Esta tese visa analisar a constituição, o funcionamento e os limites da Avaliação por Pares (AP) no âmbito do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). A pesquisa operou por dois caminhos distintos: um diacrônico e outro sincrônico. No primeiro, elaborou-se uma reconstrução histórica da AP praticada no CNPq entre 1951 e 2015 contextualizada pelas mudanças institucionais a que passou o órgão durante o citado período. O segundo caminho centrou-se na análise de dois estudos de caso que redundaram na elaboração de perfis dos Bolsistas de Produtividade em Pesquisa de Filosofia e Educação com bolsas vigentes no ano de 2016. Do um ponto de vista teórico, os resultados alcançados foram interpretados segundo as noções de Campo Científico de Pierre Bourdieu e Reconhecimento de Axel Honneth. Quanto à história da AP no CNPq constatou-se uma ligação entre o crescimento na quantidade de bolsas implementadas pelo órgão e uma maior formalização legal e institucional da AP, especialmente a partir da década de 1970. O próprio crescimento da comunidade científica brasileira possibilitou uma transição de procedimentos pessoais e informais de AP para um rígido, formal e impessoal circuito de imposições legais quanto a AP praticada no órgão. Quanto aos dois estudos de caso constatou-se que apesar de todas as restrições formais que atualmente regulam a AP no Conselho, especificidades históricas, geográficas, econômicas e relativas a gênero acabam por influir nos resultados dos processos de AP. Com base na pesquisa realizada, verificou-se a necessidade em se instituir uma maior transparência nos processos de AP no órgão de modo a se coadunar um aperfeiçoamento da própria prática da AP assim como um controle social da destinação dos recursos públicos mais democrático e acessível a sociedade civil. / This theses analyzes the institution, the mechanisms and the limits of peer review (PR) in Brazil’s National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq). Research was conducted at both diachronic and synchronic levels. At the diachronic level, I accomplished a historical reconstruction of PR practices in CNPq from 1975 to 2015, linking this reconstruction to the institutional changes undergone by the Council during this period. At the synchronic level, I focused on two case studies, which allowed me to outline the profile of researchers in Philosophy and Education with productivity grants (in 2016). Research findings were interpreted with the help of Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of Scientific Field and Axel Honneth’s idea of Recognition. As for the history of PR in CNPq, research results established a correlation between the increase in grants funded and the legal and institutional formalization of PR, particularly since the 1970s. The growth of the Brazilian scientific community entailed a shift from informal and personal PR procedures to the rigid, formal and impersonal mediating rules now in place. As for the two case studies, I found that despite all formal restrictions now governing the Council’s PR practices, historical, geographical, economical and gender based specificities still have an influence on the outcome of PR processes. Research results indicate the need for a greater transparency regarding the Council’s PR processes in order to improve practices and expand social control over allocation of public resources.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar ao lógicas que orientam o recrutamento para as Comissões Permanentes da Câmara de Deputados nas Legislaturas de 1991/1994 e 1995/1999. A hipótese principal é a de que o pertencimento à aliança eleitoral do Presidente da República induz os partidos políticos a realizarem um recrutamento baseado em critérios de lealdade política para as comissões estratégicas para a agenda do executivo. Já os partidos de oposição, segundo a hipótese, são obrigados a buscarem no próprio legislativo, ou nos governos estaduais, as fontes de recursos para suas bases eleitorais, implicando assim, num recrutamento baseado em critérios de especialização ou auto-seletivo. O quadro teórico utilizado combina elementos do neoinstitucionalismo e teoria dos jogos, e visa compreender, a partir do conjunto das instituições políticas brasileiras, as estratégias utilizadas por partidos e parlamentares no recrutamento para as comissões. / The objective of this research is to verify to the logics that you guide the recruitment for the Permanent Committees of the Camera of Deputies in the Legislatures of 1991/1994 and 1995/1999. The main hypothesis is the that the participation in the President electoral alliance induces the political parties accomplish it a recruitment based on criteria of political loyalty for the strategic committees for the executive's agenda. Already the opposition parties, according to the hypothesis, they are forced her look for in the own legislative, or in the state governments, the sources of resources for their electoral bases, implicating like this, in a recruitment based on specialization criteria, or selfselective. The used theoretical structure combines elements of the newinstitutionalism and theory of the games, and he seeks to understand, starting from the group of the Brazilian political institutions, the strategies used by parties and parliamentary in the recruitment for the committees.

