Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Univ., Diss.--Zürich, 2000. / Zählung im Band lautet irrtümlich auf "45".

La common law et le droit civil sont les principaux systèmes de droit dans le monde et la vente de marchandises est le contrat le plus important. La vente de marchandises a été soumise à la loi anglaise et au droit civil, indistinctement, ce qui a parfois posé des problèmes, suite à des approximations différentes en fonction de certains principes et institutions. La Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises a essayé d'harmoniser ces différences avec une technique codificatrice, typique du droit civil, en privilégiant des règles de droit civil le plus souvent, mais a aussi introduit des institutions de la common law, qui ne sont pas incompatibles avec le droit civil, comme nous le verrons. Les principes généraux du système de droit civil et les principes d'Unidroit aident à ce but d'harmonisation en intégrant les dispositions de la Convention de Vienne de 1980, et même, lors de la phase interprétative. La force de la codification s'impose par rapport à la common law, en donnant ainsi certitude et sophistication législative à ce sujet, dont l'importance est capitale pour le commerce mondial. / Common Law and Civil Law are the main legal systems in the world and the sale of goods is the most important contract. Sales of goods have been ruled either by English Law or Civil Law, which has posed problems sometimes due to different approaches regarding certain principles and institutions. The 11th April 1980 Vienna Convention on international sale of goods tried to harmonise these differences with a codification technique, typical of Civil Law, giving privilege to rules of Civil Law most of the time but also introducing institutions from Common Law, that are not incompatible with Civil Law, as we will see. The general principles of Civil Law and Unidroit principles help with this harmonisation goal, integrating the rules of the CISG and also with the interpretation phase. The power of codification prevails over Common Law, giving certitude and sophistication to this matter, which is vital for global commerce.

Pour répondre à leurs difficultés financières, les entreprises doivent procéder à une opération de restructuration consistant à modifier leurs éléments de passif et subsidiairement d’actif. Pour cela, elles doivent identifier et surmonter les obstacles à cette opération en vue d’aboutir à un résultat qui correspond à leurs nouveaux besoins. Chaque système juridique apporte des réponses différentes en fonction de sa tradition, de common law ou de civil law, et des intérêts qu’il cherche à préserver. Entre les intérêts du débiteur et ceux des créanciers, le droit des entreprises en difficulté français a lui-même beaucoup évolué à mesure que les entreprises et les créanciers se sont sophistiqués. D’un droit de la faillite, à un droit pro-créanciers, il est devenu un droit pro-débiteur et semble devenir un droit mixte dont la protection des intérêts de l’une et l’autre des parties parait plus équilibrée. De tradition civiliste, il subit pourtant une influence constante des tribunaux de commerce qui semblent forcer une mutation tenant compte des innovations financières et juridiques des grandes entreprises, tout en restant adapté aux petites entreprises. Ce droit vivant et volontariste affirme clairement ses objectifs de préserver l’activité, les emplois, d’apurer le passif et apporte des outils aux entreprises en difficulté, lorsque le débiteur et les créanciers n’arrivent pas à surmonter eux-mêmes leurs divergences d’intérêts. Ces outils ont évolué et doivent continuer à évoluer pour s’adapter aux innovations contractuelles de certains commerçants, tout en restant un cadre protecteur pour d’autres. / To face financial difficulties, companies shall proceed to restructuring operation involving modification of their assets and liabilities. To this end, companies shall identify and overcome barriers to this operation to reach an overcome suited to their new needs. Each legal system provides different responses according to its legal origin, common law or civil law, and the interests it aims to protect. Between the debtor’s and the creditor’s interests, French insolvency law evolved a lot as the companies and the creditors became more sophisticated. From a bankrupt law to a creditors-friendly law, French insolvency law became a debtor-friendly law and now appears to be a mixed law which seems to protect both parties interests in a more balanced way. Despite its civil law origin, French law is constantly influenced by commercial courts that seem to force a mutation following the financial and legal innovations of large companies, while remaining adapted to small businesses. This living and proactive law clearly states its objectives to preserve the business, the employment, reduce liabilities and provides tools for companies facing difficulties, when the debtor and the creditors fail to overcome their diverging interests. These tools evolved and have to continue to evolve to adapt to contractual innovations of some business stakeholders, while remaining a protective environment for others.

