On the 21st September 1995, the government introduced the Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP), in compliance with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Deliberate efforts by the South African government were required to promote structural changes to the domestic motor industry by opening up the economy to international competition through a programme of tariff reduction and export promotion. The integration of the South African automotive industry into global markets would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible, without the MIDP and it would thus be safe to conclude that the economic performance of the researched would have been close to impossible if it was not for the MIDP. The MIDP, as an economic policy, has been embraced by the researched company as a "vehicle" to drive corporate goals in terms of value creation for all stakeholders. The research proposition that the MIDP as an economic policy has contributed to the economic performance of the researched company is examined. In this respect, Annual and Management Accounting reports were analyzed to determine the effect the MIDP has had on the researched company over the last ten years. In addition, two semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the Strategic Finance Planning executive and the Financial Controller of the company. The results show that the MIDP has had positive spin-offs for the researched company. The same results should be valid for the other original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the local automotive industry that have embraced the MIDP as a vehicle to create economic value added.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL ENTREGUE FGV sem ata.pdf: 9741103 bytes, checksum: 5baf7a90b7760277bc15583fc360eb8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O estudo de políticas públicas compreende a análise do papel desempenhado pelos gestores públicos e pelos grupos de interesse nos diversos estágios de sua governança, quais sejam, a formulação, a implementação, e o controle. Essa última etapa é, usualmente, efetuada pelo acompanhamento de indicadores de desempenho, como, por exemplo, eficiência, eficácia, e efetividade. Porém, a governança e a análise das políticas de governo não contextualizam a economia política da política pública freqüentemente. Os seus resultados seriam mais bem compreendidos se: (i) as modalidades de interlocução política de agentes e grupos de interesse fossem consideradas; e (ii) os principais elementos condicionantes dos resultados esperados fossem dispostos em um modelo. Um sistema de relações que permite identificar os fatores com influência direta e os fatores intervenientes expande a capacidade analítica de uma política pública. Adotamos essas observações neste estudo, que analisa a política pública de incentivo às exportações brasileiras, no período compreendido de 2002 a 2006. Concebemos um modelo, cujo nível de análise é a empresa exportadora doméstica. Ele é composto por três variáveis exógenas, quais sejam, (i) o comportamento político, que expressa a vertente política, geralmente, obliterada nesse tipo de estudo; e (ii) os recursos da firma, que são subdivididos nos (ii.1) recursos tradicionais, e em (ii.2) suas capacidades dinâmicas, cujo eixo indutor é a formação interna de conhecimento. Essas variáveis condicionam, direta e indiretamente, três variáveis endógenas: a política comercial, o comportamento exportador, e o desempenho das exportações da empresa. Utilizamos o método quantitativo de equações estruturais para analisarmos o modelo de exportações. O poder do teste estatístico do modelo geral não foi expressivo. Dessa forma, a sua capacidade explicativa deve ser analisada com cautela. Por outro lado, algumas relações estruturais foram bastante significativas. As evidências empíricas sinalizaram fortes relações preditivas entre: (i) comportamento político e política comercial; (ii) recursos e comportamento exportador; (iii) política comercial e comportamento exportador, e (iv) comportamento exportador e desempenho das exportações. A primeira dessas relações estruturais evidencia a necessidade de inserirmos os meios de representação política na análise de políticas de governo. Inferimos que o estudo de políticas públicas sem a injunção política é reducionista. A busca por conhecimento orientada para inovações não foi um fator representativo para alavancar o desempenho exportador. Observamos, também, a existência de uma relação inversa entre recursos e política comercial, de modo que as empresas com maior dotação de recursos recorreram menos à política comercial. O caminho virtuoso para a busca do crescimento do desempenho das exportações passou pelos recursos tangíveis da empresa e pela sua experiência internacional. O binômio custo e experiência foi epicêntrico para a consecução do objetivo primário da política comercial, qual seja, a melhoria do desempenho exportador da empresa, pois dessa forma a atratividade do segmento exportador possibilita a permanência da firma no mercado externo. Entretanto, a política comercial per se e as demais políticas públicas com possíveis influências nas exportações foram epifenomenais, pois não foram significativas para a melhoria do desempenho das exportações. / The study of public policies handles the analysis of the role played by public managers and interest groups during the different stages of governance, which are meant to be the formulation, implementation, and control. This last stage is usually tackled by monitoring the performance indicators, e.g., efficiency, effectiveness, and long term impact. Nevertheless, the governance and the analysis of the government policies do not often contextualize the political economy of public polices. The outcomes would be better understood if: (i) the political action of individual agents and