefits or benefits allied to the applicable measure of damage. Then, fifthly, there are collateral benefits. These are those benefits that, after due consideration of a possible set off, are not accounted against damages. This group is a mere result of the non-accounting of the benefits. These groupings do not replace the classes already identified but are present in a superior position. It is necessary to categorize benefits to accommodate the diversity of them at the present time within the framework of the doctrine of collateral benefits. A benefit can be categorised dualistically in terms of the basis of the individual nature or character of the specific benefit as well as to its overhead grouping. This classification arranges the various classes of benefits on the basis of their similarity regarding the nature of the benefits. Each benefit class can be given a distinctive identity which distinguishes it from the other classes. Due to the classification of benefits a guideline can be provided to the legal practice that can be used as a measure to evaluate benefits for accounting against a claim for damages. On this basis acknowledgement is furnished for the requirements and existence of an independant collateral benefits doctrine. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Private Law / unrestricted

La voie olivocérébelleuse (OCP) comprend les fibres grimpantes (CFs), terminaisons axonales des neurones de l'olive inferieure (ION), et leurs cibles, les cellules de Purkinje (PCs). La OCP suit une topographie hautement organisée. A la suite d'une lesion unilatérale de la OCP mature, l'application locale du facteur trophique ‘BDNF’ dans le hemicervelet dénervé induit la reinnervation fonctionnelle des PCs par les CFs. L'objectif de ce travail a était de comprendre les mécanismes activés par le BDNF permettant la plasticité post-lésionnelle dans le OCP mature. Avec un modèle ex vivo chez la souris, nous avons montré que l’injection de BDNF dans le cervelet dénervé augmente la croissance des branchements transverses des CFs intactes. Cette réponse est médiée par l'augmentation de l’expression de Pax3 dans l'ION intact. La surexpression du Pax3 dans l’ION augmente le niveau de PSA-NCAM dans le hemicervelet dénervé, probablement sur les CFs. Cette expression de PSA-NCAM est nécessaire et suffisante pour la réinnervation CF-PC. Nous proposons que la plasticité activée par le BDNF dans l'OCP mature implique le Pax3 et le PSA-NCAM dans l’ION, qui sous-tendent la genèse des branchements des CFs et la reconnaissance correcte des PC dénervés. Pendant le développement de la OCP, la plasticité post-lésionnelle spontanée est plus importante, permettant la compensation anatomique et fonctionnelle. Dans notre modèle ex vivo au stade immature, nous avons montré que cette plasticité spontanée implique l'expression de Pax3 et de PSA-NCAM. Ces résultats suggèrent que la reinnervation post-lésionnelle dans la OCP mature active certains mécanismes de la plasticité développementale. / In the olivocerebellar pathway (OCP) the afferent climbing fibres (CFs), which are the terminal axon projections of the inferior olivary nucleus (ION), innervate cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). Following unilateral transection of mature OCP, the addition of the neurotrophic factor BDNF into the denervated cerebellum induces functional CF reinnervation of PCs. What mechanism underlies the BDNF-activated plastic window in the mature OCP and whether recapitulates developmental plasticity remains unknown. Using an optimized ex vivo model of the mouse OCP, we have found that the addition of BDNF into the de-afferented hemicerebellum induces both the outgrowth and elongation of transverse branches from intact CFs. This BDNF-induced plastic response is mediated by the up-regulation of the expression of transcription factor Pax3 in the intact ION. Increased pax3 gene in the ION up-regulates polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), most likely in the olivocerebellar axons, which was found to be necessary and sufficient for CF reinnervation to PCs. We propose that the BDNF-activated plastic mechanism in the mature OCP involves the afferent Pax3 and PSA-NCAM, which underlies the sprouting of CFs and their appropriate recognition of denervated PCs. Early postnatal OCP shows a spontaneous plasticity following lesion that compensates anatomically and functionally for PC denervation. Using our ex vivo model of the OCP, we found that developmental post-lesion plasticity intrinsically activates and depends on the expression of Pax3 and PSA-NCAM. These results suggest that BDNF treatment in mature OCP reactivates some steps of developmental plasticity mechanisms.

The real estate appraisal within the banking industry is a specific discipline. Hence, there is a lack of theoretical background, especially in the Czech language. The aim of this work has two main parts. Firstly, there are analysed potential valuation bases and concrete approaches which are offered. Secondly, it is focused on practical determination the market value and the collateral value of the real property, regarding the current approaches using in the Czech banking industry.