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Why are There 'Lazy' Ants? How Worker Inactivity can Arise in Social Insect ColoniesCharbonneau, Daniel, Charbonneau, Daniel January 2016 (has links)
"All cold-blooded animals and a large number of warm-blooded ones spend an unexpectedly large proportion of their time doing nothing at all, or at any rate, nothing in particular." (Elton 1927) Many animals are remarkably "lazy", spending >50% of their waking hours "resting" . This is common across all taxa, ecologies, and life histories, including what are commonly considered to be highly industrious animals: the social insects (e.g., Aesop's Fable 'The Grasshopper and the Ant'). This dissertation broadly seeks to explain a phenomenon that has long been observed, but never adequately addressed, by asking: 'why are there 'lazy' ants?' First, I established that inactivity was a real and ecologically relevant phenomenon in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus by testing whether inactivity was a lab artifact. I then showed that inactive workers comprise a behaviorally distinct group of workers that are commonly overlooked in studies looking at colony function, though they typically represent at least half of the individuals within social insect colonies. I then tested a set of mutually non-exclusive hypotheses explaining inactivity in social insects: that (1) inactivity is a form of social "cheating" in which egg-laying workers selfishly invest in their own reproduction rather than contribute to colony fitness, (2) inactive workers comprise a pool of reserve workers used to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in colony workload, (3) inactivity is the result of physiological constraints on worker age such that young and old workers may less active due to inexperience/physical vulnerability, and physiological deterioration respectively, (4) inactive workers are performing an as-yet unidentified function, such as playing a role in communication and acting as food stores, or repletes, and that (5) inactive workers represent the 'slow' end of intra-nest variation in worker 'pace-of-life'. Inactivity is linked to worker age, reproduction, and a potential function as food stores for the colony. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and in fact, likely form a 'syndrome' of behaviors common to inactive social insect workers. Their simultaneous contribution to worker inactivity may explain the difficulty in finding a simple answer to this deceptively simple question.
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Promoting Women’s Empowerment Through Grassroots Solidarity: A Case Study of Mothers’ Associations in BeninRouhani, Leva 16 August 2021 (has links)
In Benin, women in general and rural women in particular are central to the development and sustenance of the household, community, and society at large. Yet, often, they lack the agency, as a result of limited education, life skills, and resources, to contribute to community development, or the structures in place (laws, religious beliefs, policies, and institutions) limit women’s ability to participate in community development. As a result of their limited agency and the unequal structures in society, women in Benin have often been denied participation in decisions around education, health, economy, and agriculture. While women are key actors in all these sectors, they are often not represented sufficiently in the discussions that shape their lives. Women in Benin have collectively organized into associations to address these issues. Associations such as Mothers Associations (MAs) in Benin, have emerged with the specific purpose of improving the education of their daughters. MAs function under the umbrella of Parent Associations (PAs) to address issues of particular concern to girl students. While PAs have helped to improve basic education by putting pressure on school administrators and political leaders to address the quality of schools, these associations have been primarily male dominated, rarely identifying the specific barriers to education for girls.
My dissertation has three main objectives: to assess how MAs in Benin have collectively mobilized to enhance the quality of education for schoolgirls; to determine whether MA activities and mobilization efforts have led to women’s empowerment and influence within their respective communities; and to examine whether MAs have had an impact on changing harmful social norms. Overall, the objective of this research is to examine how members of the MAs have used their collective agency to enhance gender equality within the school and community life. Through a critical feminist approach and applying a socio-ecological model, I examine the process in which African women have mobilized, collaborated, and advocated for girls’ education in ways that subtly undermine the harmful relations of power that govern their position in society.