interest groups be considered; and (ii) the major elements that influence the expected outcomes be displayed in a model. A relation system that identifies the direct and intervenient linkages of those elements enlarge the analytical perspective of a public policy. We adopted these observations in this study, which analyses the public policy of brazilian export incentives from 2002 to 2006. We drew a framework in which the level of analysis is the domestic export firm. It is compounded by three exogenous variables, that are (i) the political behavior, that is supposed to comprehend the political dimension, which is usually an eliciting aspect in these kinds of studies; and (ii) the firm resources, which are divided into (ii.1) traditional resources, and (ii.2) dynamic capabilities which inductor axis is the internal formation of knowledge. These latent variables influences direct and indirectly three endogenous variables: commercial policy, export behavior, and export performance of the firm. The quantitative method of structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the export model. The power of the statistical test of the general model was not representative. Hence, the explanation capacity of the model should be viewed with cautions. On the other hand, some structural relations were quite significant. The empirical evidences signaled strong predictive relations between: (i) political behavior and commercial policy; (ii) resources and export behavior; (iii) commercial policy and export behavior; and (iv) export behavior and export performance. The first structural relation aforementioned evidences the need to take into account the different structures of political representation to proper analyze the government policies. Political policies studies carried out without the political injunction is a reductionism. The search for knowledge towards to innovation was not a representative factor to leverage the export performance. We also noted an inverse relationship between the resources and the commercial policy, in such a way that the larger the resources endowment, the firm are less prone to resort to the commercial policy. The virtuous path to the search of growing export performance passed through the tangible resources of the firm and its international experience. The cost and experience binomial was epicentric for aiming at the primary goal of the commercial policy, that is the export performance enhancing, because the attractiveness of the export segment permits the longevity of the firm in the external market. However, the commercial policy per se and the other public policies with positive spillovers on the exports were epiphenomenal, because they were not significant enough to enhance the export performance.

Trade liberalization in Kenya started in the early 1980s with the structural adjustment programmes, and continued under the multilateral framework of the WTO. During the same period, the incidence of poverty and level of inequality also worsened. The government’s focus on trade negotiations has been to ensure that there is policy space for the daily running of the economy even though welfare impacts are also important. Non-state actors have argued that trade liberalization has negatively affected the poor; particularly the farmers, since they cannot compete with the developed countries whose farmers enjoy significant government support through subsidies, making their products much cheaper in the world market. Government officials, on the other hand, contend that trade liberalization is good as it brings in competition and transfer of technology which is good for an economy. It is important to examine how trade liberalization has affected household’s welfare in Kenya, given that this kind of analysis has not been conducted in Kenya. This study is unique because it does not assume the existence of a trade liberalization– poverty relationship, unlike most studies. It uses a multi-method approach to first test the hypothesis that there is no statistically significant relationship between trade liberalization and poverty, it further tests for multiplier effects of trade liberalization on poverty determinants. Trade Liberalization and poverty is found to have a stochastic relationship, furthermore investments and capital stock were found to significantly affect poverty determinants in the stochastic model. Due to unavailability of household welfare measure data in time series, a CGE model was used to establish the dynamics of trade liberalization on poverty at a point in time using the 2003 Social Accounting Matrix Data for Kenya. Overall, trade liberalization accompanied by FDI had the greatest impact on household welfare. Trade liberalization had a positive impact on household welfare since household incomes and consumption increased. Micro simulations results, based on changes in consumption, also showed that poverty incidence reduced for all households, even though the urban households experienced higher decreases. The study found that there was little difference in protecting sensitive products and not protecting them; secondly, trade liberalization accompanied by foreign direct investment had greater impact on improving the household welfare. Consumption and incomes increased, resulting in overall poverty reduction. The welfare of urban households was much higher than rural households in terms of income and consumption increases. However, income inequality was much higher in urban than rural areas. / Economics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T07:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Preto_CarolinaCristinaLoucao_M.pdf: 1117555 bytes, checksum: 0b22346e66296aff90611eee9900bb5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo central examinar e problematizar a reflexão sobre o relacionamento entre a Organização Mundial do Comércio