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Cognitive performance is a central part of a range of daily activities. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions may improve cognitive performance by enhancing psychological flexibility. Previous research has found correlations between the constructs of psychological flexibility and cognitive flexibility (Whiting et al., 2017). However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the idea that enhancing psychological flexibility could enhance cognitive performance. The current study investigated whether a defusion exercise ‘The Observer’ could enhance cognitive performance in a nonclinical sample of adults (N=71). In addition, the study also sought to investigate whether a defusion exercise could have an effect on experienced levels of stress and also one’s evaluation of one’s own performance in comparison to others. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between the Defusion condition and Control condition regarding cognitive performance. Both conditions performed slightly worse post-intervention. No significant difference was found regarding the evaluations of one's own performance in comparison to others. However, the results showed that the defusion exercise had a positive effect in reducing experienced levels of stress for the Defusion condition compared to the Control condition.

Nonattachment to self in Buddhism and self-as-context in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) share conceptual similarities in letting go of a fixed and absolute view of oneself. Both self-as-context and nonattachment to self have been independently investigated with depression symptoms (Godbee & Kangas, 2020; Whitehead, Bates, Elphinstone, et al., 2018; Whitehead et al., 2021). No empirical studies have investigated the associations between nonattachment to self, self-as-context, and depression symptoms. The purpose of the study was to examine how nonattachment to self and self-as-context explained variances in depression scores. Participants (n = 193) completed an online survey, with demographic questions, the Nonattachment to Self scale (NTS), the Self-as-Context Scale (SACS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results from a hierarchical linear regression revealed that education level and self-as-context significantly predicted depression scores. Nonattachment to self did not account for variance in depression scores, after entering self-as-context in the final model. Findings provide insight into the relationship among the variables and adds to the limited research literature on NTS and SACS. Implications for the use of ACT interventions in the treatment of depression in clinical practice are discussed. Limitations and areas for future research investigating nonattachment to self and self-as-context are also discussed.

More than half of both men and women living in the United States report experiencing at least one traumatic event in their lifetime (Kessler et al., 1995). While not all individuals who experience a traumatic event will develop posttraumatic stress disorder, individuals with traumatic experience exhibit higher levels of functional impairment, suicidality, and are more likely to meet criteria for anxiety, depressive, and alcohol use disorders (Beckham et al., 1998; Marshall et al., 2001). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may aid those who have experienced a traumatic event in reducing avoidance and engaging in valued action in the presence of distressing private experiences (Walser & Hayes, 2006). Those who receive an ACT-oriented treatment may learn behavioral skills consistent with six processes that foster non-judgment, broadened perspective, and acceptance of experiences occurring in the here-and-now (Hayes et al., 2012). Few studies have been conducted to examine the relative effects of component processes within the ACT framework, and among the existing literature little attention has been given to self as context (Carrasquillo & Zettle, 2014; Hayes et al., 2006). All six processes are considered to have some degree of overlap (Hayes et al., 2006). Namely, self as context, a process that involves broadening present moment perspective and objectively relating to self-oriented content, shares similarities with defusion, a process involving objective observation of cognitive phenomenon. Evidenced and conceptual overlap among component processes may lead to measurement concerns, fluid used of interventions, and lack of clinical clarity. The current study examined the relative effects of defusion and self as context in persons who have experienced a traumatic event, using a novel treatment design (counterbalanced alternating treatments SCED) and measurement plan (Ecological Momentary Assessment). Specifically, this study assessed treatment utility of self as context and defusion for individuals who have experienced a traumatic event, evaluated the validity of component interventions, and examined effects of self as context in particular as a core ACT process. This study did not provide evidence that self as context is more or equally as efficacious as defusion as an intervention for persons with past traumatic experience. Several factors may have impacted results of the current study, including individual variability, lack of a clinical sample, and significant time spent explaining intervention rationale and processing intervention experience (all of which was beyond the scope of the current study). Further research is needed to assess unique contributions of component processes of change within the ACT model.

