The Stroop Color coding and word test (Stroop, 1935) is a well-known phenomenon investigating cognitive inhibition, cognitive speed, attention and cognitive flexibility. The Stroop effect refers when processing a stimulus while being exposed to another stimuli simultaneous interfering with the first (Scarpina & Tagini, 2017). This study focuses on a performance part of the Stroop color coding and word test and its relation to personality traits in the HEAXCO-PR using the Mini-IPIP6 (Ashton & Lee, 2007; Sibely, 2012). An experiment was conducted with the control group ( N = 30 ) solving a Stroop color coding and word test and the experiment group ( N = 30) being exposed to two stimuli (audio and visual) with purpose to induce stress. The result of an independent t-test indicated that you can manipulate the result of a Stroop test measuring two outcome variables (Time and Error). One-way MANCOVA was performed with the personality traits used as covariates. The analysis indicated that Extraversion had a significant small impact on Time (F (1,52) = 6.872, p = .011 η2 = .117) ) and Openness had an effect on Error (F (1,52) = 3.167, p = .008 η2 = .057). Openness showed a significant effect on error rate in the performance. Extraversion showed significant effect as a covariate on the completion time of the test. Time and Error showed a significant correlation. To establish the relationship between cognitive inhibition and personality more research is required. More research is also required for the result of this theoretical study to potentially become applicable.

<p>Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is used to obtain images showing the vascular system. To detect stenosis, which is narrowing of for example blood vessels, maximum intensity projection (MIP) is typically used. This technique often fails to demonstrate the stenosis if the projection angle is not suitably chosen. To improve identification of this region a color-coding algorithm could be helpful. The color should be carefully chosen depending on the vessel diameter. </p><p>In this thesis a segmentation to produce a binary 3d-volume is made, followed by a distance transform to approximate the Euclidean distance from the centerline of the vessel to the background. The distance is used to calculate the smallest diameter of the vessel and that value is mapped to a color. This way the color information regarding the diameter would be the same from all the projection angles. </p><p>Color-coded MIPs, where the color represents the maximum distance, are also implemented. The MIP will result in images with contradictory information depending on the angle choice. Looking in one angle you would see the actual stenosis and looking in another you would see a color representing the abnormal diameter.</p>

Detta är en studie i hur ett miljörum kan användas för att kommunicera ochunderlätta för användare att sortera sitt avfall. I det långa loppet är målsättningenatt ytterligare motivera och öka deras intresse för källsortering.Till denna studie har ett miljörum tillhörande SGS Studentbostäder i Göteborgvalts ut. För närvarande kommunicerar inte rummet tydligt sitt syfte och har flerabrister som orsakar låg användbarhet.Fokuset i studien har varit att förbättra användbarheten av rummet och också göradet mer attraktivt. Frågeställningen som har besvarats är ”Hur kan ett miljörumutformas så att det på ett effektivt sätt kan kommunicera och underlätta föranvändaren att snabbt sortera rätt och därmed bli mer användbart?”Genom att kombinera resultaten från litteraturstudien och den empiriskaundersökningen har denna studie resulterat i två olika designförslag på detundersökta rummet. Båda designförslagen föreslår hur de problem somidentifierades under den empiriska studien av rummet kan lösas men på lite olikasätt beroende på förutsättningar för det specifika rummet. Den övergripandedesignidén har varit att introducera en tydlig och genomgående färgkodning medomsorg för små detaljer med stor betydelse. / This is a study in how a room for recycling can be designed as a way tocommunicate and make it easier for users to sort their waste. The long-termgoal for the room is to further encourage the users and increase their interestfor recycling. For this study a room for recycling at SGS Studentbostäder inGothenburg has been chosen. Currently, the room does not communicate itspurpose clearly, and has several problems causing low usability.The main focus of this study is to improve the usability of the room, and also tomake it more attractive. The research question that has been answered is “Howcan a recycling room be designed so that it can communicate and make it easierfor the user to quickly and efficiently sort their waste; and thus become moreusable?”By combining the results of both a literature review and empirical investigations,this study have resulted in two different design suggestions for the investigatedroom. Both design suggestions addresses the problems that were identified duringthe empirical study of the room, but in slightly different ways depending on thelevel of change that is wanted by the property owner. The overarching design ideahas been to introduce a clear and thorough color coding, with attention to smalldetails that have big impact.