e, seu principal arquiteto, os Estados Unidos, à luz de diferentes teorias das Relações Internacionais e de considerações em torno do debate doméstico sobre a OMC nesse país. Observamos a relação entre os EUA e a OMC tanto no que concerne o plano das negociações comerciais multilaterais, como também, no que se refere à dimensão do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias, tentando estabelecer paralelos com as dificuldades de negociação no âmbito da Rodada Doha. Historicamente, os EUA dominaram os resultados das negociações comerciais multilaterais, prevalecendo na determinação do conteúdo das regras da OMC, assim como, na definição de suas principais características: uma ampla cobertura temática e a presença de um mecanismo judicial que está entre as formas mais avançadas de direito internacional da atualidade. Contudo, estudos indicam que, no plano das negociações comerciais, devido a alterações na economia mundial, a tradicional influência norte-americana foi sendo reduzida ao longo do tempo, apresentando implicações importantes para o processo de produção de regras da organização. Além disso, autores sugerem que a reforma do OSC melhorou o posicionamento das partes demandantes das disputas, mesmo quando essas partes estavam iniciando casos contra os EUA, restringindo assim a capacidade desse Estado de determinar os resultados das disputas e de descumprir seus compromissos internacionais no campo do comércio. Os interesses norte-americanos estão largamente refletidos na OMC e, embora esse seja o traço mais forte a definir o relacionamento entre os EUA e essa instituição, ele não é o único. A interação entre a OMC e os interesses dos EUA parece mais complexa do que alguns teóricos das relações internacionais argumentaram / Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to examine and discuss the reflection on the relationship between the World Trade Organization and, its principal architect, the United States, in light of different theories of International Relations and of considerations over the domestic debate on the WTO in this country. We observed the relationship between the U.S. and the WTO both in respect to the multilateral trade negotiations and with regard to the Dispute Settlement Body, trying to draw parallels with the current difficulties in negotiating the Doha Round. Historically, the U.S. has dominated the results of multilateral trade negotiations, prevailed in the determination of the rules of the WTO and, consequently, in the definition of its main features: a broad coverage and the presence of a judicial mechanism that is among the most advanced forms of international law today. Nevertheless, concerning the multilateral trade negotiations, studies point out that, due to changes in the global economy, U.S.'s influence in this area has been reduced over time, with significant implications for the rule-making process of the organization. Besides that, some authors argue that the reform of the DSB has improved the positioning of plaintiffs in disputes, even when they were starting cases against the U.S. and thus restricted U.S.'s ability to determine the outcome of disputes and disregard its international commitments in the field of trade. U.S.'s interests are largely reflected in the WTO and, although this is the strongest characteristic applied in order to describe the relationship between the U.S. and this institution, this is not the only one. The interaction between the WTO and the U.S's interests may actually be more complex than some International Relations scholars have argued / Mestrado / Instituições, Processos e Atores / Mestre em Relações Internacionais

Il presente lavoro esamina le politiche e gli strumenti giuridici di promozione e di tutela degli investimenti internazionali nel settore agricolo di uno dei principali attori coinvolti nella nuova corsa alla terra: l’Unione europea. Il primo capitolo analizza la competenza dell’Unione a concludere accordi internazionali, al fine di comprendere la portata innovativa dei trattati di libero scambio di nuova generazione dell’Unione. Il secondo e il terzo capitolo individuano delle possibili soluzioni alle due principali esigenze legate agli investimenti in terre agricole, quali la stabilità e la protezione dell’investimento, da una parte, e la tutela delle popolazioni locali, dall’altra, attraverso un’analisi critica della politica commerciale comune e della politica di cooperazione allo sviluppo dell’UE. La tesi intende dimostrare che i trattati di libero scambio negoziati dall’Unione europea e la politica di cooperazione allo sviluppo dell’Unione possono contribuire a promuovere una maggiore certezza giuridica dell’ordinamento dei Paesi in via di sviluppo, punto fondamentale per qualsiasi riforma del settore agricolo, e conseguentemente garantire una maggior protezione non solo per chi investe, ma anche per le popolazioni locali. / The dissertation investigates the policies and the legal instruments for the international investments' promotion and protection in agriculture of one of the main actors involved in the new land rush: the European Union. The first chapter analyses the EU’s competence over the conclusion of international treaties in order to understand the main innovations of the new generation of EU trade agreements. The second and third chapters focus on possible solutions of the two main agricultural lands investments’ requirements: investment protection and certainty, on the one hand, and protection of local populations, on the other, through a critical analysis of the EU common commercial policy and of the EU development cooperation policy. The thesis aims to provide that the EU free trade agreements and the EU development policy may promote a major legal certainty for developing countries, a key point for any agrarian reform, and consequently guarantee more protection not only for investors but also for local populations.