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Pathologische Sorgen sind ungenau definiert. Für die Behandlungsplanung bleiben wichtige Fragen offen: Welche Merkmale sind für die Unterscheidung zwischen behandlungsbedürftigen und nicht behandlungsbedürftigen Sorgen relevant? Welche Art von Sorgen muss wie behandelt werden? Und: Welche Art von Sorgen gilt es eher zu akzeptieren? Wir machen praxisnahe Vorschläge dafür, wie Sorgen mittels einer einfachen Heuristik auch vom Patienten selbst als «pathologisch» identifiziert werden können. Im Sinne eines therapeutischen Arbeitsmodells ergeben sich differentielle Bearbeitungsstrategien, je nachdem, ob es sich um wichtige oder weniger wichtige, auf lösbare oder unlösbare Probleme bezogene sowie angemessene oder überzogene Sorgen handelt. Das vorgestellte Arbeitsblatt zu den Sorgen soll vor allem die wahrgenommene Kontrolle des Patienten stärken und die Psychoedukation zur Generalisierten Angststörung erleichtern. / Pathological worries have not yet been clearly defined. As a consequence, practically relevant questions remain open: Which characteristics distinguish worries relevant for treatment from those which are not? What kind of worries has to be treated in which way? And: What kind of worries is rather to be accepted? We propose a simple rationale which helps the therapist and the patient to identify pathological worries. According to this working model, different treatment strategies result depending on whether worries are central or not, whether they relate to a problem which can be solved or not, and whether they seem proportionate or exaggerated. The presented worksheet is meant to strengthen the perceived control of the patient and to help facilitate psychoeducation for generalised anxiety disorder. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michaele Terena Saban.pdf: 1151659 bytes, checksum: 94dd30825fe6f10b8238f90f701afb68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-28 / The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the protocol adaptation "Live with Chronic Pain: An Acceptance-based Approach" (Vowles & Sorrell, 2007), based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (1999) in three participants with chronic pain who attended the Rehabilitation Centre and Day Hospital Psychiatry Institute of a public hospital in São Paulo. A multiple baseline design was used, where intervention was initiated to two participants at a time and the last participant to four weeks later. The forms of measurement data were questionnaires (Profile Questionnaire, Questionnaire History of Pain, Brief Pain Inventory, WHOQOL-Brev, HAD Scale and Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire) applied an initial interview, before the intervention, during, and 6-9 weeks follow-up depending on participant; observation time speech of the participants in the session; and an auto registration contingency in which the participant fulfilled when was in pain for a week before the intervention and during the weeks that occurred in the eight sessions. The results demonstrate that the intervention was benefit to participants, particularly in the reduction of pain episodes, reduction of medication use and rest due to pain. Comparing pre-intervention and follow-up, all participants improved in relation to anxiety and social relationships. The auto record was the instrument that yields information about the therapeutic process and was methodologically the most interesting option for measuring in this search / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito da adaptação do protocolo Live with Chronic Pain: An Acceptance-based Approach (Vowles & Sorrell, 2007), baseado na Terapia de Aceitação e Compromisso (1999) em três participantes com dor crônica que frequentavam o Centro de Reabilitação e Hospital Dia de um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um delineamento de linha de base múltipla em que a intervenção foi iniciada para dois participantes num momento e para o último participante quatro semanas depois. As formas de mensuração dos dados foram questionários (Questionário de Perfil, Questionário de Histórico da Dor, Inventário Breve de Dor, WHOQOL-BREV, Escala HAD, e Questionário de Aceitação da Dor Crônica) aplicados numa entrevista inicial, antes da intervenção, durante, após e no seguimento de seis a nove semanas depois da intervenção a depender do participante; observação do tempo de fala dos participantes na sessão; e um auto-registro da contingência em que o participante sentia dor por uma semana antes da intervenção e no decorrer das semanas em que ocorreram as oito sessões. Os resultados demonstram que a intervenção beneficiou os participantes, principalmente na diminuição dos episódios de dor, na diminuição da utilização de medicação e descanso devido à dor. Comparando antes da intervenção e o seguimento, todos os participantes melhoraram em relação à ansiedade e suas relações sociais. O auto-registro foi o instrumento que mais forneceu informações sobre o processo terapêutico e mostrou-se metodologicamente a opção mais interessante de mensuração nesta pesquisa