This thesis is a microhistorical investigation of the dynamics of control and resistance in Pollsmoor Prison and Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital’s Maximum Security section from 1964 to 1994 in South Africa. It examines the evolution of daily life inside these institutions, both situated in the Western Cape, and the extent to which these institutions were part of the security apparatus developed by the apartheid state. The permeability of Pollsmoor and Valkenberg shed light on the connections between repression, resistance, collaboration and survival inside and outside closed institutions. The division of incarcerated populations according to race, gender, age and behaviour reflected wider logics of governance of the South African society. Similarly, the modalities of resistance and collaboration adopted by ‘political’, ‘common law’ and ‘insane’ prisoners on the inside echoed the processes of popular mobilisation on the outside. The construction of a ‘healthy nation’ through the production and control of deviances was hence far from being a smooth process. The thesis is divided into three parts, each composed of three chapters. The first part analyses the way a system of law and order, based on delineation, the bestowal of privileges and violent repression, was imposed in prisons and psychiatric hospitals’ Maximum Security sections and how this evolved according to the changing social and political imperatives of the apartheid state. The second part shifts the gaze to the level of the courts, where psychiatric and criminological discourses became increasingly entangled throughout the period. The operating modalities of the judicial system reflected the fears and expectatives of the white minority, while providing a racialised image of black populations as both dangerous and childlike. Finally, the third part analyses the links between outside and inside resistances and adaptations to the regime of apartheid. It focuses on the 1994 prison revolts as prisms to understand the processes of subjectivation and politicisation which had emerged in closed institutions during apartheid.

This thesis explores the roles played by implied constitutional principles in fundamental rights cases in the common law jurisdictions of Canada, Australia, the Commonwealth Caribbean, and the United Kingdom. The two principles selected for this research are the separation of powers and the rule of law, both of which are relied upon in courts in common law states. The thesis examines the types of cases in which such principles are used, the possible reasons for the appeal of these principles, and the functions that they play in fundamental rights adjudication. The thesis begins with a brief discussion of the applications of the rule of law and the separation of powers, outlining the content of these principles as applied by the courts. However, the bulk of the analysis throughout the thesis is concerned with a thematic study of the functions played by the principles. It is argued that the principles are used as interpretative aids, as independent grounds for invalidating legislation, and as gateways to comparative legal analysis. The thesis ends by showing the necessary preliminary work that must be undertaken in order to engage in a thorough normative analysis of the use of implied principles in rights adjudication. Throughout the thesis, several themes are identified as key to our understanding of the functions played by implied principles in the cases discussed. One such theme is legitimization, specifically the role the principles play in the attempt to legitimize arguments, state institutions (particularly the courts), and the state itself. The theme of institutional self-protection also arises; it is evident in the use of principles to protect the jurisdictional sphere of the courts. The analysis of the operation of implied constitutional principles also highlights the legacy of Empire and the deployment of traditional principles to signal the maintenance of democratic traditions and institutions.

A presente tese examina o papel do precedente judicial no sistema processual brasileiro, à luz das recentes reformas introduzidas na legislação, constitucional e infraconstitucional, com o duplo objetivo de dotar o precedente de maior valor e de uniformizar a jurisprudência, as quais demonstram que o momento é de desconstrução de paradigmas. Após delimitar o tema e discorrer sobre a sua importância, traçamos as premissas essenciais do estudo, definindo o que seja precedente judicial e jurisprudência, identificando as funções da jurisprudência e analisando a importância de uniformizá-la, para o fim de garantir maior isonomia e segurança jurídica aos jurisdicionados e de diminuir o tempo do litígio (CAPÍTULO 1). Em seguida, fazemos uma breve abordagem do assunto do ponto de vista histórico (CAPÍTULO 2) e sob a perspectiva da common law (CAPÍTULO 3). Passamos então para os dois capítulos centrais da tese. Analisamos o papel do precedente judicial no atual ordenamento, de acordo com a sua carga de eficácia, a saber, vinculante, quase vinculante e persuasiva (CAPÍTULO 4); e examinamos os demais meios de uniformização da jurisprudência, focando inclusive no problema dos Juizados Especiais Estaduais e Federais (CAPÍTULO 5). Finalmente, discorremos acerca de nossas conclusões, demonstrando que, apesar de o precedente judicial e a jurisprudência desempenharem papel relevante no nosso ordenamento (que configura um verdadeiro sistema misto, em que a lei reina, mas a jurisprudência governa), não há ainda premissas muito bem definidas, sendo necessárias alterações, de lege lata e de lege ferenda, para que seja conferido tratamento sistemático e harmônico ao assunto. / The present thesis analyzes the judicial precedent role within the Brazilian procedural system, in light of the recent reforms introduced in the legislation, either constitutional or infraconstitutional, with an aim at adding value to the precedent and standardizing jurisprudence, both of which make it evident that this is the moment for unbuilding of paradigms. After delimitating the matter and discussing its importance, we have outlined the assumptions which are essential for the study, defining what judicial precedent and jurisprudence are, identifying the functions of jurisprudence and analyzing the importance of standardizing it, so as to ensure greater isonomy and judicial assurance to those who are granted a jurisdiction and to reduce the litigation time (CHAPTER 1). Following, we have briefly approached the matter under a historical point of view (CHAPTER 2) and under the perspective of the common law (CHAPTER 3). And then we went to the two core chapters of the thesis. We have analyzed the role that the judicial precedent plays in the existing legal system, in accordance with its effectiveness, that is, binding, almost binding and persuasive (CHAPTER 4); and examined the other means for standardization of jurisprudence, with focus including on the issue of State and Federal Special Courts (CHAPTER 5). Finally, we have explained our conclusions, showing that, despite the judicial precedent and jurisprudence playing a relevant role in our legal system (which constitutes a real mixed system, where the law reigns, but the jurisprudence governs), there are no well-defined assumptions, yet, a few adjustments being necessary, lege lata and lege ferenda, so that a systematic and harmonic treatment can be given to the matter