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Para além da costura: trabalho imigrante e organização coletiva na metrópole / Beyond the sewing: immigrant work and collective organization in the metropolisGuirado Neto, José 07 October 2014 (has links)
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central apresentar e analisar diferentes aspectos da busca por melhores condições de vida por parte dos imigrantes bolivianos que se dedicam à costura na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Desse modo, o cerne da discussão desenvolvida ao longo dos três capítulos que compõe esta dissertação foi que, após migrarem para o Brasil, o trabalho em confecção precário e mal remunerado tem se mostrado incapaz de, isoladamente, proporcionar uma situação de vida satisfatória a grande parte desses imigrantes e, como resposta, recentemente, imigrantes bolivianos tem assumindo uma postura mais atuante e se organizaram em cooperativas e associações, firmaram parcerias e conseguiram apoio de ONGs, sindicatos e outras entidades para reivindicar direitos e garantias. Nesse sentido, nossa hipótese é que as manifestações promovidas pelos imigrantes que tomaram as ruas de São Paulo simbolizam avanço da participação social da comunidade boliviana na cidade. Essas questões foram trabalhadas a partir de uma divisão heurística tripartite formada pela imigração, o trabalho e as reivindicações em prol de direitos, garantias e melhorias nos âmbitos social, político, legal e simbólico que corresponderia à base da busca por melhores condições de vida no interior desse grupo. / This research has as main objective present and analyze the pursuit for better conditions of life by the Bolivian immigrants who work at apparel industries in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Thus, the central point of the discussion developed over the three chapters that compose this dissertation was that after migrating to Brazil, the work in apparel workshop precarious and poorly paid has been alone unable to provide a satisfactory life situation for the great majority of these immigrants. Recently, in response Bolivian immigrants have taken a more active stance and organized themselves into cooperatives, associations, partnerships have been signed, and support achieved from several NGOs, trade unions and others to claim rights and guarantees. In this sense, our hypothesis is that the protests promoted by immigrants that took place into São Paulos streets symbolize an advancement of social participation of the Bolivian community in the city. We addressed these questions from a heuristic tripartite division formed by immigration, work and claims in favor of rights, safeguards and improvements in, political, legal, social and symbolic spheres that correspond to the base of the pursuit for better conditions of life within that group.
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Para além da costura: trabalho imigrante e organização coletiva na metrópole / Beyond the sewing: immigrant work and collective organization in the metropolisJosé Guirado Neto 07 October 2014 (has links)
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central apresentar e analisar diferentes aspectos da busca por melhores condições de vida por parte dos imigrantes bolivianos que se dedicam à costura na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Desse modo, o cerne da discussão desenvolvida ao longo dos três capítulos que compõe esta dissertação foi que, após migrarem para o Brasil, o trabalho em confecção precário e mal remunerado tem se mostrado incapaz de, isoladamente, proporcionar uma situação de vida satisfatória a grande parte desses imigrantes e, como resposta, recentemente, imigrantes bolivianos tem assumindo uma postura mais atuante e se organizaram em cooperativas e associações, firmaram parcerias e conseguiram apoio de ONGs, sindicatos e outras entidades para reivindicar direitos e garantias. Nesse sentido, nossa hipótese é que as manifestações promovidas pelos imigrantes que tomaram as ruas de São Paulo simbolizam avanço da participação social da comunidade boliviana na cidade. Essas questões foram trabalhadas a partir de uma divisão heurística tripartite formada pela imigração, o trabalho e as reivindicações em prol de direitos, garantias e melhorias nos âmbitos social, político, legal e simbólico que corresponderia à base da busca por melhores condições de vida no interior desse grupo. / This research has as main objective present and analyze the pursuit for better conditions of life by the Bolivian immigrants who work at apparel industries in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Thus, the central point of the discussion developed over the three chapters that compose this dissertation was that after migrating to Brazil, the work in apparel workshop precarious and poorly paid has been alone unable to provide a satisfactory life situation for the great majority of these immigrants. Recently, in response Bolivian immigrants have taken a more active stance and organized themselves into cooperatives, associations, partnerships have been signed, and support achieved from several NGOs, trade unions and others to claim rights and guarantees. In this sense, our hypothesis is that the protests promoted by immigrants that took place into São Paulos streets symbolize an advancement of social participation of the Bolivian community in the city. We addressed these questions from a heuristic tripartite division formed by immigration, work and claims in favor of rights, safeguards and improvements in, political, legal, social and symbolic spheres that correspond to the base of the pursuit for better conditions of life within that group.
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Trade Unions at a Crossroads : A Qualitative Case Study of Blue-Collar Trade Unions and Challenges from Labor MigrationRenström, Charlotte January 2021 (has links)
As a result of the increasing mobility of labor globally, trade unions find themselves at a crossroads. Although labor migration has become a common feature of labor markets, it poses a threat to trade unions’ collective agreements by speeding up the downward pressure on wages and employment conditions. Yet recruiting migrant workers may help unions to reverse the trend of declining membership rates and protect collective agreements. Hence, trade unions must take a position toward labor migration and thus face a range of dilemmas surrounding inclusion. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate trade unions’ development of strategic responses to include migrant workers. The study is conducted in the form of a comparative case study, where seven Swedish blue-collar unions serve as subjects of study. The focus is specifically on the work of local trade union chapters. The main findings include that concrete strategies focusing on the recruitment of migrant workers are rarely in place, and that local union representatives work according to a case-by-case approach. Moreover, sectoral differences do not seem to have any particular influence on trade union practices in this regard.