Esta tese visa analisar a constituição, o funcionamento e os limites da Avaliação por Pares (AP) no âmbito do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). A pesquisa operou por dois caminhos distintos: um diacrônico e outro sincrônico. No primeiro, elaborou-se uma reconstrução histórica da AP praticada no CNPq entre 1951 e 2015 contextualizada pelas mudanças institucionais a que passou o órgão durante o citado período. O segundo caminho centrou-se na análise de dois estudos de caso que redundaram na elaboração de perfis dos Bolsistas de Produtividade em Pesquisa de Filosofia e Educação com bolsas vigentes no ano de 2016. Do um ponto de vista teórico, os resultados alcançados foram interpretados segundo as noções de Campo Científico de Pierre Bourdieu e Reconhecimento de Axel Honneth. Quanto à história da AP no CNPq constatou-se uma ligação entre o crescimento na quantidade de bolsas implementadas pelo órgão e uma maior formalização legal e institucional da AP, especialmente a partir da década de 1970. O próprio crescimento da comunidade científica brasileira possibilitou uma transição de procedimentos pessoais e informais de AP para um rígido, formal e impessoal circuito de imposições legais quanto a AP praticada no órgão. Quanto aos dois estudos de caso constatou-se que apesar de todas as restrições formais que atualmente regulam a AP no Conselho, especificidades históricas, geográficas, econômicas e relativas a gênero acabam por influir nos resultados dos processos de AP. Com base na pesquisa realizada, verificou-se a necessidade em se instituir uma maior transparência nos processos de AP no órgão de modo a se coadunar um aperfeiçoamento da própria prática da AP assim como um controle social da destinação dos recursos públicos mais democrático e acessível a sociedade civil. / This theses analyzes the institution, the mechanisms and the limits of peer review (PR) in Brazil’s National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq). Research was conducted at both diachronic and synchronic levels. At the diachronic level, I accomplished a historical reconstruction of PR practices in CNPq from 1975 to 2015, linking this reconstruction to the institutional changes undergone by the Council during this period. At the synchronic level, I focused on two case studies, which allowed me to outline the profile of researchers in Philosophy and Education with productivity grants (in 2016). Research findings were interpreted with the help of Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of Scientific Field and Axel Honneth’s idea of Recognition. As for the history of PR in CNPq, research results established a correlation between the increase in grants funded and the legal and institutional formalization of PR, particularly since the 1970s. The growth of the Brazilian scientific community entailed a shift from informal and personal PR procedures to the rigid, formal and impersonal mediating rules now in place. As for the two case studies, I found that despite all formal restrictions now governing the Council’s PR practices, historical, geographical, economical and gender based specificities still have an influence on the outcome of PR processes. Research results indicate the need for a greater transparency regarding the Council’s PR processes in order to improve practices and expand social control over allocation of public resources.

Although the access to adequate safe drinking water is taken for granted in developed countries and urban settlements in some developing countries at the end of 2002 it was estimated that globally, some 1.1 billion people still rely on unsafe drinking water sources particularly in the developing regions of India and Africa. Malawi is one of the developing countries located in the arid-semiarid Sub-Saharan African region with only 62% of its people having access to safe drinking water. Boreholes and dug wells equipped with hand pumps is the technology that has assisted the country to increase the proportion of people having access to safe drinking water. The underlying objectives of the study were to critically characterise the existing rural water facilities management systems, and to assess the status of the water facilities that were provided to rural communities by different organisations and individuals. The aim is to form an information base upon which rural water development efforts will be advanced and to expose points of intervention for sustainable rural water supply. A survey was conducted in two traditional authorities of Kapeni and Lundu in Blantyre rural district where 94 water users were interviewed in their households. Physical inspection survey of the water facilities in the area under study was done. Focus group discussions and informal key informants’ interviews were also done. A majority (54%) of the respondents indicated that they participated in various stages of their water supply project. The actual responsibility for the management of all water points which were visited lies with a representative group of local community known as water points committee (WPC). 97% of the water facilities that were surveyed had WPCs of which 67% received training in management, operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water facilities. There are two types of hand pumps that were found in the area, Malda and Afridev. 83% of the water facilities were still in order. The downtimes of the water facilities ranged from 1 to 360 days depending on the kind of fault. The traditional leaders, Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs) from government and mission clinics, water facility providers and the local communities themselves are the key players at community level. The trust that the communities have in their local leadership, the approach used in provision of the water facilities, the benefits that accrued to the local communities, and the length of time the WPCs serve the communities are the major factors that influence the communities’ participation in O&M activities. Inadequate number of qualified area technicians, theft of hand pump parts and high prices of some spare parts are some of the problems that impede effective O&M of the water facilities. To improve management, O&M of the water supply systems in the area communities have additional number of the water points, and training and refresher courses for WPCs and caretakers as some of their immediate needs. The common technical problems are hand pump related in water facilities equipped with Afridev hand pump and well drying for Malda hand pump equipped water facilities. The WPCs that are not active are those whose water facilities have been out of order for a long time. Recommendations are made regarding; planning phase, construction and operation phase, and government regulation.