Die international vergleichende Kriminologie hat bei der Theorie der Umweltdelikten Schwierigkeiten konfrontiert. Die Theorien, die häufig verwendet wurden, um die Kriminologie der Umwelt zum erklären, benutzen normalerweise wirtschaftlichen Elemente, wie die White-Collar Crime. Allerdings hat die Umwelt Wirtschaftskriminalität Besonderheiten, die die ökonomischen Theorien nicht greifen. In dem Gebiet der transnationalen Umweltkriminalität, gibt es drei Arten von Organisationen, die transnationale Umweltdelikte verursachen können die rechtmäßige Organisationen, die illegale Organisationen und die Staaten. Diese drei Ebene der Organisationen wurden in drei Haupaspekten verteilt: Klima, Biossicherheit und nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Innerhalb diese drei Aspekten wurde die Umweltrechtsdogmatik in der letzten drei Jahrzehnte analysiert. In Ländern, in denen die Common Law Rechtssysteme herrscht, sind grundsätzlich bedeutende die Regulierungstheorien, wie Restorative Justice, Smart Regulation, Command and Control, Compliance-Mechanismen und Tit for Tat. Auf einer anderen Seite, in Ländern, in denen die zivilrechtlichen orientierten Systemen (Civil Law) herrschen, die Debatte ist welche Branche des Rechts passt am besten (ob Straf-, Verwaltungs- oder Zivil Recht), um die Verantwortlichkeit zu setzen. / A Criminologia Internacional Comparada tem enfrentado dificuldades na teorização dos crimes ambientais. As teorias normalmente utilizadas servem-se de elementos econômicos, no padrão white-collar crime. No entanto, o green-collar crime apresenta especificidades que tornam datada a teorização puramente econômica. No campo da criminalidade ambiental transnacional, os atores apresentam-se em forma de organizações lícitas, organizações ilícitas ou mesmo Estados. Estes três níveis de organização se fazem presentes em escala global mormente em torno de três eixos: clima, biossegurança, desenvolvimento sustentável. A par destes três eixos construiu-se a dogmática jurídica de salvaguarda ambiental das três últimas décadas. Nos países em que a matriz jurídica predominante é o common law, sobressaem-se esquemas normativos baseados na regulação e autorregulação (com instrumentos tais como restorative justice, smart regulation, command and control, tit for tat e outros). Já nos países em que a lei assume primazia, filiados à civil law, a normatização é feita em torno do conceito de responsabilidade, sendo certo que nestes sistemas jurídicos a variação normativa é dada a partir de escolha de ramos jurídicos principalmente penal, administrativo ou civil.

This study examines current domestic provisions and their extent of departure from English common law principles. The purpose of this study is to discover whether differences among state domestic codes are associated with differences among demographic characteristics. If such associations do exist, then some conclusion might be made regarding the feasibility of a national, uniform domestic code. This study examines current domestic provisions and their extent of departure from English common law principles. The purpose of this study is to discover whether differences among state domestic codes are associated with differences among demographic characteristics. If such associations do exist, then some conclusion might be made regarding the feasibility of a national, uniform domestic code.

In Mabo v. State of Queensland (No. 2) (1992) 175 C.L.R. 1, the majority of the High Court held that ???native title??? had survived the acquisition of sovereignty over the Australian continent and is ???recognised??? by the common law. However, all the judgments failed to articulate clearly either the nature of native title as a legal form, and the relationship of that legal form to the common law, or what is meant by ???recognition???. Twelve years later the High Court has still not provided a satisfactory understanding of any of these matters. The central problem investigated by this thesis is the nature of that relationship and of the legal interest of native title. It is contended that this relationship can be understood and ordered as a matter of jurisdiction. This thesis seeks to recuperate a substantive concept of jurisdiction, and specifically of a particular jurisdiction, that of the common law, and to demonstrate how the interest of native title results from the jurisdictional relationship between common law and indigenous law. Part I is a genealogy of native title, drawn out through a history of ideas about common law jurisdiction. It is an account of the legal practice of jurisdiction, through a conceptual elaboration of a particular jurisdiction: the common law. This part traces the history of the common law from its origins in a pluralistic, fragmented, jurisdictional landscape, to its current position as the ???law of the land???. It considers the traditional mechanisms and techniques through which the common law has ordered its relationships with other jurisdictions, and how it has appropriated matters traditionally within the purview of other jurisdictions, accommodating them within the common law as ???custom???. The thesis demonstrates that the same gestures and practices can be seen in modern native title decisions, and contends that the ordering which underpins both native title, and the Australian legal system, is jurisdictional. Part II examines the practice of jurisdiction through an examination of three technologies of jurisdiction, all of which contributed to the construction of the legal entity of native title as an act of jurisdiction: mapping, accommodation and categorisation.