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Análise da organização coletiva no processo de construção da habitação rural: caso Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP / Analyses of collective organization in the rural housing building process: case rural Settlement Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SPTavares, Simone Fernandes 12 September 2011 (has links)
Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objeto central a questão do provimento da habitação social para a população do campo através de organizações coletivas, em projetos que buscam além da construção de casas. Para tanto, parte da análise de um projeto de grande complexidade, denominado Projeto Sepé Tiaraju - Construção das Casas , no qual foi experimentado um processo participativo, desde a escolha da habitação, a organização para a construção e a gestão das obras. Com o desenrolar das construções, no entanto, toda a organização idealizada inicialmente se perdeu, e foi substituída pelos mais variados conflitos, e por diversas paralisações de obra. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a organização coletiva das famílias do assentamento rural Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP, na construção de 67 habitações, partindo do pressuposto de que existiram diferentes racionalidades que influenciaram e interferiram na organização coletiva no processo de construção das habitações, as quais se referem às características das famílias que compuseram o grupo; à atuação da assessoria técnica; às características do programa de financiamento; e às características de um canteiro de obras em meio rural. A estratégia da pesquisa está baseada em duas metodologias, a pesquisa-ação e o estudo de caso, e se desenvolve a partir da descrição do histórico de construção das casas. A importância da pesquisa está em apontar as distorções decorrentes de projetos como este, os quais, esbarrando em interesses divergentes, e num programa habitacional rígido, acabam por promover processos bastante desgastantes para os todos os envolvidos, comprometendo os seus resultados esperados. / This search work has as its central object the provision of social housing to rural population across collective organizations, in projects that claim for re sults beyond housing construction. For both, it sets off from a complex project called \"Sepé Tiaraju Project - house building\", in which was experienced a participatory process, from the choice of the house, the organization to the construction, until the managements of the construction. With the progress of the constructions, however, the entire organization that was initially conceived was lost, and it was replaced by many conflicts and several work stoppages. In this context, this dissertation has as its objective to analyze the families\' collective organization of the rural settlement Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP, in the process of building 67 houses. The search work has as its presupposition that different rationalities have influenced and interfered in the process building across the collective organization, which refer to the characteristics of families that composed the group; the performance of technical assistance; the characteristics of the financing program; and the characteristics of a construction site in rural areas. The research strategy is based on two methodologies, the \"action research\" and the \"case study research\", and it develops from the description of the historical house construction. The importance of the research is to point out the distortions arising from projects like this, which, running into conflicting interests, and a rigid housing program, ends up promoting a very stressful process for all involved, and affecting their results.
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A implantação da Indicação Geográfica do queijo da Canastra sob as luzes da multifuncionalidade da agricultura: a vaca dos queijos de ouro / The implantation of the Geographical Indication of the Canastra cheese under the lights of the agricultural multifunctionality: the cow of the golden cheesesCrouzoulon, Pierre 11 June 2019 (has links)
Esta dissertação veicula uma análise sobre a organização coletiva em torno da Indicação Geográfica (IG) do Queijo Minas Artesanal da Canastra (MG, Brasil), sua importância, seus limites e desafios. Abordamos o tema em estudo a partir do referencial da multifuncionalidade da agricultura. Com base em diferentes dimensões, este quadro analítico proporciona um olhar sistêmico sobre a cadeia do queijo, seus atores e as estratégias de desenvolvimento territorial. Nesta perspectiva, o estudo pretende examinar tanto a organização social dos protagonistas da IG quanto seus efeitos na gestão dos estabelecimentos agropecuários, na preservação e valorização da cultura local, na segurança do alimento e no meio-ambiente. A abordagem de estudo focalizou o núcleo organizado em torno da IG em relação aos outros atores presentes no território, que não participam desse movimento. Além da documentação (sobretudo legislativa e associativa), a realização de entrevistas com os principais atores da cadeia e a observação participante da associação e dos produtores foram as principais ferramentas de obtenção de dados. Foi