O presente trabalho tem como área de estudo o Sistema Cantareira de abastecimento de água. Considerando a importância da gestão ambiental para este sistema e a discussão sobre a problemática relacionada aos recursos hídricos, diversas alternativas foram criadas visando incentivar e orientar o gerenciamento participativo nesta área. Tais inciativas contam com instrumentos governamentais estabelecidos pela política nacional para a proteção ambiental e gestão os recursos hídricos. Como exemplos, pode-se se citar a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, que instaurou os Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas, e o Sistema Nacional das Unidades de Conservação, que fomentou a criação dos conselhos. Em especial no Sistema Cantareira foram identificados nesta pesquisa três Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas e 5 Conselhos de Unidades de Conservação. Existe uma sobreposição destes Organismos Consultivos/Gestores na área de estudo deste trabalho. Diante desta realidade apresenta-se a governança e o diálogo de saberes como meios para a gestão no Sistema Cantareira possa ser mais articulada. A governança propõe que novos caminhos teóricos e práticos sejam apresentados e adotados visando estabelecer uma relação alternativa entre o nível governamental e a sociedade civil, o que diante de realidade do Sistema Canteira é importante e necessário. Neste contexto diversos atores com conhecimentos e experiências diversificadas precisam estar envolvidos, e o diálogo de saberes torna-se uma via para que estes conhecimentos dialoguem entre si e sejam confrontados estabelecendo o interconhecimento. Buscando verificar a existência da governança e do diálogo de saberes no Sistema Cantareira adotou-se como metodologia a pesquisa qualitativa realizada em três fases: exploratória que neste trabalho envolveu a pesquisa bibliográfica e a aplicação questionários com perguntas abertas para os representantes de todos os Organismos Consultivos/Gestores presentes no Sistema Cantareira, participaram deste levantamento 79 representantes; a fase do trabalho de campo na qual foram realizadas 18 entrevistas com representantes do Conselho da APA Fernão Dias em Minas Gerais, do Conselho Unificado Gestor Unificado das APAs Piracicaba/Juqueri-Mirim Área II, Sistema Cantareira e Represa Bairro da Usina em São Paulo e do Comitê Federal de Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí; e por fim a fase de análise dos resultados possibilitou a apresentação de um mapa que demonstra a sobreposição das Unidades de Conservação e dos Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas no Sistema Canteira e a apresentação e sistematização dos dados obtidos das fases anteriores. Por meio dos resultados obtidos foi possível verificar a necessidade de elaboração de estratégias que ampliem a participação e a mobilização social e que trabalhem o diálogo de saberes nos processos de discussão e decisórios, visando uma articulação das propostas presentes na área de estudos. A pesquisa revelou também que existe potencial para que a governança e o diálogo de saberes aconteçam, tendo em vista a existência dos fóruns de debates existentes e de instrumentos que buscam garantir a participação de diversos atores sociais nas discussões de temáticas relacionadas ao Sistema Canteira. Por fim pode-se concluir que a governança e o diálogo de saberes são importantes elementos para a gestão ambiental e dos recursos hídricos no Sistema Cantareira. / The present work has as study area the Cantareira Water Supply System. Considering the importance of environmental management for this system and the current discussion related to water resources, various alternatives were created aiming to encourage and guide a participatory management in this area. Such initiatives are related to government apparatus established by National Policies for environmental protection and management of water resources. As examples, can be mentioned the National Water Resources Policy, which established the Watershed Committees, and the National System of Protected Areas, which fostered the creation of the councils. For the Cantareira Water Supply System were identified, in this research, three Hydrographic Basin Committees and five Conservation Areas Councils. There is thus an overlap of these Advisory/Management Committees in the study area of this research. Given this reality, this research presents the governance and the dialogue of knowledge as strategies for managing the Cantareira Water Supply System in a more articulate way. The Governance proposes that new theoretical and practical ways are presented and adopted to establish an alternative relationship between government and civil society level which considering