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is used to obtain images showing the vascular system. To detect stenosis, which is narrowing of for example blood vessels, maximum intensity projection (MIP) is typically used. This technique often fails to demonstrate the stenosis if the projection angle is not suitably chosen. To improve identification of this region a color-coding algorithm could be helpful. The color should be carefully chosen depending on the vessel diameter. In this thesis a segmentation to produce a binary 3d-volume is made, followed by a distance transform to approximate the Euclidean distance from the centerline of the vessel to the background. The distance is used to calculate the smallest diameter of the vessel and that value is mapped to a color. This way the color information regarding the diameter would be the same from all the projection angles. Color-coded MIPs, where the color represents the maximum distance, are also implemented. The MIP will result in images with contradictory information depending on the angle choice. Looking in one angle you would see the actual stenosis and looking in another you would see a color representing the abnormal diameter.

Rates of survival of victims of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) using cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have shown little improvement over the past three decades. Since registered nurses (RNs) comprise the largest group of healthcare providers in U.S. hospitals, it is essential that they are competent in performing the four primary measures (compression, ventilation, medication administration, and defibrillation) of CPR in order to improve survival rates of SCA patients. The purpose of this experimental study was to test a color-coded SMOCK system on:1) time to implement emergency patient care measures 2) technical skills performance 3) number of medical errors, and 4) team performance during simulated CPR exercises. The study sample was 260 RNs (M 40 years, SD=11.6) with work experience as an RN (M 7.25 years, SD=9.42).Nurses were allocated to a control or intervention arm consisting of 20 groups of 5-8 RNs per arm for a total of 130 RNs in each arm. Nurses in each study arm were given clinical scenarios requiring emergency CPR. Nurses in the intervention group wore different color labeled aprons (smocks) indicating their role assignment (medications, ventilation, compression, defibrillation, etc) on the code team during CPR. Findings indicated that the intervention using color-labeled smocks for pre-assigned roles had a significant effect on the time nurses started compressions (t=3.03, p=0.005), ventilations (t=2.86, p=0.004) and defibrillations (t=2.00, p=.05) when compared to the controls using the standard of care. In performing technical skills, nurses in the intervention groups performed compressions and ventilations significantly better than those in the control groups. The control groups made significantly (t=-2.61, p=0.013) more total errors (7.55 SD 1.54) than the intervention group (5.60, SD 1.90). There were no significant differences in team performance measures between the groups. Study findings indicate use of colored labeled smocks during CPR emergencies resulted in: shorter times to start emergency CPR; reduced errors; more technical skills completed successfully; and no differences in team performance.

Multimedia theory has generated a number of principles and guidelines to support computer-based training (CBT) design. However, the cognitive processes responsible for learning, from which these principles and guidelines stem from, are only indirectly derived by focusing on cognitive learning outcome differences. Unfortunately, the effects that cognitive processes have on learning are based on the assumption that cognitive learning outcomes are indicative of certain cognitive processes. Such circular reasoning is what prompted this dissertation. Specifically, this dissertation looked at the notion of referential connections, which is a prevalent cognitive process that is thought to support knowledge acquisition in a multimedia CBT environment. Referential connections, and the related cognitive mechanisms supporting them, are responsible for creating associations between verbal and visual information; as a result, their impact on multimedia learning is theorized to be far reaching. Therefore, one of the main goals of this dissertation was to address the issue of indirectly assessing cognitive processes by directly measuring referential connections to (a) verify the presence of referential connections, and (b) to measure the extent to which referential connections affect cognitive learning outcomes. To achieve this goal, a complete review of the prevalent multimedia theories was brought fourth. The most important factors thought to be influencing referential connections were extracted and cataloged into variables that were manipulated, fixed, covaried, or randomized to empirically examine the link between referential connections and learning. Specifically, this dissertation manipulated referential connections by varying the temporal presentation of modalities and the color coding of instructional material. Manipulating the temporal presentation of modalities was achieved by either presenting modalities simultaneously or sequentially. Color coding manipulations capitalized on pre-attentive highlighting and pairing of elements (i.e., pairing text with corresponding visuals). As such, the computer-based training varied color coding on three levels: absence of color coding, color coding without pairing text and corresponding visual aids, and color coding that also paired text and corresponding visual aids. The modalities employed in the experiment were written text and static visual aids, and the computer-based training taught the principles of flight to naive participants. Furthermore, verbal and spatial aptitudes were used as covariates, as they consistently showed to affect learning. Overall, the manipulations were hypothesized to differentially affect referential connections and cognitive learning outcomes, thereby altering cognitive learning outcomes. Specifically, training with simultaneously presented modalities was hypothesized to be superior, in terms of referential connections and learning performance, to a successive presentation, and color coding modalities with pairing of verbal and visual correspondents was hypothesized to be superior to other forms of color coding. Finally, it was also hypothesized that referential connections would positively correlate with cognitive learning outcomes and, indeed, mediate the effects of temporal contiguity and color coding on learning. A total of 96 were randomly assigned to one of the six experimental groups, and were trained on the principles of flight. The key construct of referential connections was successfully measured with three methods. Cognitive learning outcomes were captured by a traditional declarative test and by two integrative (i.e., knowledge application) tests. Results showed that the two multimedia manipulation impacted cognitive learning outcomes and did so through corresponding changes of related referential connections (i.e., through mediation). Specifically, as predicted, referential connections mediated the impact of both temporal contiguity and color coding on lower- and higher-level cognitive learning outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed in relation to computer-based training design principles and guidelines. Specifically, theoretical implications focus on the contribution that referential connections have on multimedia learning theory, and practical implications are brought forth in terms of instructional design issues. Future research considerations are described as they relate to further exploring the role of referential connections within multimedia CBT paradigms.