discutida a origem do projeto que conduziu ao registro da IG em 2012 pela APROCAN (Associação dos Produtores do Queijo Canastra) à luz da legislação sanitária referente à produção de queijo artesanal de leite cru no Brasil. O Regulamento de Uso do dispositivo IG da Canastra buscou consenso entre segurança do alimento e preservação da tradição e do saber fazer local. Com efeito, a adequação à legislação sanitária vigente constitui um pré-requisito excludente à grande maioria dos pequenos produtores para ingresso na associação responsável da IG. O contexto nacional e regional favoreceu o fortalecimento da APROCAN, que impulsionou rápidas transformações no território em termos de segurança do produto, desenvolvimento de uma identidade sociocultural e valorização econômica do queijo. Em particular, ferramentas e técnicas inovadoras foram incorporadas em diversos graus pelo artesão queijeiro que se reinventa e se valoriza. Assim, a APROCAN é levada a considerar as hibridações do queijo, de maneira a delimitar de forma precisa normas de produção comuns da IG. Esse processo revela novas funções para a organização coletiva. De fato, a valorização econômica do produto num mercado de nicho é limitada a determinado perfil de produtores capazes de arcar com os custos de adequação à legislação. Assim, a inclusão social pelo dispositivo e sua aceitação local enfrentam muitas dificuldades. A multiplicação das barreiras de entrada delimita certo \"padrão da associação\", reforçado pela fragilidade da cultura associativista e à falta de estratégias de inclusão dos produtores de todo o território. Existe uma reciprocidade de valorização do queijo e do território da Canastra, inclusive do seu terroir que é amplamente associado à tipicidade do produto. Entretanto, a identidade cultural e a preservação do ambiente estão questionadas por certas perspectivas de modernização, que mescla o tradicional com progresso e inovação. Portanto, mesmo demonstrando perspectivas promissoras, a organização coletiva da IG ainda não alcança um desenvolvimento territorial que considere as múltiplas funções da agricultura. / This thesis offers an analysis of the collective organization around the Geographical Indication (GI) of the Artisanal Minas Cheese from the Canastra region (MG, Brazil), its importance, limits and challenges. We approach the subject from the viewpoint of the multifunctionality in agriculture. Based on different dimensions, this analytical framework provides a systemic view on the cheese chain, its actors and territorial development strategies. Through this perspective, the study intends to examine both the social organization of the protagonists of GI and its effects on the management of agricultural establishments, the preservation and valorization of local culture, food safety and the environment. The study approach focused the organized nucleus around the GI in relation to the other actors present in the territory, who do not participate of the movement. In addition to the documentation (mainly legislative and associative), interviews with the main actors of the chain and the participant observation of the association and of the producers were the main tools of data collection. It was discussed the origin of the project that led to the registration of the IG in 2012 by APROCAN (Associação dos Produtores do Queijo Canastra) in light of the sanitary legislation regarding the production of artisan cheese made from raw milk in Brazil. The Code of Practice of the Canastra GI device sought consensus between food safety and preservation of tradition and local know-how. In fact, compliance with current sanitary legislation is a pre-requisite that exclude most of small producers from entering the responsible GI association. The national and regional contexts supported the strengthening of APROCAN, which promoted rapid transformations in the region in terms of product safety, the development of a socio-cultural identity and the economic value of cheese. Especially, innovative tools and techniques have been incorporated to various degrees by the artisan cheesemaker who reinvents and values himself. Thus, APROCAN is led to consider the hybridisations of the cheese, so as to precisely delimit common GI production standards. This process reveals new functions for collective organization. In fact, the economic valuation of the product in a niche market is limited to a certain profile of producers able to afford the costs of compliance with the legislation. Thus, social inclusion by the device and its local acceptance face many difficulties. The multiplication of entry barriers delimits a certain \"association pattern\", reinforced by the fragility of the associative habit and the lack of inclusion strategies of the producers of the whole territory. There is a reciprocal valorisation of the cheese and Canastra territory, including its terroir, which is largely associated with the typical product. However, cultural identity and the environmental preservation are questioned by certain perspectives of modernization, which mixes the traditional with progress and innovation. Therefore, even showing promising prospects, the collective organization of the GI still does not reach a territorial development that considers the multiple functions of agriculture.