the Cantareira Water Supply System reality is important and necessary. In this context, many actors with diverse knowledge and experiences need to be involved, and the dialogue of knowledge becomes a pathway that allows discussions, confront different knowledge\'s, establishing the inter-knowledge. Seeking to verify the existence of governance and dialogue of knowledge in the Cantareira Water Supply System, a qualitative research methodology was adopted, and conducted in three phases. An exploratory work, which involved a literature research and questionnaires, with open questions, application to representatives of all Advisory/Management Committees present in the Cantareira Water Supply System. In this phase and 79 representatives participated in this survey. The phase of fieldwork in which 18 interviews were performed with representatives of the Fernão Dias EPA Council, located in Minas Gerais State, of the Unified Council of the Piracicaba/Juqueri-Mirim area II, the Cantareira System and the Usina Neighborhood EPA\'s, all located in São Paulo State and the Federal Committee of the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí River Basins. Finally, the stage of results analysis that allowed the presentation of a map that shows the overlap of Protected Areas and Watershed Committees in the Cantareira Water Supply System and presentation data obtained in previous stages. Through the results, it was possible to verify the necessity to develop strategies that enhance the participation and social mobilization and help to cultivate the dialogue of knowledge in discussions and decision-making processes, aiming an articulation of the current proposals to the study area. The survey also revealed that there is potential for governance and dialogue of knowledge to happen, given the existence of forums and instruments that seek to ensure the participation of different social actors in discussions of issues related to the Cantareira Water Supply System. Finally, it can be concluded that the governance and the dialogue of knowledge are important elements for Environmental Management and Water Resources Management in the Cantareira Water Supply System.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The aim is to deepen the South African democracy at all levels of government. However, as local government is “the closest to the people” it is regarded by government as the most appropriate sphere to implement participatory democracy mechanisms. Pertaining to this, ward committees were introduced as the main participatory vehicle of local governance and in addition, the government has also implemented alternative instruments such as izimbizos and the integrated development planning (IDP) process to engage citizens in local governance.

Since its establishment, UNICEF has been providing development and humanitarian aid in various regions of the world. Firstly, the aid was given to regions damaged by the Second World War. Nowadays, the aid is given to regions hit by natural disasters, wars, famine or diseases. In 2016, UNICEF celebrated 70th anniversary of its existence. In order to maintain its worldwide scope of performance for such a long time, it created a top-bottom organizational structure, from which a top is represented by the headquarter composed of the Executive Board with member states, the Bureau and the Office of the Secretary of the Executive Board. The bottom is represented by field offices and the National Committees for UNICEF, which directly implement the programs and initiatives of UNICEF, and ensure fundraising activities. On the other hand, they provide the top with feedbacks about carried projects and actual situations from their countries. The linking part between the top and the bottom of the organizational structure are regional offices and external committees across UNICEF, such as the Division of Private Fundraising and Partnership (PFP). PFP also manages relationships between UNICEF and the National Committees for UNICEF, which are autonomous nongovernmental organizations. The relation between UNICEF and the National Committees for UNICEF offers a unique example of how an international organization can manage its work. The case-study of the Slovak Committee for UNICEF portrayed more specifically how UNICEF coordinates its work within its structures and why it is a unique example. Furthermore, the case-study focused on answering if and to what extend are the activities of the Slovak Committee for UNICEF influenced by the national environment with its specifics and conditions. From another perspective, it focused on answering if the Slovak Committee can apply its own approaches toward its activities or it must follow general approaches settled by UNICEF.