PowerPoint is a popular presentation software that is often used in educational settings, however, there is a need for further instruction on how to use the software effectively to facilitate learning. Prior research on the use of PowerPoint in education has been inconclusive as it has been focused on the presence or lack of presence in the classroom, rather than its practical implementation. The current study aims to investigate teachers’ beliefs of using PowerPoint in the classroom, for what purpose they use colors, and image in text in PowerPoint, and to what extent their reported design choices are in line with learning theories related to color, and image and text. To do this, we have interviewed four Swedish ESL teachers and conducted a complimentary survey with 47 ESL teachers. The results show that both survey participants and interviewees considered PowerPoint to be a useful digital tool in the classroom. The survey participants used PowerPoint for language instruction while the interviewees used it for content knowledge. Even if both the survey and interview participants reported practices partially corresponded with current research, it seemed like their design choices were based on instinctive or implicit understanding. With an explicit knowledge of how to design PowerPoint to facilitate learning, teachers could use PowerPoint as a pedagogical tool.

Denna studie är en kandidatuppsats inom området Informationsdesign med fokus på rumslig gestaltning. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka hur man kan underlätta den självständiga navigeringen i vår offentliga miljö för personer med synnedsättning. Hur man kan skapa en tryggare miljö genom informationsdesign i form av taktil wayshowing och färgkodning.  Att självständigt förflytta och röra oss i vår offentliga miljö ser de flesta som en självklarhet. Att sätta sig på tåget, tunnelbanan, eller bussen på väg till jobbet eller skolan, till vänner eller familj, eller bara göra en spontan resa dit du aldrig tidigare åkt inte är något hinder. Denna frihet skapar en gemenskap och tillhörighet i samhället som vi inte reflekterar nämnvärt över. Det finns dock personer som inte känner samma inkludering och trygghet i att göra samma typer av resor som du och jag – bland annat personer med synnedsättning. I dagsläget uppnår denna målgrupp ca 1% av Sveriges befolkning. Här finns dock ett mörkertal, men det är ungefär 100 000 personer som är inskrivna på syncentralen i dagsläget.Urbaniseringen och de växande städerna runt om i världen bidrar till den ekonomiska tillväxten, men även till sociala klyftor. Enligt FN:s hållbarhetsmål nr 11 - Hållbara städer och samhällen, så strävar man efter hållbar stadsutveckling för att skapa en trygg och inkluderande miljö – även för personer med funktionsnedsättningar. I Sverige har vi en arkitekturpolicy, som regeringen tagit fram. Den säger att vår offentliga miljö skall vara anpassad och utformad efter våra behov oavsett funktionsnedsättning och kognitiva förmåga. / This study is a bachelor thesis in the field of Information design with focus on spatial design. The work aims to investigate how to facilitate the independent navigation in our public environment for people with visual impairment. How to create a safer environment through information design in the form of tactile way showing and color coding.Most people take it for granted to move and move independently in our public environment. Getting on the train, subway, or bus on the way to work or school, to friends or family, or just making a spontaneous trip where you have never travel before is no obstacle. This freedom creates a community and belonging in society that we do not reflect significantly on. However, there are people who do not feel the same inclusion and security in making the same types of trips as you and me – people with visual impairment. At present, this target group reaches about 1% of Sweden's population. However, there is a dark figure here, but there are approximately 100,000 people who are currently registered at the vision center. Urbanization and the growing cities around the world contribute to economic growth, but also to social gaps. According to UN Sustainability Goal No. 11 – Sustainable cities and communities, sustainable urban development is strived to create a safe and inclusive environment – even for people with disabilities. In Sweden, we have an architecture policy that the government has developed. It says that our public environment must be adapted and designed according to our needs, regardless of disability and cognitive ability.

Detta är en studie på kandidatnivå inom Informationsdesign med inriktning rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kommunikationen av zoner på ett befintligt aktivitetsbaserat kontor kan stärkas genom användarinvolverande designmetoder. Metoderna ligger till grund för både förståelsen för användarnas behov men även till förståelsen för den befintliga miljön, dess styrkor och utmaningar. Även tidigare forskning och teorier inom informationsdesign och rumslig gestaltning används som en del i att utveckla zonernas kommunikation med särskilt fokus på hur rummets struktur, färg, form och möblering påverkar förståelsen av zonindelningar och dess tänkta aktivitet.     Studien har ett stort fokus på hur användarinvolverande metoder påverkar kontorsmiljöns utformning där platsanalys, semistrukturerade intervjuer samt workshop används med syfte att undersöka användarnas förståelse för den befintliga miljön samt hur rumsliga element så som färg och möbler kan användas för att utveckla kommunikationen av zoner och dess tänkta aktivitet på ett aktivitetsbaserat kontor.   Baserat på tidigare forskning och teorier samt den insamlade data har ett designförslag tagits fram i syfte att ge exempel på hur färg och möbler kan användas för att stärka kommunikationen av zoner och aktiviteter. Tidigare forskning visar att tydligare zonindelningar på ett aktivitetsbaserat kontor kan skapa bättre förutsättningar till att användarna ska förstå och kunna navigera sig i miljön, samt få en förståelse för de olika zonernas tänka aktivitet, något som i denna studie även undersökts genom användarinvolverande metoder, som i sin tur ligger till grund för designförslaget.   Studien resulterar i att användarinvolvering är en viktig aspekt för att kunna utforma ett aktivitetsbaserat kontor som fungerar i praktiken. Tydliga zonindelningar och en ökad kommunikation av zoner och dess tänkta aktivitet kan stärkas genom att inkludera användarna i processen och regelbundet följa upp utformningen av kontoret. Då medarbetarna är de som använder kontoret dagligen är deras synpunkter och erfarenheter av nytta att ta del av för att kunna utveckla kommunikationen av zoner, något som tydliggörs i denna studie. / This is a bachelor´s study in Information Design with a specialization in Spatial Design. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the communication of zones within an existing activity-based office can be enhanced through user-centered design methods. These methods are fundamental for the understanding of both the users' needs and the current environment, including its strengths and challenges. The study also includes previous research and theories in information design and spatial design as a part to develop the communication of zones, focusing particularly on how color, form, and furnishings influence the comprehension of zone divisions and their intended activities.   The study emphasizes the impact of user-centered methods on office environment design, employing site analysis, semi-structured interviews, and workshops to assess users' understanding of the existing environment and how spatial elements such as color and furnishings can be used to improve the communication of zones and their intended activities in an activity-based office.   Based on previous research and theories, as well as the collected data, a design proposal has been developed to exemplify how the room's structure, color, and furnishings can be employed to enhance the communication of zones and activities. Previous research indicates that clearer zone divisions in an activity-based office can create better conditions for users to understand and navigate the environment, as well as comprehend the intended activities of different zones. This study investigates these aspects through user-centered methods, which form the basis for the design proposal.   The study concludes that user involvement is a crucial aspect of designing a functional activity-based office. Clear zone divisions and improved communication of zones and their intended activities can be achieved by incorporating user feedback into the design process and regularly evaluating the office layout. Given that employees are the primary users of the office, their insights and experiences are valuable for developing effective zone communication, a point underscored by this study.