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Análise da organização coletiva no processo de construção da habitação rural: caso Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP / Analyses of collective organization in the rural housing building process: case rural Settlement Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SPSimone Fernandes Tavares 12 September 2011 (has links)
Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objeto central a questão do provimento da habitação social para a população do campo através de organizações coletivas, em projetos que buscam além da construção de casas. Para tanto, parte da análise de um projeto de grande complexidade, denominado Projeto Sepé Tiaraju - Construção das Casas , no qual foi experimentado um processo participativo, desde a escolha da habitação, a organização para a construção e a gestão das obras. Com o desenrolar das construções, no entanto, toda a organização idealizada inicialmente se perdeu, e foi substituída pelos mais variados conflitos, e por diversas paralisações de obra. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a organização coletiva das famílias do assentamento rural Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP, na construção de 67 habitações, partindo do pressuposto de que existiram diferentes racionalidades que influenciaram e interferiram na organização coletiva no processo de construção das habitações, as quais se referem às características das famílias que compuseram o grupo; à atuação da assessoria técnica; às características do programa de financiamento; e às características de um canteiro de obras em meio rural. A estratégia da pesquisa está baseada em duas metodologias, a pesquisa-ação e o estudo de caso, e se desenvolve a partir da descrição do histórico de construção das casas. A importância da pesquisa está em apontar as distorções decorrentes de projetos como este, os quais, esbarrando em interesses divergentes, e num programa habitacional rígido, acabam por promover processos bastante desgastantes para os todos os envolvidos, comprometendo os seus resultados esperados. / This search work has as its central object the provision of social housing to rural population across collective organizations, in projects that claim for re sults beyond housing construction. For both, it sets off from a complex project called \"Sepé Tiaraju Project - house building\", in which was experienced a participatory process, from the choice of the house, the organization to the construction, until the managements of the construction. With the progress of the constructions, however, the entire organization that was initially conceived was lost, and it was replaced by many conflicts and several work stoppages. In this context, this dissertation has as its objective to analyze the families\' collective organization of the rural settlement Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP, in the process of building 67 houses. The search work has as its presupposition that different rationalities have influenced and interfered in the process building across the collective organization, which refer to the characteristics of families that composed the group; the performance of technical assistance; the characteristics of the financing program; and the characteristics of a construction site in rural areas. The research strategy is based on two methodologies, the \"action research\" and the \"case study research\", and it develops from the description of the historical house construction. The importance of the research is to point out the distortions arising from projects like this, which, running into conflicting interests, and a rigid housing program, ends up promoting a very stressful process for all involved, and affecting their results.
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A ConstruÃÃo da Identidade Ãtnica entre os Quilombolas de Alto Alegre / The Construction of the Ethinic Identity Between the Quilombolas of Alto Alegre.Francisco Herbert Pimentel Monteiro 28 September 2009 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as questÃes de identidade e as tradiÃÃes culturais dos descendentes de escravos que habitam a comunidade quilombola de Alto Alegre localizada no municÃpio de Horizonte na RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza Analiso como moradores de uma comunidade remanescente de quilombo constroem sua identidade negra dentro do grupo e fora dele Nessa discussÃo tomo como ponto de partida o significado de quilombo na atualidade contextualizando o objeto de estudo na busca de esclarecer questÃes concernentes à construÃÃo identitÃria daquele grupo social Assim as prÃticas de construÃÃo da identidade quilombola nÃo podem ser tomadas isoladamente sem levar em consideraÃÃo a importÃncia desses atores na construÃÃo de novas estratÃgias de aglutinaÃÃo e aÃÃo coletiva Muitas dessas construÃÃes identitÃrias sÃo elaboradas visando reformas polÃticas modificando leis e gerando polÃticas sociais Nesse sentido discuto uma identidade re-significada onde se funda um debate em torno da identidade do grupo A busca dessa identidade tambÃm aparece associada a novas estratÃgias de enfretamento com a chegada de crises ao campo rural e do acesso a terra Assim a construÃÃo dessas identidades coletivas à ao mesmo tempo a luta por direitos sociais intimamente ligados a um territÃrio que promovem mudanÃas culturais no interior da vida das comunidades / The main intent of the present study is to analyze some questions about identity and cultural traditions of the descendents of black slaves known as quilombolas at the community of Alto Alegre in Cearà Brazil My focus is in how these residents construct their black identity inside their own social group and outside of it I take as starting point the meaning of quilombo nowadays to contextualize the object of this research The practices of the quilombolas cannot be taken as an isolated factor the contributions of these social actors in different forms of collective agglutinations and actions are up to mention many of them seek political reforms changes in State laws and to generate public politics (including land owning besides the crisis of rural fields) So it is a resignified identity that is in discussion and construction at the same time is a battle for social rights linked to specific territories which promotes cultural changes inside the life of communities
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Art and Youth Culture of the Post-Reformasi Era: Social Engagement, Alternative Expression, and the Public Sphere in YogyakartaBruhn, Katherine L. 12 June 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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