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In this study an analysis of the long-term equilibrium relationship between economic growth measured as real GDP growth and private capital inflows is explored. The link between private capital inflows and economic growth is well-documented in the literature. However, a void in the literature relates to examining the cointegrating relationship between private capital inflows and economic growth particularly for South Africa. It is widely claimed that private capital inflows foster economic growth by closing the savings/investment gap. However, clarity on this point is necessary because of the seemingly unclear nature of the relationship in the literature. The exact form of this relationship as well as the nature of capital flows that could impact on real growth requires further investigation. Moreover, what exactly happens to this relationship in an economic crisis such as recently recorded in the global financial crisis is not clear. The analysis is undertaken by employing cointegration and vector error correction modeling approach using quarterly data for the period 1989q4-2009q4. This study employs the Johansen (1998) cointegration test. This technique distinguishes itself since it establishes the long run relationship between variables. Thereafter, residual diagnostic checks are performed on the variables. Our results show among others, that private capital inflows have impacted positively on the growth of the South African economy. The areas for further research that emerge from this study include the effect of some government policies on economic growth that should also receive more attention in the future since political instability slows down investment.

This dissertation examines the effects of trade liberalization policies (represented by membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization on selected Least Developed Countries' (LDCs) human development (represented by the Human Development Index). In this dissertation, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies are theorized to have two distinct types of effects: their direct effect and their indirect effect. Two questions are focused on: first, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected LDCs? Second, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected developing/developed countries (i.e. non-LDCs) holding economic development constant? Using the dependency theory of development as a theoretical basis, this dissertation examines the assumptions of modernization-theory-based policies as expressed in trade liberalization policies (i.e. the implementation of comparative advantage and now market fundamentalism) with world-system analysis techniques. To examine these questions, four panel regression models are constructed to measure the total, direct and indirect effects of WTO policies during the near-term (1998-2003) and during a longer historical term (1975-2000). The data for the analyses are taken from seven different sources of international data. The analyses seemingly demonstrate that there are quantifiable negative effects of GATT/WTO membership (trade liberalization policies) on human development in selected LDCs. The current implementation of trade liberalization policies does not benefit the well-being of all concerned as promoted by the WTO.

At first the thesis focuses on describing historical context of Czech Republic{\crq}s entry to the European Union. It also specifies evolution of the relations of the Czech Republic and European Union, common commercial policy of Union, its Inner market and after-effects of the entry of Czech Republic to EU. It is foremost aimed at characterization of historical evolution of European Structural Funds that serves as the financial instruments of the regional policy of the European Union. I paid attention to every individual structural fund and also to the principles of programming periods. It mainly concerns about the European Social Fund. This thesis also describes the possibilities of Czech companies to apply for financial support from the EU. The practical part recounts the process from the beginning (which means decision to apply for financial support) through the completion of application form, evaluation of projects till the signature of agreement and the realization. This work should be able to serve as a guide for Czech companies, which would like to apply for the finance support from EU.

1 The Influence of EU Common Investment Policy on the System of International Investment Law Abstract Extending exclusive European Union (EU) competence to foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Lisbon Treaty has had profound implications. The EU began to develop its own investment policy, including negotiating either international investment agreements or comprehensive trade and investment agreements with third parties. Taking into account the magnitude of the EU economy and the fact that EU Member States have concluded almost 1 400 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) out of roughly 3 300 in force worldwide, the potential of European influence over the system of international investment, based principally on BITs, is enormous. The aim of this dissertation is to assess how and in which way the new EU competence changes the system. The EU investment policy has developed a specific approach towards investment protection and investment dispute mechanism which does not envision content declared at its beginning. According to initial documents such as the European Commission's Communication Towards a comprehensive European international investment policy, the Union should have followed the available best practices of the Member States. Nevertheless, during the first bilateral negotiations with Canada and...