Literature on effectiveness indicates the interest of researchers in the role that teams play within organisations. The conclusion is that different variables affect team performance effectiveness. A further analysis of literature on team effectiveness enabled the researcher to develop a matrix of assessment of team effectiveness from these variables to serve as a benchmark. In addition to this, a matrix consisting of perceived variables of team effectiveness was constructed from the outcome of in-depth interviews and focus group sessions with the members of management committees of community-based organisations (CBOs) based within Port Elizabeth townships. These matrixes were used by the researcher to assess the operationalisation of these variables within the CBO management committees. The research indicates that management committees either did not operationalise these variables within their teams or did not do so to their fullest capacity. The overall outcome of these assessments indicates the areas that require attention, and provides opportunity for group practitioners to assist CBO management committees to enhance their effectiveness as teams. It is suggested that group practitioners together with members of CBO management committees, embark as a task team project to develop a strategy to refine the perceived variables guided by those emphasised by experts within this field, to strategise a clear path towards enhanced team effectiveness.

The South African local sphere of government has been mandated to provide a developmental and accountable local government and to ensure provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner. As a key developmental agent, local government is obliged by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 to develop a culture of municipal governance that encourage and create conditions for the local community to participate in the affairs of the municipality. In this regard, ward committees have been introduced to municipalities as community structures to play a critical role in linking and informing the municipalities about the needs, aspirations and problems of their communities. In adherence to national legislation, such as the Local Government: Municipal Structures Act 117 (Act117 of 1998) and the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 2000 (Act 32 of 2000) Nkonkobe Local Municipality established advisory structures in the form of ward committees throughout its area of jurisdiction to advise the municipal council on any matter within the council’s competence. As a representative structure of the community the ward committee is expected to serve as a link between the council and the community and for this purpose articulates community needs and aspirations to better the living standards of the community. Despite the stated objectives of ward committees, the Middledrift area has been identified by Nkonkobe Local Municipality IDP: 2007-2012 as the poorest area in Nkonkobe municipality with backlogs in infrastructure and service delivery. This study evaluates the extent at which the Middledrift ward committee (Ward 16) is enhancing service delivery in its area of jurisdiction.

On July 31,1981 the federal cabinet approved the Norman Wells Pipeline and Expansion Project (NW Project). The project consisted of a tenfold expansion to the existing oilfield at Norman Wells, N.W.T., and the construction of an 870 km pipeline to Zama, Alberta. The approval was subject to a formal delay to allow "time for effective and meaningful planning" for the implementation of special management measures and benefit packages. Construction commenced January 1983 and the project became operational in April 1985. Although the project did not represent a major undertaking by industry standards, it was significant for the north because it was the first major hydrocarbon production and transportation project to be completed in the Northwest Territories. In addition, the project involved a number of unique impact management structures in order to coordinate government and industry's activities and incorporate native concerns. The approach, if successfully implemented, would represent an important step towards recognizing native concerns in project management. As a result of the new impact management structures, the NW Project has been referred to by the federal government and industry as a "model" for future northern development projects. On the other hand, native organizations viewed the project as a 'test case' that failed since all the conditions to their approval were not fully met. This inconsistency highlights the importance of clarifying which structures were successful for future northern megaprojects. This thesis focuses on one of the management structures unique to the NW Project, the Project Coordinating Committee (PCC). The PCC was established "to provide a forum for formal project update, reporting, communication and coordination of activities". The Committee had representatives from the federal government, the two proponents, the Government of the Northwest Territories, the Dene Nation, and the Metis Association. The specific purpose of this thesis is to assess the performance of the PCC using criteria derived from the literature on Planning Process and Citizen Participation, Group Dynamics, and Environmental Dispute Resolution. The results of this evaluation showed that the committee failed to satisfy all the performance criteria. However, at the root of the problem were the politics associated with the approval of the project, and in particular, the fact that the native land claims issue had not been resolved. Even in the absence of negotiated powers, the Dene and Metis had expected to actively participate in the regulation and management of the NW Project. When these powers were divorced from the processes the Dene and Metis were to be involved in, the Dene and Metis boycotted them. In addition to politics, there were also fundamental structural and operational deficiencies with the PCC which were detrimental to its performance. On the basis of this analysis, an improved committee framework for future projects is proposed. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate